Biological Diversity

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Rachel Raines

Biological Diversity A Framework for understanding Earth’s diversity of organisms Charles Darwin

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Slides describes the journey of great naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin and his research at Galapagos islands.Darwin visited Galapagos islands during 18th century on his famous voyage. The main aim of the voyage was to study zoology and different animal species in each continent. While his stay at Galapagos Darwin observed species of Giant tortoises and the Finches( also called as Darwin Finches in honor of his work). He found that there was difference in the appearance in animals of the same species relative to their habitat. This research helped Darwin to deliver the famous Theory Of Evolution. Ecuador Government established Charles Darwin Research Center at Galapagos Islands in honor of his work.

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In line with generally accepted theories of evolution, Dinosaur extinction is currently believed to be due to climate change due to various causes. However this is not correct, being inconsistent with known facts. There are only two possibilities. Either Dinosaurs evolved to their extinction or evolved to some other phyletic lines or species with which ancestor – descendent relationship can’t be presently demonstrated. Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor and has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing. Chapter 30 of the book is about Evolution of Life wherein author has worked out a new theory about evolution of life. Visit:http:// www.sciencengod.com http://www.sciencengod.com/clipboard.htm

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ABSTRACT: Core functions of museums are the collection, long-term preservation, stewardship and curation of specimens, facilitating access to these specimens – physically and digitally – for research purposes, and engaging and educating the public about the world around them. Biological and geological specimens from the Arctic and their associated collection data are a diverse, important and increasingly valuable component of the polar information spectrum. Natural history specimens are data themselves, documenting the distribution of species in time and space; they serve as vouchers for datasets, allowing future workers to go back to original material to confirm or revise identifications; and they are also sources of new data (morphology, anatomy, toxicology, genetic information). The development of international standards (e.g., the Darwin Core) and best practices to facilitate interoperability and sharing of biodiversity occurrence data has allowed institutions to easily share their collection data on their own websites, and through national, regional and international indexing portals such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). This successful example of data management and interoperability could serve as a model for the polar community. The research and public outreach potential of Arctic collections data is enormous, but a challenge that many natural history museums are facing is the massive task of databasing and imaging the collection so that it may be mobilized, discovered, shared and used. The Canadian Museum of Nature, founding member of the international Arctic Natural History Museums Alliance, houses the largest – and continually growing – collection of natural history specimens from the Canadian Arctic, with ca. 260K Arctic specimens (including >550 type specimens). Some 154K of our specimens from north of 60 degrees are digitized and freely accessible online (http://collections.nature.ca/en/Search) and shared through GBIF. Natural history museums need to be more involved in Arctic science discussions to raise awareness and increase usage of their rich data resources. Available from: https://ccin.ca/home/sites/default/files/PDF_II_Program_Abstracts_FINAL.pdf (accessed 4 May 2016). CC BY-NC 4.0

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Evolution and Its Processes Figure 1: Diversity of Life on Earth The diversity of life on Earth is the result of evolution, a continuous process that is still occurring. “wolf”: modification of work by Gary Kramer, USFWS; “coral”: modification of work by William Harrigan, NOAA; “river”: modification of work by Vojtěch Dostál; “protozoa”: modification of work by Sharon Franklin, Stephen Ausmus, USDA ARS; “fish” modification of work by Christian Mehlführer; “mushroom”, “bee”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; “tree”: modification of work by Joseph Kranak Chapter Outline 1. Discovering How Populations Change 2. Mechanisms of Evolution 3. Evidence of Evolution 4. Speciation 5. Common Misconceptions about Evolution Introduction All species of living organisms—from the bacteria on our skin, to the trees in our yards, to the birds outside—evolved at some point from a different species. Although it may seem that living things today stay much the same from generation to generation, that is not the case: evolution is ongoing. Evolution is the process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise. The theory of evolution is the unifying theory of biology, meaning it is the framework within which biologists ask questions about the living world. Its power is that it provides direction for predictions about living things that are borne out in experiment after experiment. The Ukrainian-born American geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky famously wrote that "nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution" (Dobzhansky 1964, 449). He meant that the principle that all life has evolved and diversified from a common ancestor is the foundation from which we understand all other questions in biology. This chapter will explain some of the mechanisms for evolutionary change and the kinds of questions that biologists can and have answered using evolutionary theory. Discovering How Populations Change By the end of this section, you will bbe able to: · Explain how Darwin’s theory of evolution differed from the current view at the time. · Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was developed. · Describe how population genetics is used to study the evolution of populations The theory of evolution by natural selection describes a mechanism for species change over time. That species change had been suggested and debated well before Darwin. The view that species were static and unchanging was grounded in the writings of Plato, yet there were also ancient Greeks that expressed evolutionary ideas. In the eighteenth century, ideas about the evolution of animals were reintroduced by the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and even by Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. During this time, it was also accepted that there were extinct species. At the same time, James Hutton, the Scottish naturalist, proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from pr.

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I: Evolution If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants. -- Sir Isaac Newton 1 Theories in Science In the context of scientific inquiry, a theory is: A conceptual framework supported by a large body of evidence Broader in scope than a hypothesis. A theory ties information together and leads to specific testable hypotheses In other words, a theory is a big deal in science, NOT a synonym for guessing 2 2 3 (This used to be a joke, but I’m not laughing anymore.) 3 Historical Overview What can explain both the unity and diversity of life on Earth? Organic evolution: genetically based change over time. It acts on individuals in the present, but only manifests in the population over generations. Natural Selection: mechanism causing the match between organisms and their environment (adaptive evolution = adaptation) 4 4 Traditional views involved unchanging and perfect species inhabiting a young Earth (Old Testament, Linnaeus, etc.) The emergence of paleontology and geology helped lay the groundwork for Darwin’s contributions Other areas of research also influenced his thinking, including studies on human population growth 6 6 Fig. 22-2 American Revolution French Revolution U.S. Civil War 1900 1850 1800 1750 1795 1809 1798 1830 1831–1836 1837 1859 1837 1844 1858 The Origin of Species is published. Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin. Darwin begins his notebooks. Darwin writes essay on descent with modification. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. Linnaeus (classification) Cuvier (fossils, extinction) Malthus (population limits) Lamarck (species can change) Hutton (gradual geologic change) Lyell (modern geology) Darwin (evolution, natural selection) Wallace (evolution, natural selection) 7 7 Younger stratum with more recent fossils Layers of deposited sediment Older stratum with older fossils 8 8 Several 18th century naturalists (including Erasmus Darwin) suggested life evolves as environments change Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and subsequent inheritance of acquired characteristics This mechanism is unsupported by evidence (e.g., even if you and your mate lost the same finger, your children would still be born with all ten), but it did refocus subsequent research Lamarck’s Hypothesis 9 9 10 The miniature phenotype of Bonsai trees is caused by manipulations of a bonsai master, not genetics. Would the next generation still be stunted if we planted their seeds and allowed them to grow naturally? 11 12 After first studying medicine, then theology at Cambridge, Darwin took an unpaid position as naturalist for a 5-year voyage around the world During his travels on HMS Beagle, he collected thousa ...

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