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Empowering women – means to a health society
1. Dr. RAHUL MATHEW NIMMAGADDA
M.B.,B.S., PGC.H.F.W.M., A.F.I.H., M.P.H.,
2. A woman is like a tea bag: you cannot tell
how strong she is until you put her in hot
water. ~Eleanor Roosevelt
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower
women
MDG 4: Eliminate gender disparity in education
3. WHAT IS EMPOWERMENT?
Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual,
political, social, or economic strength of individuals
and communities.
It often involves the empowered developing
confidence in their own capacities.
Empowerment of women, also called gender
empowerment, has become a significant topic of
discussion in regards to development and
economics.
Entire nations, businesses, communities, and groups
can benefit from the implementation of programs
and policies that adopt the notion of women
empowerment
4. NEED FOR EMPOWERMENT
The empowerment and autonomy of women, and
improvements in their political, social, economic
and health status, are recognized by the
International Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD)as highly important ends in
themselves.
In addition, they are seen as essential for the
achievement of sustainable development.
Discrimination on the basis of Gender starts at an
early age
5. THE PROBLEMS
EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS
SOCIETAL PROBLEMS
GENDER PREJUDICE
LOW CONFIDENCE
LACK OF UNITY
HEALTH PROBLEMS
POVERTY
IGNORANCE
TRADITIONAL AND CULTURAL PROBLEMS
6. EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS
MDG 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary
and secondary education preferably by 2005,
and at all levels by 2015
7. GENDER DISPARITY IN LITERACY
Age Sex Literacy rate Gender
(%) Disparity
15-49 Male 78 23%
Female 55
20-24 Male 84 20%
Female 64
15-19 Male 89 15%
Female 74
NFHS III 2005 - 06
8. GENDER DISPARITY IN HIGHER SECONDARY
SCHOOL COMPLETION
% with 12+
years of Gender
Age Sex schooling Disparity
15-49 Male 20 39%
Female 12
25-29 Male 23 36%
Female 15
20-24 Male 27 29%
Female 19
NFHS III 2005 - 06
13. GENDER PREJUDICE
Gender prejudice had long been woven into the fabric of
most societies.
It was driven by a universal belief that women were the
weaker of the sexes emotionally as well as physically and
must be protected from the world outside the home.
Normally, males were expected to be the provider and
dominated in family matters, particularly those relating to
the outside world in commerce and politics.
Females were expected to assume domestic chores, cook
and bake, spin yarn and sew.
At the same time, it was their responsibility to bear
children and raise them according to the values and
morals of the society in which they lived.
14. GENDER PREJUDICE STARTS EVEN BEFORE
THE GIRL CHILD COMES INTO THE WORLD.
Sex ratio (females per thousand
males)
India 933
Rural 946
Urban 900
State with Highest Female Sex Ratio Kerala 1,058
State with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Haryana 861
UT with Highest Female Sex Ratio Pondicherry 1,001
UT with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Daman & Diu 710
District with Highest Female Sex
Mahe (Pondicherry) 1,147
Ratio
District with Lowest Female Sex Ratio Daman (Daman & Diu) 591
CENSUS OF INDIA, 2001
15. EMPLOYMENT – AN IMPORTANT AREA OF
GENDER DISPARITY
Among the population age PERCENT 87
15-49 79
Men are 2 times as likely
to be employed
Men are 2.7 times as
likely to be employed for
cash 43
Among the employed, 64% 29
of women vs. 91% of men
earn cash
Female share of population
employed for cash in non-
agricultural occupations is
22% Employed Employed for
cash
Women Men
NFHS III 2005-06
16. OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION
Occupational Distribution (%)
Type of worker Women Men
Professional 7 7
Sales 4 14
Service 7 5
Production 22 37
Agricultural 59 33
Other 2 4
NFHS III 2005-06
17. DOES EMPLOYMENT EMPOWER WOMEN
FINANCIALLY?
NFHS-3 asked married employed women and
men who controlled their own earnings and
who controlled the spouse’s earnings (if
relevant)
20% of employed married women said they
earned at least as much as their husband
24% of men with an employed wife said that
their wife earned at least as much as them
18. PERCENT OF WOMEN WHO DO NOT
PARTICIPATE IN THE USE OF THEIR EARNINGS
39
21 21 21
13 10
6 8
15-19 40-49 Urban Rural None 12+ Lowest Highest
Age Residence Education Wealth Index
19. Belong to the highest
56
wealth quintile
Are employed for cash 55
Have 12+ years education 60
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have
money which they can decide how to use
Education, employment, or wealth do not ensure that
women have money that they control
20. DO MARRIED WOMEN HAVE ACCESS TO
ANY OTHER FINANCIAL RESOURCES?
