Personality

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
Personality is a pattern of stable states and characteristics of a person that influences
his or her behavior toward goal achievement

The Environment
• Organization
• Work group
• Job
• Personal life
Variables Influencing Individual Behavior
The Person
• Skills & abilities
• Personality
• Perceptions
• Attitudes
•Values
• Ethics
Behavior
B = f(P,E)

DEFINITION
Personality is relatively stable set of characteristics that
influences an individual’s behavior
It is a subjective phenomenon.

DEFINITION, Allport
Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of
those psycho-physical systems that determine his characteristic
and behavior and thought.

Definitions: Mackinnon (1959)
• Personality refers to “factors” inside people that explain their behavior
• The sum total of typical ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that makes a
person unique.

Dynamic: ever changing
Psychophysical
Organized and integrated
Unique: specific features in every individual
Adjustment to environment
Self conscious. Only for human being
Social: develop through social interaction
Characteristics of Personality

3 Facts to Consider When Defining “Personality”
 Individuals are unique
 Individuals behave differently in different situations
 Although individuals are unique and behave inconsistently across situations,
there is considerable commonality in human behavior

Personality: a person’s internally based characteristic way of acting and thinking
Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated
Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods,
irritability, and distractibility
Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in most situations
Personality Type: People who have several traits in common
Personality: Some Terms

A)Heredity and biological factors
- Physique
- Intelligence
- Sex differences
- Nervous system
- Chemical organisation

Biology and Personality
Personality dimensions are influenced by genes.
1. Brain-imaging procedures show that extraverts seek stimulation because their
normal brain arousal is relatively low.
2. Genes also influence our temperament and behavioral style. Differences in
children’s shyness and inhibition may be attributed to autonomic nervous
system reactivity.

B) Environmental factors
- Family
- Geography
- Life pattern
- Childhood experience
- Neighbourhood
- Friends
- School
- Media
- Cloths
- Culture

Personality & Environments
How we view and treat people influences how
they treat us.
Our personalities shape situations.
Anxious people react to situations
differently than relaxed people.
Our personalities shape how we react
to events.
The school you attend and the music you
listen to are partly based on your dispositions.
Different people choose different
environments.
Specific ways in which individuals and environments interact

Culture
People maintain their self-esteem even with a low status by valuing things
they achieve and comparing themselves to people with similar positions.

C) Emotional reaction
- Aspiration
- Aptitudes and attitude
- Interest
- Motivation
- Intellectual level

Well balanced personality
 Good physical appearance
 Emotional stability
 High intellectual ability
 High degree of social adjustment
 High moral characters
 Good temperament
 Good directedness
 Tremendous commonsense, drive and pragmatic thinking

Well balanced personality according to Allport
1. Self- extension
- First requirement of mature personality
- Strive based towards a destination
- Definite goal in life
- Will not denied from this goal because of defeat or momentary pleasure
- These goals represent of extension of self

2. Self objectification
A mature person look at himself objectivity.
- He has insight
- He accept his weaknesses
- He evaluates himself in terms of his potentialities
- Sense of realities

3. Unifying philosophy of life
- A mature personality lives according to some accepted philosophy of life
developed to his own satisfaction
- His life will be value oriented

THEORIES
Trait Theory: understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns
into observable traits.
Psychodynamic Theory: emphasizes the unconscious determinants of
behavior
Humanistic Theory: emphasizes individual growth and improvement
Integrative Approach: describes personality as a composite of an
individual’s psychological processes

PERSONALITY TRAITS
• A personality trait is a personality characteristic that endures over time and
across different situations
• Trait theories of personality focus on measuring, identifying and describing
individual differences in personality in terms of traits
• Focus is on what is different- not what is the same
• Can be used to predict behaviour based on traits

Assessing Traits
Personality inventories are questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree
items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several
traits at once.

PERSONALITY TRAITS
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.

Personality traits are described on a continuum – showing either end of the trait.

Strengths and Limitations of trait theories
 Provide useful descriptions of personality and its structure
 Provided the foundation of valid and reliable personality devices
 Can lead people to accept and use oversimplified classifications and descriptions
 Underestimate socio-cultural influences on behaviour

Methods of Measuring Personality
Personality cannot be quantitatively measured but appraise personality to help us
to:
• know about the physical, mental, emotional and social behavior of the individual
• For the purpose of guidance and selection of personnel
• To appear of teacher competence

1- Subjective methods, ask the individual to evaluate himself, Data is also is
collected with the help of his friend also
- Autobiography: is the story about subject that has written by himself.
- Case history method
- Interview technique
- Questionnaire
- Inventories
2- Objective methods
3- Projective method

Subjective method- autobiography
Autobiography is faithful record of ones past and future
Subjects write about aims, ambitions, achievement, attitude and experience
Advantages:
 it is economical and useful to explore the personality
Limitations:
 The subject exaggerates his qualities
 It may be full of irrelevant and insignificant things.
 Since subjects writes from memory it may fail.
 Language handicap

Subjective method- Case history method
 Information collected about heredity & environment features.
 Physical, intellectual, academic, emotional & social history.
 Data about nature of delivery, health of child at birth, relationship with parent
and sibling, physical diseases, to know about cases of maladjustment
Advantages:
 Useful in clinical method
 More systematic and scientific
Limitations:
 Time consuming
 Difficult to collect data

Subjective method- Interview technique
 Face to face interaction between interviewers and interviewee
 Ask question and get information
 Ambitions, aspiration and many other trait is known
Limitation
 Subjective
 Costly
 Time consuming
 Need experts and trained person

Subjective methods- Questionnaires
o A list of question may be given to an individual.
o The respondent himself fills it . We judge personality based on the answer given
Limitation:
o Subject may not show his emotional feeling.

