Contenu connexe Similaire à Asi Chap007 (20) Asi Chap0071. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
C H A P T E R
7
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
DATA MODELING
AND ANALYSIS
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved
2. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Chapter Seven
•
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Data Modeling and Analysis
Define systems modeling and differentiate between logical and physical
system models.
• Define data modeling and explain its benefits.
• Recognize and understand the basic concepts and constructs of a data
model.
• Read and interpret an entity relationship data model.
• Explain when data models are constructed during a project and where the
models are stored.
• Discover entities and relationships.
• Construct an entity-relationship context diagram.
• Discover or invent keys for entities and construct a key-based diagram.
• Construct a fully attributed entity relationship diagram and describe all data
structures and attributes to the repository or encyclopedia.
• Normalize a logical data model to remove impurities that can make a
database unstable, inflexible, and nonscalable.
• Describe a useful tool for mapping data requirements to business operating
locations.
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved
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3. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Chapter Map
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4. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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System Models
A model is a representation of reality.
Logical models show what a system is or does. They are
implementation independent; that is, they depict the
system independent of any technical implementation.
Physical models show not only what a system is or does,
but also how the system is physically and technically
implemented.
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5. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling
Data modeling is a technique for organizing and
documenting a system’s data. Data modeling is
sometimes called database modeling because a data
model is eventually implemented as a database. It is
sometimes called information modeling.
The actual model is frequently called an entity
relationship diagram (ERD) because it depicts data in
terms of the entities and relationships described by the
data.
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Sample Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
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7. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Entity
An entity is a class of persons, places, objects, events, or
concepts about which we need to capture and store data.
Name of Entity
Persons: agency, contractor, customer, department, division,
employee, instructor, student, supplier.
Places: sales region, building, room, branch office, campus.
Objects: book, machine, part, product, raw material, software license,
software package, tool, vehicle model, vehicle.
Events: application, award, cancellation, class, flight, invoice, order,
registration, renewal, requisition, reservation, sale, trip.
Concepts: account, block of time, bond, course, fund, qualification,
stock.
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8. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Entity
An entity instance is a single occurrence of an entity.
Example: instances of the entity STUDENT may include
Betty Arnold
John Taylor
Lisa Simmons
Bill Macy
Heather Leath
Tim Wrench
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Data Modeling Concepts: Attributes
An attribute is a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity.
Synonyms include element, property, and field.
A compound attribute is one that actually consists of other
attributes
STUDENT
Na me
.Last Name
.First Name
.Middle Initial
Address
.Street Address
.City
.State or Province
.Country
.Postal Code
Phone Number
.Area Code
.Exchange Number
.Number Within Exchange
Date of Birth
Gender
Race
Major
Grade Poin
t Average
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Data Modeling Concepts: Domains
The data type for an attribute defines what type of data
can be stored in that attribute.
The domain of an attribute defines what values an
attribute can legitimately take on.
The default value for an attribute is the value that will be
recorded if not specified by the user.
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Data Modeling Concepts: Identification
A key is an attribute, or a group of attributes, that assumes a
unique value for each entity instance.
A group of attributes that uniquely identifies an instance of an
entity is called a concatenated key.
A candidate key is a “candidate to become the primary key” of
instances of an entity.
A primary key is that candidate key that will most commonly be
used to uniquely identify a single entity instance.
Any candidate key that is not selected to become the primary key
is called an alternate key.
A subsetting criteria is an attribute (or concatenated attribute)
whose finite values divide all entity instances into useful subsets.
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12. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Identification Keys & Subsetting Criteria
STUDENT
Student Number
(Primary Key)
Social Security Number (Alternate Key)
Name
.Last Name
.First Name
.Middle Initial
Address
.Street Address
.City
.State or Province
.Country
.Postal Code
Phone Number
.Area Code
.Exchange Number
.Number Within Exchange
Date of Birth
Gender (Subsetting Criteria 1)
Race (Subsetting Criteria 2)
Major (Subsetting Criteria 3)
Grade Po
int Average
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Data Modeling Concepts: Relationships
A relationship is a natural business association that exists
between one or more entities. The relationship may
represent an event that links the entities or merely a
logical affinity that exists between the entities.
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14. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Cardinality
Cardinality defines the minimum and maximum number
of occurrences of one entity that may be related to a
single occurrence of the other entity.