PERCENT OF WOMEN WHO:
Participate in decision on how
68
husband's earnings are used
Have money which they can
45
decide how to use
Have a bank or savings account
15
that they themselve use
Have taken loan from
5
microcredit program
21. DO MARRIED WOMEN PARTICIPATE IN
HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING
Make decision
alone or jointly
Decisions with husband
Own health care 62
Making major household purchases 53
Making purchases for daily household needs 60
Visits to her family or relatives 61
All four 37
None of above 21
22. • Older women are much more likely than
younger women to participate in household
decisions
• Differentials by other characteristics are small
• However, less than half of even the oldest,
urban, more educated, employed or wealthier
women participate in all four decisions
46 45 41 39 45
Age 40-49 Urban 12+ yrs of Employed Wealthiest
education
23. LACK OF UNITY
THE MAIN REASON FOR THE LACK OF UNITY EVEN
AMONG THE WOMEN IS BECAUSE WE LOOK AT THE
WORLD FROM THE PRISM OF CASTE
CASTE IS AN ENCLOSED CLASS
MANU CREATED THE DIFFERENT CASTES IN HIS
MANUSMIRITI WHICH IS PREVALANT EVEN TODAY
WOMEN ARE THE LOWEST ACCORDING TO THESE
PRINCIPLES IN EACH CASTE, INSPITE OF WHICH WE
ARE SO PREJUDICED WITH OUR CASTE BARRIERS
ACCORDING TO A SANSKRIT SCHOLAR THE BIRTH OF
WOMAN IS DUE TO YOUR PAST SINS (if only if you
believe in reincarnation)
24. HEALTH PROBLEMS
THE MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS WOMEN FACE
ARE:
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS
BREAST CANCER
PCOD – POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE
POOR NUTIRITION – ANAMEIA – INFECTIONS
HEART DISEASE AND STROKE
DIABETES
ARTHRITIS
42. TRADITIONAL AND CULTURAL PROBLEMS
Limited freedom of movement
Gender norms that promote men’s control over
women.
NFHS-3 asked women and men questions
about norms regarding
Wife beating
A husband’s right to have sex with his wife
irrespective of his wife’s wishes
43. PERCENT OF WOMEN WHO ARE ALLOWED TO
GO ALONE TO -
Market 51
Health facility 48
Places outside the
38
village/community
All three places 33
None of the three
4
places
The majority of women have little freedom of movement.
Only one-third go alone to all three destinations: the market,
health facility and outside the village or community.
44. PERCENTAGE WHO AGREE THAT A HUSBAND
IS JUSTIFIED IN HITTING OR BEATING HIS
WIFE IF SHE:
Shows disrespect for in-laws 37
41
24
He suspects she is unfaithful 25
Doesn’t cook properly 13
20
Women Men
Refuses to have sex 8
14
26
Argues with him 30
29
Neglects the house or children 35
23
Goes out without telling him 29
51
At least one reason 54
45. Percentage who agree with at least one reason for wife
beating
Women Men
Age 15-19 53 57
Urban 44 43
12+ years education 31 34
Employed for cash 59 62
Wealthiest 37 35
Delhi: A highly urbanized
32 28
state
ALTHOUGH URBAN, EDUCATED, EMPLOYED AND WEALTHIER
PERSONS ARE LESS LIKELY TO AGREE WITH WIFE BEATING, THESE
CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT SUFFICIENT TO SUPPLANT BELIEFS IN
GENDER IN EGALITARIAN NORMS
46. Women are disadvantaged absolutely and
relative to men in terms of access to education,
media exposure, and employment for cash.
The majority of married women do not have the
final say on the use of their own earnings or all
other household decisions asked about.
Traditional gender norms, particularly those
concerning wife beating, remain strongly
entrenched.
47. THE PROCESS OF EMPOWERMENT
The ability to make decisions about personal/collective
circumstances
The ability to access information and resources for decision-making
Ability to consider a range of options from which to choose (not just
yes/no, either/or.)
Ability to exercise assertiveness in collective decision making
Having positive-thinking about the ability to make change
Ability to learn and access skills for improving personal/collective
circumstance.
Ability to inform others’ perceptions though exchange, education and
engagement.
Involving in the growth process and changes that is never ending
and self-initiated
Increasing one's positive self-image and overcoming stigma
Increasing one's ability in discreet thinking to sort out right and
wrong
48. THE SOLUTION
The right to have the power to control their own
lives, both within and outside the home – pursue
employment and have own income
The right to have access to opportunities and
resources - increase financial and non financial
assets and resources.
The right to have and to determine choices –
within household and marriage.
A sense of self-worth – against domestic violence
and societal barriers.
49.
50. HOLISTIC APPROACH TO EMPOWERMENT
Health Water & San. Political
& Nut. Participation
Education
Asset base
Skills
Marketing
Technology Credit
51. WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
Be of service. Whether you make yourself
available to a friend or co-worker, or you make
time every month to do volunteer work, there is
nothing that harvests more of a feeling of
empowerment than being of service to
someone in need. - Gillian Anderson