This document provides information about common building materials used in construction. It discusses bricks, cement, sand, and coarse aggregate. For bricks, it describes the standard sizes of common bricks and categories bricks by their raw materials, including burnt clay, sand lime, engineering, fly ash, and concrete bricks. It then discusses cement and describes the raw materials and manufacturing process used to make cement. It defines sand and describes different types and classifications of sand. Finally, it defines coarse aggregate, describes its effects on concrete properties, and classifications of coarse aggregate including size ranges commonly used in concrete.

1. Course teacher: Tina Farjana Lecturer, Architecture Discipline. Fareast
International University
SPECIFICATION
COURSE CODE : Arch. 432
Course no: Arch-432
Presentation
Md:Mahfujur Rahman Raj
ID : 19228011

2. M A T E R I A L S
 Brick
 Cement
 Sand
 Coarse Aggregate

3. A brick is a type of block used to build walls, pavements
and other elements in masonry construction. Properly,
the term brick denotes a block composed of dried clay,
but is now also used informally to denote other
chemically cured construction blocks.
A brick is small block of burnt clay with a size that can
be held in one hand conveniently. Brick should be
thoroughly burnt, of uniform color, having plane
rectangular faces, sharp straight, right angle edges.
Standard Modular size of common building brick is
190X90X90 mm.
The size of a Non-Modular brick is 9"X4-3/8"X2-11/16"
(229X111X70 mm).But it is specified as 230X110X70
mm.
The weight of a brick is about 3 to 4 kg.
 Brick

4. CATEGORIZING BRICKS BY RAW MATERIALS
In modern construction practices, bricks are categorized according
to their component materials and method of manufacture. Under
this classification, there are five common types.
Burnt Clay Bricks
Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick, created by pressing
wet clay into molds, then drying and firing in kilns. This is a very
old building material, and found in many of the ancient structures
of the world.
Burnt clay bricks are typically sold in four classes, with first-class
offering the best quality and most strength. These high-grade burnt
clay bricks have no noticeable flaws and naturally cost more than
lower classes.

5. Sand Lime Bricks
Sand lime bricks (also known as calcium silicate bricks) are made by mixing sand, fly ash and lime.
Pigments may also be added for color. The mixture is then molded under pressure to form bricks. Sand
lime bricks offer advantages such as:
Their shape is uniform and presents a smoother finish that doesn’t require plastering.
They offer excellent strength for load-bearing structures.
They are gray instead of the regular reddish color. Different pigments can be added for ornamental
purposes.
Less mortar is required during construction.
Edges are straight and precise, making construction easier.

6. Engineering Bricks
Engineering bricks are used primarily in civil projects where strength and resilience against the elements are
essential. They are clay-based and can be mixed with many other materials. What sets engineering bricks apart from
other types is their extreme durability: They are fired at excessively high temperatures to produce a brick as hard as
iron. They also have very low porosity and are used in places like sewers, retaining walls, manholes, foundational
work, and underground tunnels, where resistance to water and frost is crucial. They come in two classes, A and B,
with A offering higher compression strength and lower water absorption for the toughest conditions

7. Specification.
Fly ash brick (FAB) is a building material, specifically masonry units, containing class C or class F fly ash and
water. Compressed at 28 MPa (272 atm) and cured for 24 hours in a 66 °C steam bath, then toughened with an
air entrainment agent, the bricks can last for more than 100 freeze-thaw cycles. Owing to the high concentration
of calcium oxide in class C fly ash, the brick is described as "self-cementing". The manufacturing method saves
energy, reduces mercury pollution in the environment, and often costs 20% less than traditional clay brick
manufacturing.
This type of brick is sometimes described
as self-cementing, since it contains a high
volume of calcium oxide and therefore
expands when exposed to moisture. This
tendency to expand, however, can also
produce pop-out failure.
Fly ash clay brick has the advantage of
being lighter in weight than clay or
concrete brick.
Typical uses for fly ash clay brick include:
Structural walls
Foundations
Pillars
Anywhere that improved fire resistance is
required

8. Concrete Bricks
Concrete bricks are made from solid concrete poured into molds. They are traditionally used in
internal brickwork, but are more frequently being used in exterior work, such as facades and
fences, to provide a modern or urban aesthetic. Concrete bricks can be manufactured in different
colors if pigments are added during production.
Due to their durability, concrete bricks can be used in almost any type of construction, except
underground, since they tend to be porous.

9. Cement
Cement is a fine gray powder created from raw materials and chemical compounds that
professionals use in various types of construction jobs. It's a manufactured ingredient used in
concrete. Professionals create cement by mixing raw materials with metals and minerals such as
aluminum, iron, calcium and silicon before heating it to high temperatures to form a solid material
called clinker. Clinker is then ground into a powder sold as cement to ready-mix concrete
companies. Raw materials in cement may include:Chalk
Clay
Iron ore
Limestone
Shale
Shells
Silica sand
Slag
15 Types of cement
Portland pozzolana cement (PPC)
Rapid-hardening cement
Extra-rapid-hardening cement
Quick-setting cement
Low-heat cement
Sulfate-resisting cement
Blast furnace slag cement
High-alumina cement
White cement
Colored cement
Air-entraining cement
Expansive cement
Hydrographic cement
Portland-limestone cement (PLC)

10. Sand
Sand is a mixture of very small pieces of different rocks or minerals
Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various
compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than
silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e., a soil containing more than 85
percent sand-sized particles by mass.
The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most
common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica
(silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Sand is a mixture of very small pieces of different rocks or minerals
Types of Sand & Classification of Sand
Based on the grain size of the particle, sand is classified as
Fine Sand(0.075 to 0.425mm),
Medium Sand(0.425 to 2mm), and
Coarse Sand(2.0 mm to 4.75mm)
Based on origin, sand is classified as Pit sand, River sand, Sea sand, and manufactured sand.
Pit Sand: River Sand: Sea Sand:

11. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate is stone which are broken into small sizes and irregular in shape. In construction
work the aggregate are used such as limestone and granite or river aggregate.
The coarse aggregate has a major effect on concrete properties such as abrasion resistance,
hardness, elastic modulus, and another characteristic like durability, strong, and
cheaper. Other applications of coarse aggregate are to backfills, fills, drainage, and filtration work.
Aggregate can also be used to create the braking moisture and vapor barriers under the slab.
Coarse aggregates are primly used to prepare base for driveways and roadways.
The coarse aggregates are also utilized in water filtration and sewage treatment processes. The uses
of aggregates can be summarized into the following three categories:
As a bearing material
As a filling material
As an infiltrating material
Classification Of Coarse Aggregates
Classification of aggregates is done on various parameters
like shape, origin, texture, density, and grain size, etc.
Define Aggregate
Aggregate which has a size bigger than 4.75 mm or which
retrained on 4.75 mm IS Sieve are called as Coarse
aggregate.

12. Coarse Aggregate Size for Concrete
The size of coarse aggregate ranges between 4.75 mm to 80 mm. The most
commonly used coarse aggregate size for concrete is 20 mm.