Because all relationships are bidirectional, cardinality
must be defined in both directions for every relationship.
bidirectional
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Data Modeling Concepts: Degree
The degree of a relationship is the number of entities that
participate in the relationship.
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Data Modeling Concepts: Degree
A recursive relationship is a relationship that exists
between different instances of the same entity
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Data Modeling Concepts: Degree
Relationships may exist
between more than two
entities and are called
N-ary relationships.
The example ERD
depicts a ternary
relationship.
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18. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Degree
An associative
entity is an entity
that inherits its
primary key from
more than one other
entity (called
parents).
Each part of that
concatenated key
points to one and
only one instance of
each of the
connecting entities.
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19. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys
A foreign key is a primary key of one entity that is contributed to
(duplicated in) another entity to identify instances of a relationship.
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20. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys
Nonidentifying relationships are those in which each of the
participating entities has its own independent primary key, In
other words, none of the primary key attributes is shared.
Identifying relationships are those in which the parent entity
contributes its primary key to become part of the primary key of
the child entity.
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21. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys
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Data Modeling Concepts: Foreign Keys
A nonspecific
relationship (or manyto-many relationship) is
one in which many
instances of one entity
are associated with
many instances of
another entity.
Nonspecific
relationships
must be
resolved. Most
nonspecific
relationships
can be resolved
by introducing
an associative
entity.
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23. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Resolving Nonspecific Relationships (continued)
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24. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Resolving Nonspecific Relationships (continued)
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25. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Modeling Concepts: Generalization
Generalization is a technique wherein the attributes that
are common to several types of an entity are grouped
into their own entity, called a supertype.
An entity supertype is an entity whose instances store
attributes that are common to one or more entity
subtypes.
An entity subtype is an entity whose instances inherit
some common attributes from an entity supertype and
then add other attributes that are unique to an instance of
the subtype.
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Generalization Hierarchy
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Entity Discovery for SoundStage
Entity Name
agreement
A contract whereby a member agrees to purchase a certain
number of products within a certain time. After fulfilling that
agreement, the member becomes eligible for bonus credits that
are redeemable for free or discounted products.
member
An active member of one or more clubs.
Note: A target system objective is to re-enroll inactive members
as opposed to deleting them.
member order
An order generated for a member as part of a monthly
promotion, or an order initiated by a member.
Note: The current system only supports orders generated from
promotions; however, customer initiated orders have been
given a high priority as an added option in the proposed
system.
transaction
A business event to which the Member Services System must
respond.
product
An inventoried product available for promotion and sale to
members.
Note: System improvement objectives include (1) compatibility
with new bar code system being developed for the warehouse,
and (2) adaptability to a rapidly changing mix of products.
promotion
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Business Definition
A monthly or quarterly event whereby special product offerings
are made available to members.
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The Context Data Model
MEMBER ORDER
is a
sells
responds to
MEMBER
places
PRODUCT
has
conducted
TRANSACTION
generates
binds
features
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PROMOTION
AGREEMENT
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The Key-based Data Model
MEMBER ORDER
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
sells
is a
responds
to
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
places
MEMBER
Primary Key
Member-Number [PK1]
has
conducted
sold as
PRODUCT
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1]
generates
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
TRANSACTION
Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
AGREEMENT
Primary Key
Agreement-Number [PK1]
is featured as
TITLE PROMOTION
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Promotion-Number [PK2] [FK]
binds
features
PROMOTION
Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1]
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30. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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The Key-based Data Model With Generalization
is a
MEMBER ORDER
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
sells
responds
to
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
