Concept of disease prevention and control drmdshuvo@gmail.com

1. CONCEPT OF DISEASE
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
Dr. Md. Salequr Rahman (Shuvo)
MBBS, MPH (CM) NIPSOM
DR. SIRAJUL ISLAM MEDICAL COLLEGE
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

2. In disease control, the disease agent is
permitted to persist in the community at a
level where it ceases to be a public health
problem according to the tolerance of local
community.
For example Malaria control programme.
Disease control activities focus on primary
prevention
Disease Control
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

3. The term ‘elimination” is used to describe
interruption of transmission of disease.
For example, elimination of measles, polio or
diphtheria from large geographic area or
region.
It is intermediate step between control and
eradication.
Disease Elimination
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

4. DISEASE ERADICATION
 It is an absolute process.
 Tear out by root.
Eradication of disease implies termination of all
transmission of infection by extermination of the
infectious agent.
This term is reserved for cessation of infection and
disease from the whole world.
The only disease eradicated from the world is
“Small Pox”
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

5. 1. There must not be any extra-human reservoir.
2. The incubation period should be short.
3. There must be an effective vaccine available.
Measles, poliomyelitis and diphtheria are the
diseases those can be eradicated.
Criteria of a disease to be eradicated
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

6. Control Eradication
Definition
To reduce incidence
to acceptable level
e.g. malaria control
Total cessation of
disease agent, e.g.
Small Pox eradication
Objective
To reduce mortality
and morbidity
To uproot the disease
Area of operation
In high incidence
area
Total coverage
Duration of
operation
Long follow up Time limited
Economic aspect Expensive Cheap
Case finding,
confirmation,
Epidemiological
investigation
Not important Very important
Difference between control and eradicationDifference between control and eradication
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

7. MONITORING
Defined as “the performance and analysis of routine
measurement, aimed at detecting changes in the
environment or health status of population.”
Exm:
Growth monitoring of child,
Monitoring of air pollution,
Monitoring of water quality etc.
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

8. SURVEILLANCE:
Defined as “the continuous scrutiny of the
factors that determine the occurrence and
distribution of disease and other conditions of
ill health.”
E.g. Poliomyelitis surveillance programme of
WHO.
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

9. MODES OF INTERVENTION
 Intervention is any attempt to intervene or interrupt
the usual sequence in the development of disease.
Health Promotion
Specific Protection
Early Diagnosis and Adequate Treatment
Disability Limitation
Rehabilitation
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

10. HEALTH PROMOTION
Health Education
Environmental Modifications
Nutritional Interventions
Lifestyle and Behavioral Change
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

11. SPECIFIC PROTECTION
Immunization
Use of specific Nutrients
Chemoprophylaxis
Protection against Occupational Hazards
Avoidance of Allergens
Control of specific hazards in general
environment
Control of Consumer Product Quality & Safety
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

12. EARLY DIAGNOSIS &
TREATMENT
 Though not as effective and economical as
‘Primary Prevention’, early detection and
treatment are the main interventions of disease
control, besides being critically important in
reducing the high morbidity and mortality in
certain diseases like hypertension, cancer cervix,
and breast cancer.
 The earlier the disease is diagnosed and treated
the better it is from the point of view of
prognosis and preventing the occurrence of
further cases (secondary cases) or any long term
disability. drmdshuvo@gmail.com

13. DISABILITY LIMITATIONS
 The Objective is to prevent or halt the transition of
the disease process from impairment to handicap.
Sequence of events leading to disability & handicap:
 Disease → Impairment → Disability→ Handicap
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

14. DISABILITY LIMITATIONS
 Impairment: Loss or abnormality of psychological,
physiological/anatomical structure or function.
 Disability: Any restriction or lack of ability to
perform an activity in a manner considered normal
for one’s age, sex, etc.
 Handicap: Any disadvantage that prevents one from
fulfilling his role considered normal.
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

15. REHABILITATION
 Rehabilitation has been defined as the ‘combined
and coordinated use of medical, social, educational
and vocational measures for training and retraining
the individual to the highest possible level of
functional ability”
 Areas of concern in rehabilitation:
Medical Rehabilitation
Vocational Rehabilitation
Social Rehabilitation
Psychological Rehabilitation
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

16. CONCEPT OF PREVENTION
Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

17. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primordial Prevention :
 Prevention from Risk Factors.
 Prevention of emergence or development of Risk
Factors.
 Discouraging harmful life styles.
 Encouraging or promoting healthy eating habits.
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

18. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primary Prevention:
 Pre-pathogenesis Phase of a disease.
 Action taken prior to the onset of the disease:
 Immunization & Chemo-prophylaxis
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

19. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Secondary Prevention:
 Halt the progress of a disease at its incipient phase.
 Early diagnosis & Adequate medical treatment.
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

20. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Tertiary Prevention:
 Intervention in the late Pathogenesis Phase.
 Reduce impairments, minimize disabilities &
suffering.
 Measures are:
1. Disability limitation
2. Rehabilitation
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

21. COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
 Community diagnosis generally refers to
the identification and quantification of
health problems in a community as a
whole in terms of mortality and morbidity
rates and ratios, and identification of their
correlates for the purpose of defining
those at risk or those in need of health
care.
drmdshuvo@gmail.com

22. Thank You
drmdshuvo@gmail.com