The document summarizes key information about Turkey's response to World War 1 and the Gallipoli Campaign, including: - Turkey was initially prepared for the Gallipoli Campaign due to delays by British troops that allowed Turkey to construct defenses. Turkey ultimately won the campaign in 1916 by forcing the Allies to evacuate. - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk played an important military role for Turkey during the war and later became the first president of the new Turkish Republic. - The document also provides brief biographies of two other important Turkish military leaders, Fevzi Çakmak and Ismet Inönü.

1. Turkish response to the landing
Turkish weaponry
at Gallipoli and the ensuing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
and fighting tactics
battles
Two personal accounts
Impact of WW1 on Turkey
from Turkish soldiers Pop Quiz

2. Fevzi Çakmak was born on 12th January 1876 in Constantinople.
He was a Turkish marshal and statesman who played a leading role
along with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the establishment of the
Turkish Republic.
A fact file of Fevzi Çakmak’s life:
• Educated in numerous military colleges
• Commissioned as lieutenant in 1895
• In 1913 was appointed head of V corps
• With the same corps he attacked the British in the Gallipoli
Campaign
• After WW1 he left the Ottoman Empire and headed to
Mustafa Kemal’s provisional government in Ankara
• Became a General in 1921
• Was Deputy to İsmet İnönü, the then Chief of Staff
• Died on 10th April 1944 in Istanbul

3. İsmet İnönü was born on 24th September 1884 in Smyrna,
Ottoman Empire. He was a Turkish army officer, statesman and
successor of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as president of the Turkish
Republic. He was identified with one-party (Ottoman Empire) rule
and later became a champion of democracy. İsmet İnönü was also
the 2nd President of Turkey.
A fact file of İsmet İnönü’s life:
• Educated at the Army Engineering School and further studied at the Army
Staff School
• Joined the Committee of Union and Progress in 1907
• Was a member of the “Liberation Army”, that suppressed counter-
revolutionary rebellion in Istanbul during 1909
• Became a Major in 1912 and appointed as the Chief of Staff of the Turkish
forces
• In January 1917 he was appointed head of the IV corps on the
recommendation of Mustafa Kemal
• 2nd President of Turkey (11 November 1938 – 22 May 1950)

4. The Turkish military in general weren’t for the ANZACs. They however came up
with a rash plan to fire at the ANZACs from their elevated position. The amount of
soldiers on the operation from the Turkish side was a mere 160 compared to the
ANZACs sizeable force that outnumbered the Turks ten to one. Only 8 of the 160
soldiers survived. The operation was named Hell Spit.
Layout of the naval battle between the two forces
Click to go next slide

5. Click to go back
Turkey eventually won the Gallipoli Campaign in 1916. The Allies were
forced to evacuate as the cost (lives and money) of continuing was too much.
The last Allied man left on 9th January 1916.
The Turks had the advantage from the beginning. There was a six What really happened
week delay of the British troops which gave the Turks time to
prepare a large scale ground assault waiting for them. They also had
time to construct roads, boats for supplies and men across the
narrows, trenches and gun emplacements.
Turkey’s Battles
• Siege of Kut (Turkish Won)
• Campaigns in Middle East (British
won most)

6. Turkish Weapons:
• The Turks had German machine guns named Maxim-
Nordernfield
• The main types of pistols used by the Turkish army was
the Mauser Parabellum and Browning
• Local ammunition was insufficient and as a result
ammunition had to be bought from Germany
• The Stielhandgranate was the only grenade the Turks
had. Every soldier could use this grenade
Click to go next slide

7. The main defence tactic of the Dardanelles (narrow strait
in north-western Turkey) consisted of outer, intermediate
and inner defences:
OUTER DEFENCES INTERMEDIATE DEFENCES INNER DEFENCES
• Consists of forts at the entrance of the • Protected minefields • Most powerful of all defences
straits Kumkale and Seddulbahir • Equipped with medium guns • Had the task of guarding all mainland
• The forts were equipped with heavy and towns from enemy attack
medium guns
Dardanelles

8. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the father of modern day Turkey. This man
was both an Ottoman and Turkish military officer and played a vital role in
Turkey’s independence.
Mustafa Kemal’s fact file:
• Born 19th May 1881
• Ottoman and Turkish military officer
• 1st President of the Republic of Turkey (29th Oct 1923 to 10th
Nov 1938)
• Founded Kemalism
• During Gallipoli Campaign he was given job of commanding
and organising the 19th Division to the 5th Army
• Got promoted to front line commander as he correctly
anticipated where Allies were going to attack and managed
to make ANZACs retreat
• Set up provisional government in Ankara during War of
Independence (Turkey)
• Died in office (10th November 1938)

9. WW1 had a huge impact on Turkey. Apart from the former
Ottoman Empire being destroyed, other impacts hit Turkey
as well including:
• Lack of infrastructure and financial means, both
before and after WW1
• The agricultural industry went considerably down
• Food supply became less
• Economic recession
Things have got better in Turkey
since and today Turkey is a country
whose legacy of the Ottoman
Empire is preserved as well as the
modern day constructions which
symbolise change

10. CREDITS
Nellie – Director
Qumrul – Producer
Adam – Designer
Bronwyn – Editor
Adrienne – Information Compiler

11. Well, did you really learn anything from our presentation? Let’s find out, shall we?
Click for Turkish Click for Turkish Click for two Click for
Click for
response to Weaponry and Turkish soldier’s impact of
Mustafa
WW1 Q’s tactics Q’s personal WW1 on
Kemal Q’s
accounts Q’s Turkey Q’s

12. Q1) Was Turkey prepared or unprepared
for the Gallipoli Campaign?
Q2) What was the battle tactic that failed
named?
Q3) How many people from the Turkish
military went to fight in that tactic?
Q4) How many Turks survived?
Q5) Did Turkey win the Gallipoli
Campaign?

13. Q1) Who were the Turks most
dependent on in terms of weapons in
the war?
Q2) How much ammunition did
Turkey buy from their source?
Q3) What were the Turks three main
weapons?
Q4) Did Turkey have many machine
guns?
Q5) Was there sufficient ammo?

14. Q1) Who was born in Constantinople?
Q2) Did Fevzi Çakmak become deputy
to İsmet İnönü or was it the other way
around?
Q3) Was İsmet İnönü the 2nd or 3rd
President of Turkey?
Q4) Who led the V corps?
Q5) Who was the one who became
General?

15. Q1) Mustafa Kemal was both an Ottoman
and Turkish military officer. True or false?
Q2) Why was Mustafa Kemal promoted to a
front line commander during the Gallipoli
Campaign?
Q3) Was Mustafa Kemal the 1st President of
Turkey?
Q4) Where did Mustafa Kemal set up his
provisional government during the Turkish
War of Independence?

16. Q1) What happened to the agricultural
industry?
Q2) Did Turkey import a lot of food?
Q3) Was the cost of producing food
high?
Q4) Why couldn’t Istanbul get enough
food from the farms?
Q5) Did Mustafa Kemal help stabilise
the situation of post WW1 Ottoman
Empire?

17. O budur. Eğer zevk umut!
(That is it. Hope you enjoyed!)