MEMBER
Primary Key
Member-Number [PK1]
places
has
conducted
binds
sold as
TRANSACTION
Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
AGREEMENT
Primary Key
Agreement-Number [PK1]
PRODUCT
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1]
generates
is a
MERCHANDISE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
is a
AUDIO TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
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is a
TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
is a
VIDEO TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
PROMOTION
Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1]
is featured as
PROMOTION TITLE
Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
is a
features
GAME TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
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31. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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The Fully-Attributed Data Model
sells
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
sold as
MEMBER ORDER
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Order-Creation-Date
Order-Fill-Date
Member-Name
Member-Address
Shipping-Address-Name
Shipping-Street-Address
Shipping-City
Shipping-State
Shipping-Zip
Shipping-Instructions
Order-Sub-Total
Order-Sales-Tax
Order-Shipping-Method
Order-Shipping-&-Handling-Cost
Order-Status
Order-Prepaid-Amount
Order-Prepayment-Method
Promotion-Number [FK]
Member-Number [FK]
Member-Number-1 . Member-Number [FK]
Ordered-Product-Number
Quantity-Shipped
Quantity-Backordered
Ordered-Product-Description
Ordered-Product-Title
Purchased-Unit-Price
Extended-Price
is a
responds
to
places
MEMBER
Primary Key
Member-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Member-Name
Member-Status
Member-Street-Address
Member-Post-Office-Box
Member-City
Member-State
Member-Zip-Code
Member-Daytime-Phone-Number
Member-Date-of-Last-Order
Member-Balance-Due
Member-Credit-Card-Type
Member-Credit-Card-Number
Member-Credit-Card-Expire-Date
Member-Bonus-Balance-Available
Audio-Category-Preference
Audio-Media-Preference
Date-Enrolled
Expiration-Date
Game-Category-Preference
Game-Media-Preference
Number-of-Credits-Earned
Video-Category-Preference
Video-Media-Preference
Agreement-Number [FK]
Privacy-Code
Email-Address
PRODUCT
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
"Universal-Product-Code (Alternate Key)"
Quantity-in-Stock
Product-Type
Suggested-Retail-Price
Default-Unit-Price
Current-Special-Unit-Price
Current-Month-Units-Sold
Current-Year-Units-Sold
Total-Lifetime-Units-Sold
is a
MERCHANDISE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Merchandise-Name
Merchandise-Description
Merchandise-Type
Unit-of-Measure
is a
AUDIO TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Artist
Audio-Category
Audio-Sub-Category
Number-of-Units-in-Package
Audio-Media-Code
Content-Advisory-Code
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
has
conducted
TRANSACTION
Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Transaction-Date
Transaction-Type
Transaction-Description
Transaction-Amount
Member-Number [FK]
Order-Number [FK]
AGREEMENT
Primary Key
Agreement-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Agreement-Expire-Date
Agreement-Active-Date
Fulfillment-Period
Required-Number-of-Credits
binds
is a
TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Title-of-Work
Title-Cover
Catalog-Description
Copyright-Date
Entertainment-Category
Credit-Value
is a
VIDEO TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Producer
Director
Video-Category
Video-Sub-Category
Closed-Captioned
Language
Running-Time
Video-Media-Type
Video-Encoding
Screen-Aspect
MPA-Rating-Code
generates
is featured as
TITLE PROMOTION
Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
PROMOTION
Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Promotion-Release-Date
Promotion-Status
Promotion-Type
Product-Number
Title-of-Work
features
is a
GAME TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Manufacturer
Game-Category
Game-Sub-Category
Game-Platform
Game-Media-Type
Number-of-Players
Parent-Advisory-Code
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32. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Data Analysis & Normalization
Data analysis is a process that prepares a data model for
implementation as a simple, nonredundant, flexible, and
adaptable database. The specific technique is called
normalization.
Normalization is a data analysis technique that organizes
data attributes such that they are grouped to form
nonredundant, stable, flexible, and adaptive entities.
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33. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Normalization: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF
• An entity is in first normal form (1NF) if there are no attributes that
can have more than one value for a single instance of the entity. Any
attributes that can have multiple values actually describe a separate
entity, possibly an entity and relationship.
• An entity is in second normal form (2NF) if it is already in 1NF and
if the values of all nonprimary key attributes are dependent on the full
primary key—not just part of it. Any nonkey attributes that are
dependent on only part of the primary key should be moved to any
entity where that partial key is actually the full key. This may require
creating a new entity and relationship on the model.
• An entity is in third normal form (3NF) if it is already in 2NF and if
the values of its nonprimary key attributes are not dependent on any
other non-primary key attributes. Any nonkey attributes that are
dependent on other nonkey attributes must be moved or deleted.
Again, new entities and relationships may have to be added to the
data model.
