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Power and Grounding
Presenter
• Tom Kehr, CTS-D, CTS-I, ISF-C, LEED Green
Associate, Network+
• Since 1986, Tom has been involved in either designing,
installing, operating or purchasing audiovisual systems.
• Tom has also been heavily involved in church audio,
leading ministry teams and training volunteers in both
permanent and portable venues. In addition, he owned
a regional sound reinforcement company for over 16
years.
• Prior to joining InfoComm, Tom was a senior designer
for a large Washington, D.C. area firm. He is a member
of Syn-Aud-Con and AES and is a licensed amateur
radio operator.
Agenda
• To recognize best practices for power
and grounding systems for AV
systems
• To be able to discuss why these are
best practices
Outline
• Current pathways
• System Grounding
• Equipment Grounding
• Ground Faults
• Rack Grounding
• What to specify
• Ground Loops
• Noise Defense
Authority Having Jurisdiction
• Enforces codes and
regulations (Required)
• We can also apply:
– Standards
• Industry
• Client
– Best Practices
Avoid Ambiguous Terms
• Dedicated power
• Dedicated ground
• Clean power
• Dirty power
• Quiet ground
• Low or high voltage
• Technical power
• Technical ground
Use Electrician (NEC) Terms
• Panelboard
• Individual branch circuit
• Auxiliary Ground
• Isolated Ground
Panelboard
• Main service
panelboard
• Sub-panelboard
Circuit Theory
• Electricity seeks to go to ground
Circuit Theory
• “Electrical current is the unseen
movement of electrons that flow from
the power source through the electrical
circuit of the appliance or equipment and
then return to the power source. The
complete path the electrons take is
called the electrical circuit.” – Mike Holt,
“Basic Electrical Theory”
Electrical Circuit
Electrical Circuit
Circuit Theory
• All of the
electrons leaving
the source of
power go through
each component
in the circuit and
return to the
source
Electricity Goes To Ground?
• Let’s explore
Complete The Circuit
• Why have ground?
Circuit Theory
• Electricity always takes the path of
least resistance
Circuit Theory
• While more current
will flow through
the path of lesser
resistance, current
will take any and
all available
pathways
• Path could be an
unintentional path
– Safety
100,000Ω
1,000Ω
10Ω
I = V / R
1.2 mA = 120 / 100,000
120 mA = 120 / 1,000
12 A = 120 / 10
System Grounding
• The Grounded Conductor is frequently the Neutral and it is
the return path back to the electrical source
Lightning/Surges On Power Line
System Grounding
• Lightning, line surges and
unintentional contact with
higher voltage lines
• Reduce fires
• Protects the electrical
system
Equipment Grounding
• NEC: Non-current-carrying conductive materials … shall be
connected to earth
Ground Fault
• Current path during a ground-fault
• Connection to earth is not involved
Ground Fault
• Interruption of
Ground-Fault
Current Path
– Improper use of
Grounding
Adapter
• Not a “Ground
Lift Adapter”
– Not to be used
to solve hum and
buzz problems
Circuit Theory
• While the majority
of the current will
flow through the
path of lesser
resistance, current
will take any and
all available
pathways
• Path could be an
unintentional path
– Safety
100,000Ω
1,000Ω
10Ω
I = V / R
1.2 mA = 120 / 100,000
120 mA = 120 / 1,000
12 A = 120 / 10
• Common ground stud for all gear
Grounding Racks
Grounding Racks
Grounding Racks
Grounding Racks
Review -
• Current seeks to return to the source
• It will take any and all pathways
• System Grounding
– One of the current carrying conductors
• Equipment Grounding
– Non-current carrying conductive materials
• Current pathway for a Ground Fault
– Do not use Grounding Adapters
• Proper Rack Grounding
Auxiliary Ground
• Auxiliary
Equipment
Grounding
Conductor
– Insures low
impedance
equipment ground
– Avoids depending
upon conduit
installation
Auxiliary vs. Isolated Ground
Specify -
• Branch circuits
for “Audiovisual
Use Only” with
auxiliary
equipment
grounding
conductor
Ground Loops
• A ground loop is a continuous conductive loop
– Formed by using the Equipment Grounding (safety)
Conductors of any two electronic devices and the
cable shield connecting those two devices
– Formed by the shields of two interconnecting cables
between any two electronic devices
– Normal, common
– Not always problematic
Ground Loops
Ground Loops
Noise Defense - Shielding
• Shield
–Metallic partition
–Works bidirectionally
• Contains
• Keeps out
–50 / 60 Hz
–Nearfield
Noise Defense - Shielding
• Magnetic Fields
– Uses any magnetically permeable material to absorb
and conduct magnetic lines of flux
• Magnetically permeable materials include:
– Iron, steel, nickel alloys
• Iron, steel, nickel alloys vary in their
permeability
– “Permeability” – Ability to conduct magnetic
fields
Noise Defense - Shielding
• Electric Fields
– Uses any electrically conductive material to absorb and
conduct electrical lines of force
• Electrically conductive materials include:
– Gold, silver, copper, aluminum, etc.
