This document analyzes the gender gap in voting patterns in Indian states based on socio-demographic factors. It finds that women's voter turnout lags behind men's turnout in most states and elections from 1991 to 2009. Literacy rates and sex ratios are significantly correlated with the percentage of men and women who vote. While government programs have aimed to increase women's participation, factors like education levels and family support still influence gender differences in voting rates. The study is limited by only examining two elections and not considering proxy or postal voting in its analysis.

1. M.P.S Term Paper
Gender Gap and Socio-Demographical Factors affecting on Election
Voting Pattern in selected states in India
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2. Introduction
 India is constitutional democratic country with a
parliamentary system
 Elections determine the composition of the Government
 The principle of Universal Adult Suffrage
women had the voting rights but not active participation in
the democratic process of Elections
 1971 to 2014, men have formed 52-53% of the electorate,
while women form 47-48%
 This Paper is on Gender differences in the voting & electors

3. Cont….
 The socio-demographical factors affecting in voting
 Below table shows subsequent gender gap in the election
Gr. Election Year Male Woman Total Gap
10th 1991 61.58 51.35 56.93 10.23
11th 1996 62.06 53.41 57.94 8.65
12th 1998 65.72 57.88 61.97 7.84
13th 1999 63.97 55.64 59.99 8.33
14th 2004 61.66 53.30 57.65 8.36
15th 2009 54.21 45.79 58.13 8.42

4. REVIEW OF LITERATURES
Authors, Year Findings
Lynda Erickson
et. al,2002
Women compared to men were more supportive of
center-right parties, are being replaced by a modern
gender gap, where women are more likely than men
to support parties of the left.
Jeff Manza
et. al, 1998
The authors find evidence that women’s changing
rates of labor force participation explain the origins
of the gender gap.
In the 1992 election, feminist consciousness also
emerged as a significant factor shaping women’s
voting behavior
Akshay Rout,
2009
Decline in participation of voters in election more
consistently in recent years in India.
Adverse gender ratio is reflected in registration,

5. NEED FOR THE STUDY
 To find out socio-demographical causes and factors
affected woman voting in India
 Less Research work done on this topic in India
 People must know their identity as electors and voters
and must know importance of voting in election
 Gander gap in voting according to their regional socio-demographic
status can be expected to give a new insight
in understanding reasons in GP

6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What is the pattern of voting in major populated states
by sex wise in India?
 Is their any state wise gender differences (gap) in
election voting and electors (registration)?
 Is there any socio-demographical factors affecting on
voting pattern of male and female in Indian states?
OBJECTIVES
 To access the pattern of voting by sex wise in selected
states of India
 To determine gender voting differences in Indian states
 To examine factors affecting on voting pattern in major
states in India

7. DATA SOURCES
Data form Election commission of India 2004 &2009
Data form census of India 2001 and 2011
Data form NSSO 61st(2004-05) and 66th(2009) round


8. Methodology
To estimated 18+ populations for election years
(2004 & 2009)
To get time of male and female population eligible
for voting


9. Cont….
 To get actual difference between man and woman’s
electors in major state
 To get non- voting population of male and females
 And for to calculated time of male and female electors
 Same as for female (f) voters it gives us the differences in
male and woman voting out of electors

10. Cont…
 To measure the gender gap (Gp) form total voting among
male and woman voted is calculated as the using below
equation.
 Used Bivarite correlation for examine demographical
variable associate with voting pattern of male and female

11. Results and finding
55.42
61.33
% of voters participation in LS election Average Turnout
55.29
60.49
56.92
63.56
61.95
56.73
57.94
61.97
59.99
57.98
54.21
46.6
55.5
49.1
54.9
51.2
58.6
57.3
51.3
53.4
57.7
55.6
53.6
45.79
63.31
66.73
60.9
65.63
62.16
68.18
66.13
61.58 62.06
65.72
63.97
61.66
58.13
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996 1998 1999 2004 2009
% voted
Years
Women Turnout
Male turnout

12. 20 States of India
Population wise
Estimated
population
2009(1)in million
Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote
Male Woman Men Women Male Female
Uttar Pradesh 56.25 51.89 63.39 52.61 1.1 1.01
Maharashtra 37.32 36.58 38.16 34.79# 1.0 0.95
Bihar 27.76 25.87 29.22 25.28# 1.1 0.98
West Bengal 30.08 28.49 27.57# 24.93# 0.9 0.87
Andhra Pradesh 27.58 28.02 28.68 29.21 1.0 1.04
Madhya Pradesh
21.44 20.09# 20.18# 17.90 0.9 0.89
Tamil Nadu 24.50 26.93# 20.90# 20.73 0.9 0.77
Rajasthan 19.49 18.63 19.54# 17.52 1.0 0.94
Karnataka 20.03 19.77 21.32 20.47 1.1 1.04
Gujarat 19.35 18.23 18.90# 17.59# 1.0 0.96

13. 20 States of India
Population wise
Estimated
population
2009(1)in million
Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote
Male Woman Men Women Male Female
Orissa 13.27 13.09 14.08 13.12 1.1 1.00
Kerala 11.01 12.51 10.53# 11.33# 1.0 0.91
Jharkhand 11.01 12.51 9.48# 8.45# 0.9 0.68
Assam 9.28 8.95 9.03# 8.44# 1.0 0.94
Punjab 9.37 8.76 8.83# 8.13# 0.9 0.93
Chhattisgarh 7.44 7.47 7.85 7.63 1.1 1.02
Haryana 7.99 7.30 6.59# 5.50# 0.8 0.75
Delhi 5.66 4.96 6.19 4.91# 1.1 0.99
Jammu
&Kashmir 3.78 3.36 3.42 3.15# 0.9 0.94
Uttarakhand 2.97 2.98 3.04 2.85# 1.0 0.96