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34. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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First Normal Form Example
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35. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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First Normal Form Example
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36. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Second Normal Form Example
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37. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Second Normal Form Example
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38. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Third Normal Form Example
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39. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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Third Normal Form Example
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40. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
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SoundStage 3NF Data Model
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]
Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Quantity-Ordered
Quantity-Shipped
Quantity-Backordered
Purchase-Unit-Price
Credits-Earned
sells
MEMBER ORDER
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Order-Creation-Date
Order-Fill-Date
Shipping-Address-Name
Shipping-Street-Address
Shipping-City
Shipping-State
Shipping-Zip
Shipping-Instructions
Order-Sub-Total
Order-Sales-Tax
Order-Shipping-Method
Order-Shipping-&-Handling-Cost
Order-Status
Order-Prepaid-Amount
Order-Prepayment-Method
Promotion-Number [FK]
Member-Number [FK]
Member-Number-1 . Member-Number [FK]
sold as
PRODUCT
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
"Universal-Product-Code (Alternate Key)"
Quantity-in-Stock
Product-Type
Suggested-Retail-Price
Default-Unit-Price
Current-Special-Unit-Price
Current-Month-Units-Sold
Current-Year-Units-Sold
Total-Lifetime-Units-Sold
is a
MERCHANDISE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Merchandise-Name
Merchandise-Description
Merchandise-Type
Unit-of-Measure
is a
AUDIO TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Artist
Audio-Category
Audio-Sub-Category
Number-of-Units-in-Package
Audio-Media-Code
Content-Advisory-Code
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
is a
responds
to
places
MEMBER
Primary Key
Member-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Member-Name
Member-Status
Member-Street-Address
Member-Post-Office-Box
Member-City
Member-State
Member-Zip-Code
Member-Daytime-Phone-Number
Member-Date-of-Last-Order
Member-Balance-Due
Member-Credit-Card-Type
Member-Credit-Card-Number
Member-Credit-Card-Expire-Date
Member-Bonus-Balance-Available
Audio-Category-Preference
Audio-Media-Preference
Date-Enrolled
Expiration-Date
Game-Category-Preference
Game-Media-Preference
Number-of-Credits-Earned
Video-Category-Preference
Video-Media-Preference
Agreement-Number [FK]
Privacy-Code
Email-Address
is a
binds
TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Title-of-Work
Title-Cover
Catalog-Description
Copyright-Date
Entertainment-Category
Credit-Value
is a
VIDEO TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Producer
Director
Video-Category
Video-Sub-Category
Closed-Captioned
Language
Running-Time
Video-Media-Type
Video-Encoding
Screen-Aspect
MPA-Rating-Code
generates
has
conducted
TRANSACTION
Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Transaction-Date
Transaction-Type
Transaction-Description
Transaction-Amount
Member-Number [FK]
Order-Number [FK]
AGREEMENT
Primary Key
Agreement-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Agreement-Expire-Date
Agreement-Active-Date
Fulfillment-Period
Required-Number-of-Credits
is featured as
TITLE PROMOTION
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Promotion-Number [PK2] [FK]
is a
GAME TITLE
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]
Non-Key Attributes
Manufacturer
Game-Category
Game-Sub-Category
Game-Platform
Game-Media-Type
Number-of-Players
Parent-Advisory-Code
features
PROMOTION
Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1]
Non-Key Attributes
Promotion-Release-Date
Promotion-Status
Promotion-Type
3NF Member Services (Entity
Relation Subject Area)
SA/2001
Tue May 02, 2000 10:41
Comment
Sandra Shepherd
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41. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Customer
.Customer Number
.Customer Name
.Customer Address
.Customer Credit Rating
.Customer Balance Due
Order
.Order Number
.Order Date
.Order Amount
Ordered Product
.Quantity Ordered
.Ordered Item Unit Price
Product
.Product Number
.Product Name
.Product Description
.Product Unit of Measure
.Product Current Unit Price
.Product Quantity on Hand
INDV
R
RU
RU
X
R
INDV
SRD
SRD
SRD
INDV
SUD
SUD
ALL
R
R
R
R
R
X
R
R
R
ALL
R
R
R
ALL
R
R
ALL
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
ALL
R
R
RU
R
R
SS
R
R
SS
R
ALL
R
R
R
R
RU
ALL
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
R
R
ALL
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
ALL
CRUD
CRUD
ALL
R
R
R
R
R
R
ALL
R
R
R
RU
RU
R
R
R
R
R
SS
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
R
R
SS
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
SS
CRUD
CRUD
ALL
R
R
R
R
R
R
INDV = individual
SS = subset
C = create
R = read
U = update
SS
R
R
R
SS
R
R
R
SS
ALL
R
R
R
R
R
RU
. Warehose
San Diego
San Francisco
. Sales
SS
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
R
R
SS
CRUD
CRUD
CRUD
SS
CRUD
CRUD
ALL
R
R
R
R
R
R
SS
R
R
R
SS
R
R
R
SS
ALL
R
R
R
R
R
RU
X = no access
S = submit
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
ALL = ALL
. Warehouse
. Sales
Boston
. A/R
. Sales
. Warehouse
. Advertsing
. Marketing
Kansas City
Customers
Entity . Attribute
Location
Data-to-Location-CRUD Matrix
D = delete
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved
Notes de l'éditeur This repository of slides is intended to support the named chapter. The slide repository should be used as follows:
Copy the file to a unique name for your course and unit.
