FIZIK - NOTA BERFOKUS

ALINA IMAN ARIF Amazing physics -- 2
TOPIKYANGPERLUDIFOKUS
TAJUK FOKUS
PENGENALAN
FIZIK
ALAT PENGUKUR
-Tolok skru mikrometer
- Neraca Tiga Alur
- Neraca spring
DAYA DAN
GERAKAN
Daya paduan
Keseimbangan daya
Kekenyalan- Hukum Hooke
DAYA DAN
TEKANAN
Tekanan Dalam Cecair
Prinsip Pascal
Prinsip Bernoulli
Prinsip Archimedes
HABA
Keseimbangan Terma
Muatan haba tentu
Hukum gas-hukum gas
CAHAYA
Pantulan Dalam Penuh
Kanta cembung , kuasa kanta, panjang fokus
Rajah sinar untuk pelbagai kedudukan objek
kanta pembesar // cemin
teleskop & mikroskop
ELEKTRIK
Rintangan dan faktor2 mempengaruhi nya
Kuasa hilang dalam dawai
Elemen pemanas dalam seterika elektrik
GELOMBANG
Pembiasan Gelombang
Belauan gelombang
Gelombang elektromagnet
ELEKTROMAGNET
Aruhan elektromagnet
Transformer
ELEKTRONIK
Sinar katod
Ciri-ciri sinar katod
Semikonduktor // transistor // logik gate
RADIOAKTIF
Ciri-ciri sinar radioaktif
Pereputan radioaktif
kegunaan radioisotop dalam industri
tenaga nuklear

FOKUS ESEI: TINGKATAN 4
Konstruk penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan
1. BOT LAJU (SPEED BOAT)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bentuk bot
(Shape of the boat)
Aerodinamik
(Aerodynamic)
Kurangkan rintangan air
(Reduce water resistance)
Jisim Bot
(Mass of boat)
Rendah
(low mass)
Ringan/ pecutan bertambah
(Lighter/increase acceleration)
Kuasa enjin
(Engine power)
Tinggi
(High)
Pecutan bertambah
(Increase acceleration)
Saiz kipas
(Size of propeller)
Besar
(Big)
Tambah daya
(Increase force)
Bahan badan bot
(Material used for the body
of the boat)
Komposit carbon
(Carbon composite)
Kukuh/ ringan/tidak berkarat
(Strong/ lighter/ does not rust)
2. PAKAIAN MENYELAM (DIVERS SUIT)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Ketebalan pakaian
(Thickness of suit)
Tebal
(Thick)
Tidak mudah koyak/ kuat/ halang dari
kesejukan
(Strong/ not easy tear/ prevent from cold)
Ketumpatan pakaian
(Density of suit)
Rendah
(Low)
Ringan
(Lighter)
Keupayaan pakaian untuk
meregang
(Ability of the suit to
strectch)
Tinggi
(High)
Tidak mudah koyak
(Not easy to tear)
Saiz pakaian Ketat/ sendat
(tight/ fit)
Kurangkan rintangan air
(Reduce water resistance)

3. KAEDAH MENGGANTUNG CERMIN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan bingkai
(Material of frame)
Aluminium Tak mudah patah/ tahan lama
(Not easy to break/ lasting)
Jisim bingkai
(Mass of frame)
Rendah
(low)
Ringan
(lighter)
Tali
(String)
Tak Kenyal
(Inelastic)
Tegangan seragam /Hasilkan daya ke atas
yang seragam
(Uniform tension/ Produce uniform force
acting upwards)
Sudut gantung
(Angle of hanging)
Besar
(Big)
Tegangan berkurang
(Small tension/ low tension)
4. HIDROMETER (HYDROMETER) :
Fungsi – untuk mengukur ketumpatan cecair contohnya asid / susu getah
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Panjang stem
(Length of stem)
Panjang
(Long)
Julat skala yang luas
(Wide range of scale)
Diameter stem
(Diameter of stem)
Kecil
(small)
Lebih sensitif / boleh ukur @ kesan perubahan
ketumpatan yang kecil
(More sensitive/ can measure @ detect small
changed in density)
Bahan untuk batang
(Material of stem)
Kaca
(glass)
Tidak akan terkakis
(Will not corrode)
Bilangan butir Plumbum
(No of lead shot)
Banyak
(Many)
Kedudukan tegak / mudah terapung
(Stay upright/ easy to floats)
Saiz bebuli udara
(Size of air bulb)
Besar
(big)
Mudah Terapung / daya apungan tinggi
(easy to floats/ high buoyant force)

