1. Cytoplasm
Cell

2. Nucleus

3. Transcription
Adenine
Thymine
Csytonine
Guanonine

4. Uracil
RNA Polymerase
mRNA

9. Nuclear
Pore

11. “Start” Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
“Stop” Codon

12. Translation
Ribosome
(rRNA)
Small
Subunit
Large
Subunit

14. tRNA
Amino Acid
Anti-Codons

16. Peptide Bond

17. Protein

19. Protein in Tertiary structure

20. Summary
Protein synthesis starts of in Transcription. Transcription starts in the nucleus where with
DNA. DNA is transcribed starting with the nuclear bases, Thymine, Adenine, and Cytosine
these will be know as start codons. The stop codon is either ACT, ATT, and ATC. RNA
polymerase “unzips” the DNA. The polymerase will copy the corresponding codon with,
which ever strand of DNA is being used to make mRNA. RNA does not have thymine so it is
replaced with Uracil. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm through a
nuclear pore. Translation is the next step and occurs in the cytoplasm. The mRNA strand
travels through the cytoplasm until it reaches rRNA , which makes up ribosomes. The mRNA
binds with the rRNA. tRNA carries the corresponding anti-codons and one amino acid. Each
of the tRNA has a nucleotide that matches up with a mRNA codon. All of the mRNA’s
codons have an anti-codon except for the stop codon. The stop codon just signals for the
tRNA to stop. Each of the amino acids that came with the tRNA will crate a peptide bond.
After the tRNA codes amino acid the tRNA “falls” off. The amino acids now have the code
for what kind of protein they will make. The amino acid chain forms into the first stage of a
protein called the primary structure. Then, the protien forms into the secondary structure.
The protein finally folds into the tertiary structure.