Edit the file by deleting those slides you don’t want to cover, editing other slides as appropriate to your course, and adding slides as desired.
Print the slides to produce transparency masters or print directly to film or present the slides using a computer image projector.
Each slide includes instructor notes. To view those notes in PowerPoint, click left on the View Menu; then click left on Notes View sub-menu. You may need to scroll down to see the instructor notes.
The instructor notes are also available in hard copy as the Instructor Guide to Accompany Systems Analysis and Design Methods, 5/ed.
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Teaching Notes
The emphasis of this chapter is upon the DATA. It also reflects the fact that data modeling may be performed during certain analysis phases and involves not only systems analysts…but owners and users.
Teaching Tips:
While we do provide some subsequent slides that are examples of different types of models, you may obtain additional slides from chapters 7 and 8 to show them examples of logical data models and logical process models, and you may obtain additional slides from chapters 11-15 to show them examples of various physical models. Be sure to emphasis that the models represent or document technical implementations.
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Teaching Tips
Be sure to explain that this is merely an example –there are numerous data modeling notations. While they may differ in appearance (symbology) the knowledge that data models are intended to convey the same.
Teaching Tips:
Prompt the students for additional examples. Have them classify their example(s).
Obtain a data model from a source other than the textbook. Ask the students to classify the entities.
Teaching Tips
Substitute the name(s) of one or more of your students.
Be sure to explain that these are “instances” and that instances do NOT appear in the names of entity symbols.
Teaching Tips:
Show the students slide #6. Pick an entity and ask the students to list attributes that they feel describe those entities.
Show the students a form. Ask the students to identify the attributes. Be sure that the students recognize what items appearing on the form are truly attributes and those that are simply headings or preprinted items. Also, often times students accidentally identify attribute values as attributes. For example, they may say that an item that appears as a check box is an attribute when in fact it may be the value of an attribute (ie. Male and female are values, whereas GENDER is the real attribute).
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Teaching Tips
Explain that there may be more than one relationship between two entities. You may reinforce this by adding additional relationships to the example (such as “transferred from” (to reflect a relationship where students changed from one curriculum to another).
Teaching Tips
Ask the students to read (or write) declarative sentences to reflect the bidirectional meaning of the relationship between student and curriculum.
Teaching Tips:
Provide the students with an ERD that does not contain relationships. Ask the students to identify possible relationships and indicate a possible degree for that relationship.
Emphasize to the students that the degree represents a business rule! Failure to accurately identify and document the degree will result in a system that does not reflect a correct business requirement.
Teaching Tips
Ask the students to read (or write) declarative sentences to reflect the bidirectional meaning of the relationship.
We created a composite key in this example. Be sure to point out the notation.
Teaching Tips
The example also depicts an associative entity for the first time…as explained on the next slide.
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Teaching Tips
Additional examples should be given to test the student’s ability to recognize the parent entity. We suggest you also provide an example of a one-to-one relationship!
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Teaching Tips:
Ask the students to identify a generalization example. What are some common attributes? What are some unique attributes associated with the subtype(s)?
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Conversion Notes
Several business changes were made to the SoundStage running case study. Thus, the entity list and subsequent data models and normalization examples have changed from the previous edition.
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Edit this slide as needed to ensure readability.
Edit this slide as needed to ensure readability.
Edit this slide as needed to ensure readability.
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Edit this slide as needed to ensure readability.
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