5. BELON UNTUK IKLAN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan
(Material)
Nilon
(Nylon)
Kuat/ kedap udara/ ringan
(Strong/ air proof/light)
Kekuatan
(Strength)
Tinggi
(High)
Tahan lama
(Lasting)
Saiz belon
(Size of balloon)
Besar
(Bigger)
Menghasilkan daya apungan tinggi/ Isipadu udara
tersesar bertambah
(Produce higher bouyant force/ increased volume of
air displaced)
Ketumpatan belon
(Density Of balloon)
Rendah
(Low)
Kurangkan berat/ ringan
(Reduce weight/ lighter)
Ketumpatan gas yang
digunakan
(Density of gas used)
Rendah
(Low)
Ringan
(Lighter)
Jenis Gas
(Type of gas)
Helium Ringan
(Lighter)
6. JET
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan untuk badan
(Material for the body)
Titanium Kuat/ Tidak berkarat
(Strong/ does not rust)
Kedudukan bilah
(Position of blade)
Senget
(Slanting)
Sedut banyak udara masuk)
(Absorb more air in)
Saiz bilah
(Size of blade)
Besar
(Big)
Tambah udara masuk
(Increase air intake)
Bilangan pemancut bahan api
(No of fuel injector)
Banyak
(Many/ more)
Bakar lebih banyak bahan api untuk
hasilkan daya yang lebih tinggi
(Burn more fuel to produce higher force)
Saiz kebuk pembakaran
(Size of combustion chamber)
Besar
(Big)
Lebih banyak ruang untuk pembakaran
(More space for the burning of fuel)
Saiz lubang udara masuk
(Size of air hole in)
Besar
(Big)
Sedut lebih banyak udara
(Suck more air)
Saiz lubang udara keluar
(Size of air hole out)
Sempit
(Narrow/small)
Tambah laju udara keluar/ Tambah
momentum
(Increase speed of air out / increase
momentum)

7. RADIATOR KERETA (CAR RADIATOR)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Muatan haba tentu Cecair
penyejuk
(Specific heat capacity of
cooling liquid)
Tinggi
(high)
Lambat panas / upaya serap haba yang
banyak
( longer time to be hot/ able to absorb more
heat )
Takat didih cecair penyejuk
(boiling point of cooling
liquid)
Tinggi
(high)
Tidak mudah mendidih / lambat didih
(harder to boil / longer time to boil)
Saiz kipas
(size of fan)
Besar
(big)
Boleh hembus lebih banyak udara/ boleh
serap lebih banyak udara
(absorb more air / blow more air)
Bilangan bilah sirip
(no of fin blade)
Banyak
(Many)
Tambah luas permukaan / kehilangan haba
bertambah /
(increase surface area/ heat loss increase)
Bahan bilah sirip
(Material of fin blade)
Kuprum
(Copper)
Pengalir haba yang baik/ mudah bebaskan
haba
(Good conductor of heat/ easy to release
heat)
Muatan haba tentu bilah
sirip
(specific heat capacity of fin
blade)
Rendah
(low)
mudah bebaskan haba / cepat panas
(easy to release heat) / easy to be hot)

8. DART SEBAGAI PELURU PISTOL MAINAN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bentuk dart
(Shape of dart)
Aerodinamik
(Aerodynamic)
Kurangkan rintangan udara
(Reduce air resistance)
Jisim dart
(Mass of dart)
Rendah
(Low)
Kelajuan bertambah
(Increase speed)
Ketebalan dawai spring
(Thickness of spring wire)
Tebal
(Thicker)
Lebih Tegar / k tinggi/ Tenaga
keupayaan elastik tinggi
(Stiffer/ high k / high elastic potential
energy)
Diameter gegelung spring
(Diameter of spring coil)
Kecil
(Small)
Lebih Tegar / k tinggi/ Tenaga
keupayaan elastik tinggi
(Stiffer/ high k / high elastic potential
energy)
Teknik menembak
(Shooting technique)
Halakan keatas sedikit
dari garisan ufuk
(Aim upward from
horizontal line)
Mengatasi daya graviti.
(Overcome gravitational force)
9. SPOILER KERETA LUMBA
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan yang digunakan
(Material used)
Komposit karbon
(Carbon
composite)
Ringan / kuat
(Lighter/ strong)
Bentuk
(Shape)
Aerofil
(Aerofoil)
Hasilkan daya kebawah
(Produce downward force)
Jisim
(Mass)
Rendah
(Low)
Tambah halaju
(Increase speed)
Permukaan spoiler
(Surface area of spoiler)
Besar
(Bigger)
Hasilkan lebih tinggi daya kebawah
(Produce higher downward force)