• Gold, silver, copper, aluminum, etc. vary in their
conductivity
– “Conductivity” – Ability to conduct an electrical
current
– Conductivity is the opposite of resistance
Shielding
Shielding
Noise Defense
• Balanced Interfaces
• CMR Specifications
– Lab measurement vs. “real world”
– Component tolerances create slight impedance
imbalances
– CMR specifications should be in accordance with
IEC Standard 60268-3
Noise Defense
Differential-Mode Signal Common-Mode Noise Common-Mode Noise with
Differential-Mode Signal
Review -
• Specify
– Individual branch circuits with auxiliary equipment
grounding conductors
• Ground loops
– Normal, expected
– Not all are problematic
• Noise Defense
– Shielding - What works and what doesn’t at 60 Hz
– Specify steel conduit
– Use balanced interfaces with quantifiable CMRR
specifications
What We Have Covered:
• Current pathways
• System Grounding
• Equipment Grounding
• Ground Faults
• Rack Grounding
• What to specify
• Ground Loops
• Noise Defense
Questions?

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Power and Grounding - Best Practices

  • 2. Presenter • Tom Kehr, CTS-D, CTS-I, ISF-C, LEED Green Associate, Network+ • Since 1986, Tom has been involved in either designing, installing, operating or purchasing audiovisual systems. • Tom has also been heavily involved in church audio, leading ministry teams and training volunteers in both permanent and portable venues. In addition, he owned a regional sound reinforcement company for over 16 years. • Prior to joining InfoComm, Tom was a senior designer for a large Washington, D.C. area firm. He is a member of Syn-Aud-Con and AES and is a licensed amateur radio operator.
  • 3. Agenda • To recognize best practices for power and grounding systems for AV systems • To be able to discuss why these are best practices
  • 4. Outline • Current pathways • System Grounding • Equipment Grounding • Ground Faults • Rack Grounding • What to specify • Ground Loops • Noise Defense
  • 5. Authority Having Jurisdiction • Enforces codes and regulations (Required) • We can also apply: – Standards • Industry • Client – Best Practices
  • 6. Avoid Ambiguous Terms • Dedicated power • Dedicated ground • Clean power • Dirty power • Quiet ground • Low or high voltage • Technical power • Technical ground
  • 7. Use Electrician (NEC) Terms • Panelboard • Individual branch circuit • Auxiliary Ground • Isolated Ground
  • 9. Circuit Theory • Electricity seeks to go to ground
  • 10. Circuit Theory • “Electrical current is the unseen movement of electrons that flow from the power source through the electrical circuit of the appliance or equipment and then return to the power source. The complete path the electrons take is called the electrical circuit.” – Mike Holt, “Basic Electrical Theory”
  • 13. Circuit Theory • All of the electrons leaving the source of power go through each component in the circuit and return to the source
  • 14. Electricity Goes To Ground? • Let’s explore
  • 15. Complete The Circuit • Why have ground?