Subjective methods- Inventories
• Specially designed to seek answers about the person and his personality traits.
• The items are addressed to the sense that the respondent is asking the question
to himself
examples:
- Personal data sheet (116 items) related to feeling, worries and symptoms of
mental disorders.
- MMPI
- EPI

Subjective methods- Inventories- MMPI
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
• is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.
• It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
• 550 items indicating specific personality traits
• Individual reads items and responses in yes, no or doubtful category will be given.
The MMPI was developed by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting
those that discriminated between diagnostic groups.

Subjective methods- Inventories- (EPI)
Eysenck personality inventory(EPI)
• For assessing tendencies
• Two dimension of personality considered is stable- unstable and introvert-
extrovert

• Subjective methods- Inventories- The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)
• Based on :
– People are fundamentally different
– People are fundamentally alike
– People have preference combinations for extraversion/introversion,
perception, judgment
• Briggs & Myers developed the MBTI to understand individual differences
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16
personality types.
Personality Types
Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Myers-Briggs Sixteen Primary Traits

Personality Types
TYPE A
1. are always moving, walking, and
eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which
most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more
things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers,
measuring their success in terms of
how many or how much of
everything they acquire.
TYPE B
1. never suffer from a sense of time
urgency with its accompanying
impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss
either their achievements or
accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather
than to exhibit their superiority at
any cost;
4. can relax without guilt.

Objective Methods
Do not depend upon subjects’ own statements but upon his overt behavior as
revealed to others
It is more scientific
Examples :
1- Rating scales
2- Judgment of one person by another
3- Rating can be done by teachers, parents, examiner in 5 points, 3 points 7 points, 9
or 11 point rating

Projective Technique
- For studying unconscious mind of individual.
- To project ones’ own unconscious wishes, thought, fears and hopes
- They assess the total personality
Examples:
• Rorschach inkblot test
• Thematic Apperception test
• Play technique
• Word Association test
• Semtemu completion test

Projective Technique- Rorschach inkblot test
 Developed by Rorschach in 1921
 Based on perceptual approach
 Consist of 10 cards- bisymmetrical inkblot
 Cards are presented one after another.
Analyzing based on responses to
- Whole or part is seen
- Determinant( which feature or color)
- Content
- Popularity( common or popular)

Projective Technique- Thematic apperception test
- Developed by Murray and Morgan
- 30 pictures show different life situation( 10 for men, 10 for women, 10 for both)
- 20 picture are shown to each subject
- Subjects has to answer questions by building the story about pictures.
What has led to the incident?
What are the present condition?
What will be future results?
The subject arrange the material based on his life and revealed his personality.

Projective Technique- Play Technique
- Through play social and abnormal behavior can be known
- Children show their feelings of tension, fears and aggression to the object they
use to play.
- They are given opportunity to play freely to toys.
- Situations are to planned and controlled.

Projective Technique- Word association Test
Speak the first word that comes to mind after listening to stimuli's word

Projective Technique- Sentence completion test
- Beginning of some sentences are given that need to complete it by subject.
- Indicates their feeling, liking and disliking.

How is Personality Measured?
Projective Test - elicits an individual’s response to abstract stimuli
Behavioral Measures - personality assessments that involve observing an individual’s
behavior in a controlled situation
Self-Report Questionnaire - assessment involving an individual’s responses to
questions
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) - instrument measuring Jung’s theory of
individual differences.

Big Five Personality Traits
Extroversion
This trait includes characteristics such as:
excitability,
sociability,
talkativeness,
assertiveness, and
high amounts of emotional expressiveness.
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
I love excitement and am a cheerful person

Agreeableness
This personality dimension includes attributes such as:
Trust,
Altruism,
Kindness,
Affection, and other prosaically behaviors.
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
People find me warm and generous and selfless

Conscientiousness
Common features of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness,
with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors
Responsible,
dependable,
persistent, and organized.
People find me reliable and I keep my house clean

 Emotional Stability
Individuals high in this trait:
Tend to experience emotional instability,
Anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness.
Calm, self-confident,
Secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).
Am very moody I often feel sad and down

Openness to Experience
This trait features characteristics such as :
Imagination and insight,
High in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests.
I am a very curious person & enjoy challenges
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism

Role of the teacher in the Personality development of students
 Respect for the individuality of each child
 Teacher should act as guide
 Firm in tearm of disciplines.
 Teacher should be source of inspiration
 Show love and patience
 Understand children: be a physician, mental hygienist, philosopher a
moralist and an artist to the child

Role of the teacher in the Personality development of students
 Teacher is a spiritual presepeor, communicator and provider of knowledge
 Teacher as a facilitator & manager of learning
 Teacher as a ideal person, a role model
 Teacher as a agent of social change and spearhead of change in society
 Character and personality of teacher
 Teachers love for the profession
 Teacher love for children

Personality

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