10. KERETAPI LAJU ( HIGH SPEED TRAIN)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bentuk keratan rentas badan
keretapi
(Cross sectional shape)
Aerodinamik
(Aerodynamic)
Kurangkan rintangan udara
(Reduce air resistance)
Bahan badan keretapi
(Material for the body)
Kukuh
(Strong)
Tahan tekanan tinggi
(withstand high pressure)
Ketumpatan badan
(Density of the body)
Rendah
(Low)
Ringan / pecutan tinggi
(lighter/ high acceleration)
Bahan untuk landasan
(Material for the track)
Super konduktor Rintangan sifar
(zero resistance)
Bilangan gerabak
(No of coach)
Banyak
(Many)
Kurangkan inersia
(Reduce inertia)
11. TERMOMETER KLINIKAL
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Cecair yang digunakan
(Liquid used)
Merkuri
(Mercury)
Legap/Mudah di baca/ takat lebur tinggi
(Opaque/easy to read/ high melting point)
Julat
(Range)
35°C – 42 °C Upaya untuk ukur suhu
(Able to measure temperature)
Kejituan
(Accuracy)
Tinggi
(High)
Lebih sensitif/ boleh kesan suhu badan lebih
tepat
(more sensitive/ can detect body
temperature accurately)
Saiz tiub kapilari
(Size of capillary tube)
Kecil
(Small)
Sensitiviti bertambah
(Sensitivity increase)

12. CERMIN UNTUK MANTAU PELANGGAN DALAM PASARAYA / KESELAMATAN JALAN
RAYA
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis cermin
(Type of mirror)
Cembung
(convex)
Sudut pandangan besar
(wider field of view)
Diameter Besar
(Big)
Sudut pandangan yang lebih luas
(more wider field of view)
Ketumpatan
(Density)
Rendah
(Low)
Ringan
(lighter)
Kedudukan
(Position)
Tinggi / bucu
siling / simpang
(High/ corner of
ceiling/ junction)
Julat pandangan lebih luas dan jauh/ tidak
halangan laluan
( Wider range of view and far / do not disturb
customer pathway)
13. MIKROSKOP MAJMUK
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB CIRI-CIRI IMEJ:
Kedudukan
Objek,uo
fo < uo < 2fo Hasilkan imej Besar, Songsang dan
Nyata (BSN) // RIM
1. Imej pertama –
BSN @ RIM
2. Imej akhir –
BSM (berbanding dengan
objek asal) / VIM
Jarak Antara
kedua-dua kanta, d
L > fo + fe Imej dapat terbentuk di depan kanta
mata
Jarak antara imej
pertama dengan
kanta mata, u1
u1 < fe Hasilkan imej yang besar / sebagai
kanta pembesar/ menambah
pembesaran
Tempat simpanan Tempat sejuk
dan kering
Elakkan kulat/Avoid fungus
Cermin Tambahan Cermin
cekung
Tumpukan cahaya ke atas kanta
objektif dan dapat imej yang lebih
terang

FOKUS ESEI: TINGKATAN 5
1. Ayunan bola polistrena dalam medan elektrik untuk menghasilkan ayunan dengan frekuensi tinggi.
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jarak antara kedua-dua
plat
Pendek/
Dekat
Jarak ayunan pendek
Jisim bola polisterina bersalut
Aluminium
Kecil Mudah berayun / inertia rendah
Voltan VLT Tinggi Medan elektrik tinggi / daya ayunan tinggi
Bahan tali untuk gantung
bola polisterina
Nilon Ringan
Bagaimana bola polisterina boleh berayun antara dua plat logam yang bercas.
1. Pada mulanya bola polisterina adalah neutral (bil cas sama)
2. Bila bola polisterina di sesarkan ke arah plat kiri (bercas positif) bola itu akan bercas positif.
3. Oleh kerana cas yang sama menolak maka bola polisterina akan ditolak ke arah plat kanan
(bercas negatif)
4. Sampai di plat kanan (negatif) bola itu pula akan dicaskan dengan cas negatif.
5. Cas yang sama menolak menyebabkan bola ditolak ke plat kiri semula.
6. Proses berulang.