  • 16. Circuit Theory • Electricity always takes the path of least resistance
  • 17. Circuit Theory • While more current will flow through the path of lesser resistance, current will take any and all available pathways • Path could be an unintentional path – Safety 100,000Ω 1,000Ω 10Ω I = V / R 1.2 mA = 120 / 100,000 120 mA = 120 / 1,000 12 A = 120 / 10
  • 18. System Grounding • The Grounded Conductor is frequently the Neutral and it is the return path back to the electrical source
  • 20. System Grounding • Lightning, line surges and unintentional contact with higher voltage lines • Reduce fires • Protects the electrical system
  • 21. Equipment Grounding • NEC: Non-current-carrying conductive materials … shall be connected to earth
  • 22. Ground Fault • Current path during a ground-fault • Connection to earth is not involved
  • 23. Ground Fault • Interruption of Ground-Fault Current Path – Improper use of Grounding Adapter • Not a “Ground Lift Adapter” – Not to be used to solve hum and buzz problems
  • 24. Circuit Theory • While the majority of the current will flow through the path of lesser resistance, current will take any and all available pathways • Path could be an unintentional path – Safety 100,000Ω 1,000Ω 10Ω I = V / R 1.2 mA = 120 / 100,000 120 mA = 120 / 1,000 12 A = 120 / 10
  • 25. • Common ground stud for all gear Grounding Racks
  • 29. Review - • Current seeks to return to the source • It will take any and all pathways • System Grounding – One of the current carrying conductors • Equipment Grounding – Non-current carrying conductive materials • Current pathway for a Ground Fault – Do not use Grounding Adapters • Proper Rack Grounding
  • 30. Auxiliary Ground • Auxiliary Equipment Grounding Conductor – Insures low impedance equipment ground – Avoids depending upon conduit installation
  • 32. Specify - • Branch circuits for “Audiovisual Use Only” with auxiliary equipment grounding conductor
  • 33. Ground Loops • A ground loop is a continuous conductive loop – Formed by using the Equipment Grounding (safety) Conductors of any two electronic devices and the cable shield connecting those two devices – Formed by the shields of two interconnecting cables between any two electronic devices – Normal, common – Not always problematic
  • 36. Noise Defense - Shielding • Shield –Metallic partition –Works bidirectionally • Contains • Keeps out –50 / 60 Hz –Nearfield
  • 37. Noise Defense - Shielding • Magnetic Fields – Uses any magnetically permeable material to absorb and conduct magnetic lines of flux • Magnetically permeable materials include: – Iron, steel, nickel alloys • Iron, steel, nickel alloys vary in their permeability – “Permeability” – Ability to conduct magnetic fields
  • 38. Noise Defense - Shielding • Electric Fields – Uses any electrically conductive material to absorb and conduct electrical lines of force • Electrically conductive materials include: – Gold, silver, copper, aluminum, etc. • Gold, silver, copper, aluminum, etc. vary in their conductivity – “Conductivity” – Ability to conduct an electrical current – Conductivity is the opposite of resistance
  • 41. Noise Defense • Balanced Interfaces • CMR Specifications – Lab measurement vs. “real world” – Component tolerances create slight impedance imbalances – CMR specifications should be in accordance with IEC Standard 60268-3
  • 42. Noise Defense Differential-Mode Signal Common-Mode Noise Common-Mode Noise with Differential-Mode Signal
  • 43. Review - • Specify – Individual branch circuits with auxiliary equipment grounding conductors • Ground loops – Normal, expected – Not all are problematic • Noise Defense – Shielding - What works and what doesn’t at 60 Hz – Specify steel conduit – Use balanced interfaces with quantifiable CMRR specifications
  • 44. What We Have Covered: • Current pathways • System Grounding • Equipment Grounding • Ground Faults • Rack Grounding • What to specify • Ground Loops • Noise Defense