2. Removal and replacement
In-situ densification
Precompression / Pre loading
Vertical drains-1.Sand drains 2.Geo drains
Stone columns
Dewatering
Stabilization using admixtures
Reinforcement
Geosynthetics
Grouting
3. One of oldest and simplest methods is
simply to remove and replace the soil
Soils that will have to be replaced
include contaminated soils or organic
soils
Method is usually practical only above
the groundwater table
4.
5. Most effective in sands
Methods used in conventional earthwork
are only effective to about 2 m below the
surface
In-situ methods like dynamic deep
compaction are for soils deeper than can
be compacted from the surface
6.
7.
8. Probe includes the vibrator mechanism and
water jets
Probe is lowered into the ground using a crane
Vibratory eccentric force induces densification
and water jets assist in insertion and extraction
Vibratory probe compaction is effective if silt
content is less than 12-15% and clay is less than
3%
Probes inserted in grid pattern at a spacing of
1.5 to 3 m
9. A compaction technique employed mostly for
cohesion-less soils.
The essence of the equipment is the vibroflot
probe. It consists of a cylindrical tubular section
that houses eccentrically rotating weights that
induce horizontal vibratory motion.
While vibrating and water jetting , the probe is
lowered down under its own weight to the
required penetration depth
10. Suitable granular material is shoveled in to the
hole and compacted by vibrating the probe at
each incremental position for a certain time.
Sutability number for filling material
12. Similar to vibro-float
The extraction rate for the terra probe is
higher than that for the vibro-float
13.
14.
15.
16. Consists of dropping a heavy weight from
designated height repeatedly on the ground at
regular intervals to achieve densification of
loose cohesionless soils or fills.
Uses a special crane to lift 80-360 KN to
heights of 7.5 to 30.5 m then drop these
weights onto the ground
Cost effective method of densifying loose
sands and silty soils up to 15 to 30 feet
deep
17.
18.
19. Used for the densification of granular soils
Detonation of explosive charges such as
60% dynamite at a certain depth below
the ground surface in saturated soil
The lateral spacing of the charges varies
from 3 to 10 m( 10-30 feet). Three to five
successful detonations are usually
necessary to achieve the desired
compaction
20. Compaction up to a relative density of about
80% and up to a depth of about 20 m (60 ft)
over a large area can easily be achieved by
using this process
The explosive charges are placed at a depth
of about 2/3 rds of the thickness of the soil
layer desired to be compacted
21.
22.
23. Precompression / Pre loading
Vertical drains-
1.Sand drains
2.Geo drains/Wick drains
Stone columns
24. Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil
that requires consolidation
Once sufficient consolidation has taken place,
the fill can be removed and construction takes
place
Surcharge fills are typically 10-25 feet thick and
generally produces settlement of 1 to 3 feet.
Most effective in clay soil
25. Requires only conventional earthmoving
equipment
Any grading contractor can perform the
work
Long track record of success
26. Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at
least 10 m beyond the perimeter of the
planned construction, which may not be
possible at confined sites
Transport of large quantities of soil
required
Surcharge must remain in place for
months or years, thus delaying
construction
27. Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge
load to accelerate the drainage of impervious
soils and thus speed up consolidation
These drains provide a shorter path for the
water to flow through to get away from the soil
Time to drain clay layers can be reduced from
years to a couple of months
28.
29.
30. Geosynthetics used
as a substitute to
sand columns
Installed by being
pushed or vibrated
into the ground
Most are about 100
mm wide and 5 mm
thick
33. Vibro-Replacement extends the range of
soils that can be improved by vibratory
techniques to include cohesive soils.
Reinforcement of the soil with compacted
granular columns or "stone columns" is
accomplished by the top-feed method.