2. BILIK KULIAH
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan untuk dinding
(Material for the wall)
Papan lembut
(Softboard)
Menyerap gelombang bunyi/
elak gema
(Absorb sound waves/ avoid
echo)
Kedudukan mikrofon
(Position of microphone)
Belakang pembesar suara
(Back of speakers)
Elakkan ‘bising’
(Avoid Noise)
Jenis mikrofon
(Type of microphone)
Mikrofon tanpa wayar
(Wirelessmicrophone)
Bebas bergerak
(free to move)
Kedudukan pembesar suara
(Position of speakers)
Tinggi
(High)
Elakkan halangan
(Avoid obstacle)
Jarak antara dua pembesar
suara
(Distance between two
speakers)
Jauh
(Far)
Jarak antara dua bunyi kuat
berturutan, x adalah dekat.
(Distance between two
consecutive loud sounds
short)
3. GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNET UNTUK SISTEM PENYIARAN SATELIT
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Nama gelombang Gelombang elektromagnet/
mikro
Tidak perlu medium/frekuensi
tinggi/ Tenaga tinggi
Frekuensi gelombang Tinggi Tenaga tinggi/ boleh
bergerak jauh
Panjang gelombang Rendah Mudah di pantulkan
Halaju gelombang Tinggi Dapat bergerak jauh
Pelembapan Rendah Kurang tenaga terbebas
semasa penyiaran

4. PILIH LITAR ELEKTRIK
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis susunan litar
(Type of circuit
arrangement)
Selari
(Parallel)
Satu mentol tak fungsi yang lain masih bole
berfungsi
(One bulb malfunction others still function)
Ketebalan dawai kabel
(Thickness of cable
used)
Tebal
(Thick)
Rintangan rendah
(Low resistance)
Voltan yang
digunakan
(Voltage used)
( Bergantung
kepada peralatan
cthnya 240V)
Berikan voltage cukup untuk peralatan
berfungsi
(Give enough voltage supply for the
appliances to operate)
Fius
(Fuse)
Bergantung kepada
arus yang mengalir
dalam litar. Kadar
Fius lebih sedikit
dari arus yang
mengalir
Mencegah peralatan elektrik dari rosak akibat
arus berlebihan mengalir.
(Protect the electrical appliances from
damage due to the excess current)
5. ELEMEN PEMANAS DALAM CEREK ELEKTRIK (HEATING ELEMENT IN ELECTRIC HEATER)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan gegelung pemanas
(material of the coil)
Nikrom
(Nichrome)
Rintangan tinggi
(High resistance)
Bilangan lilitan gegelung
(Number of turns of the coil)
Banyak
(Many)
Rintangan tinggi / banyak haba
(High resistance/ more heat )
Takat lebur
(Melting point)
Tinggi
(High)
Tidak mudah melebur
(Not easy to melt)
Kadar pengoksidaan
(Oxidation rate)
Rendah
(Low)
Tidak mudah berkarat
(not easy to rust)

6. UBAHSUAI PENJANA A.T KE PENJANA A.U
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bentuk Magnet
(Shape of magnet used)
Melenkung
(Curve)
Menghasilkan medanmagnet jejarian/ Garis
medan magnet tertumpu pada armatur
(Produce radial magnetic field/ magnetic field
lines is concentrated at the armature)
Kekuatan magnet
(Strength of magnet)
Kuat
(Strong)
Hasilkan lebih banyak pemotongan fluks/ arus
bertambah
(Produce more cutting of flux)
/ increase current)
Bilangan lilitan gelung
(Number of turns of the coil)
Banyak
(More/ higher)
Hasilkan lebih banyak pemotongan fluks/ arus
bertambah
(Produce more cutting of flux)
/ increase current)
Sentuhan berus dan
komutator
(Contact of brush and
commutator )
Spring Pastikan sentuhan ketat
(Ensure the contact is tight)
Cincin yang digunakan
(Ring used)
Slip Ring Mengubah arah arus selepas separuh putaran
untuk memastikan daya kupel memutarkan
gelung dalam arah yang sama.
(Reverse the current each half revolution to
keep the couple force turning the coil in the
same direction)

