2. 1. Genetic Engineering
 =technology used to manipulate organism’s DNA by
inserting DNA of another organism

3. 1. Genetic Engineering
 Used to increase or decrease expression of specific
genes
 genome=the total DNA present in the nucleus of each
cell
 Millions in human genome—have tools to isolate and
manipulate one specific gene

4. 2. Restriction Enzymes
 =proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA
sequences and cut that piece out

5. 3. Gel Electrophoresis
 Separates DNA fragments for analysis
 Pulled with electric charge—DNA is negative  moves
to positive end)

6. 3. Gel Electrophoresis
 Move and separate according to size of fragments
 Smaller fragments—move faster and farther
 Larger fragments—move slower and stay closer
 Makes a unique pattern
 Allows for identification and comparison

7.  http://www.dnatube.com/video/957/Movement-of-
proteins-in-SDS-polyacrylamide-gel

8. 4. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
 Makes millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA
fragment
 Done by heating DNA to separate the strands and is
copied
 Each copy is copied—a few dozen cycles=millions of
copies

9. 5. Biotechnology
 =using genetic engineering to find solutions to
problems
 Produces organisms with genes from another organism
 Transgenic

10. 6. Transgenic plants
 Engineered to be more resistant to viruses and pests
 Pests and viruses can kill all crops
 Make them resistant so they can survive
 Some scientists working on peanuts and soybeans that
don’t cause allergic reactions

11. 7. Selective Breeding
 =the process of selecting certain desirable traits to
pass on to future generations in certain plants and
animals

12. 8. Hybridization
 =Mixing of different organisms to bring together the
best traits
 Stronger than parents, have competitive edge
 Example—crossing tomato that is resistant to specific
disease with one that grows fast
 Offspring disease resistant and grows fast

13. 9. Inbreeding
 =continued breeding of individuals with similar
characteristics
 Pure breed dogs maintained this way—keeps their
unique traits
 Disadvantage—harmful recessive traits passed on,
increased chance of homozygous recessive for disease