14. 20 States India
Population wise
Estimated
population 2004(1)
in million
Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote
Men Woman Men Women Male Female
Uttar Pradesh
49.70 45.36 60.33 50.30 1.21 1.11
Maharashtra
33.28 37.21 32.79# 30.22# 0.99 0.81
Bihar
24.35 23.04 27.05 23.51 1.11 1.02
West Bengal
27.05 25.16 24.80# 22.64# 0.92 0.90
Andhra Pradesh
25.10 25.10 25.36 25.79 1.01 1.03
Madhya Pradesh
18.82 17.55 20.03 18.36 1.06 1.05
Tamil Nadu
22.21 32.88 23.27 23.98# 1.05 0.73
Rajasthan
17.01 16.09 18.15 16.56 1.07 1.03
Karnataka
17.85 17.45 19.61 18.99 1.10 1.09
Gujarat
17.15 16.13 17.34 16.33 1.01 1.01

15. 20 States India
PopulationWise
Orissa
Men
13.27
Women
13.09
Men
14.08
Women
13.12
Male
1.1
Female
1.00
Kerala 11.01 12.51 10.53# 11.33# 1.0 0.91
Jharkhand 11.01 12.51 9.48# 8.45# 0.9 0.68
Assam 9.28 8.95 9.03# 8.44# 1.0 0.94
Punjab 9.37 8.76 8.83# 8.13# 0.9 0.93
Chhattisgarh 7.44 7.47 7.85 7.63 1.1 1.02
Haryana 7.99 7.30 6.59# 5.50# 0.8 0.75
Delhi 5.66 4.96 6.19 4.91# 1.1 0.99
Jammu
&Kashmir 13.78 3.36 3.42 3.15# 0.9 0.94
Uttarakhand 2.97 2.98 3.04 2.85# 1.0 0.96

16. % voting
58.055.455.553.150.2
Comparative Male/Female Tunout
(for lok sabha elections in 2009) MEN % WOMAN
59.7
50.9
56.252.856.4
52.4
48.6
55.953.652.353.455.657.759.1
46.1
53.9
42.0
44.644.5
46.9
49.8
40.3
49.1
43.8
47.2
43.6
47.6
51.4
44.1
46.447.746.6
44.4
42.340.9
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
years

17. % voted
61.1
55.458.6
% of men woman voting LS election 2004
53.751.3
61.4
52.4
57.9
52.3
57.053.249.7
59.4
54.753.156.656.158.962.3
55.1
39
45
41
46
49
39
48
42
48
43
47
50
41
45 47
43 44
41
38
45
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
States
MEN

18. 30.0 Gender gap in LS 2009
16.0
10.811.1
17.25
6.3
0.5
19.3
22.76
1.8
12.4
15.71
5.6
12.7
13.95
4.8
-2.8
11.8
18.79
7.2
4.6
6.8
11.2
15.4
18.2
24.62
7.8
22.21
10.79
7.43
2.62
4.76
4.61
6.38
-0.58
9.35
13.1512.14
6.29
17.70
10.22
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
2009 2004

19. % Gap in voting
16.0
10.811.1
6.3
0.5
19.3
(for lok sabha elections in 2009)
1.8
12.4
Gende Gap in voting
5.6
12.7
4.8
-2.8
11.8
7.2
4.6
6.8
15.4
11.2
18.2
7.8
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
States

20. Correlations between percentage of Male and female voted and
demographic factors in Lok Sabha Election, 2004
BACKGROUND
CHARACTERISTICS
PERCENTAGE
MALE VOTERS
PERCENTAGE
FEMALE VOTERS
Literacy
(Sig)
-.526*
.017
.543*
.013
Urban Populations .015 -0.15
Population Density .158 -.158
Sex Ratio
(Sig)
-.586**
0.07
.586**
.007
Agricultural Employment 0.222 -.222

21. Correlations between percentage of Male and female voted and
demographic factors in Lok Sabha Election, 2009
BACKGROUND
CHARACTERISTICS
PERCENTAGE MALE
VOTERS
PERCENTAGE FEMALE
VOTERS
Literacy -.303 .651**
.002
Urban Populations .073 -.073
Population Density .224 -.224
Sex Ratio
(Sig)
-.776**
0.00
.776**
0.00
Agricultural Employment .113 -.113

22. Conclusion
The Indian Government and civil society have been working to
promote greater participation of women in electoral processes.
In our result it was showed that only male and female literacy
and sex ratio were significant with percentage of male and female
voters.
Many awareness programmes and advertisements were conduct
through media. Though it was found that women percentage of
voting less as compare to males. Male and female voting
percentages are dependent on their socio-economical status and
family support.

23. Limitation of the study
 Study Only Lok Sabha Election 2004 & 2009 has to be
concentrate
 Electors we assume that population in the respective
state is close to migration
 Electors enumeration (registration) is close to be
completed prior to Lok Sabha election 2009 and 2004.
 This study more focus on woman electors and their
voting not on women as a participated in the elections
 This study proxy and postal voting are not consider to
total voting result.