The document discusses various methods for valuing long-term securities such as bonds and stocks. It describes discounted cash flow models, which value assets based on the present value of expected future cash flows. For bonds, the models use factors like coupon payments, maturity value, and discount rate. For stocks, models include the dividend discount model and constant growth discounted dividend model, which value shares based on expected future dividends and growth. The document also discusses concepts like yield to maturity, payout ratios, and the relationship between growth, return on equity, and share valuations.