7. PENGHANTARAN TENAGA ELEKTRIK
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis dawai kabel
(Type of cable wire)
Kuprum
(Copper)
Rintangan rendah
(Low resistance)
Ketebalan dawai kabel
(Thickness of cable wire)
Tebal
(Thicker)
Rintangan rendah
(Low resistance)
Jenis transformer
(Type of transformer)
Injak Turun
(Step down)
Turunkan voltan
(Lower the voltage)
Susunan litar
(Arrangement of circuit)
Selari
(Parallel)
Satu mentol terbakar, lain masih
menyala.
(One bulb blow, other still function)
Ketumpatan kabel
(Density of cable wire)
Rendah
(Low)
Ringan
(lighter)
Jenis arus yang digunakan Ulang alik Mudah dinaikkan dan diturunkan voltaan
dengan menggunakan transformer.
Magnitud Voltan Tinggi Mengecilkan arus / kehilangan tenaga
dikurangkan.

8. TRANSFORMER
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis teras besi
(Type of iron core)
Teras besi lembut
(Soft Iron Core)
Mudah dimagn etkan dan
mudah dinyahmagnetkan
(Easy to magnetized and
demagnetized)
Sifat teras besi
(Characteristic of iron core)
Berlapis/berlamina
(Laminated )
Kurangkan arus pusar
(Reduce Eddy Current)
Bahan dawai
(Material of wire)
Kuprum
(Copper)
Rintangan rendah
(Reduce resistance)
Ketebalan dawai
(Thickness of wire)
Tebal
(Thick)
Rintangan rendah
(Reduce resistance)
Jarak antara gelung primer dan
gelung sekunder
(Distance between primary coil and
secondary coil)
Rapat/dekat
(close)
Elak kebocoran fluks
(Avoid flux leakage)
Prinsip Kerja Sebuah Transformer:
1. Arus ulangalik yang berubah arah dan magnitud mengalir dalam gelung primer
2. Menghasilkan medan magnet yang juga berubah arah dan magnitud
3. Dengan bantuan teras besi lembut medan magnet mengalir ke gelung sekunder
4. Pemotongan fluks berlaku dalam gelung sekunder menghasilkan d.g.e aruhan dan arus aruhan.

9. LITAR TRANSISTOR SEBAGAI PENGESAN KEBAKARAN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Sambungan terminal
bateri kepada transistor
(Connection of the
terminal battery to the
transistor)
Npn – terminal positif ke
pemungut
Pnp- terminal positif ke
pengeluar
(Npn – positive terminal to
collector
(Pnp – positive terminal to
emitter)
Ic mengalir
(Ic flow)
Komponen untuk
melindungi transistor
(Component to protect the
transistor)
Perintang pada tapak
(Resistor at the base)
Menghadkan arus ke tapak/
mengurangkan arus ke tapak
(limit the current to the base/
reduce current to the base)
Jenis perintang yang
sensitif kepada haba
(Type of resistor that is
sensitive to heat)
Perintang peka haba/
termistor
(Heat dependent resistor/
Thermistor)
Ada haba rintangan rendah
(AHARR)
(When there is heat, the
resistance is low)
Komponen yang
memberikan isyarat
kebakaran
(Component that give fire
signal)
Loceng
(Bell/ alarm)
Berbunyi
(Ringing)

10. MEMILIH SUMBER RADIOAKTIF DALAM PERUBATAN
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Jenis Sinar
(Type of ray)
Beta Boleh dikesan oleh Tiub GM// kurang bahaya
berbanding gama
(Can be detected by GM Tube)// less dangerous
compared to gamma )
Separuh hayat
(Half life)
Pendek
(Short)
Tidak berada lama dalam badan pesakit
(Does not stay longer in the patients body)
Kuasa Penembusan
(Penetration power)
Tinggi
(High)
Boleh tembusi
(Able to penetrate)
Keadaan jirim
(State of matter)
Cecair
(Liquid)
Dapat mengalir melalui salur darah /mudah
diserap
(Can flow through blood vessel/ easy to absorb)
Jenis Pengesan
(Type of detector)
Tiub Gm
(GM tube)
Boleh kesan sinaran dengan mudah / mudah
dibawa
(Can detect radiation easily/ portable)
11. MENGESAN KETEBALAN KERTAS
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Keadaan jirim
(State of matter)
Pepejal Mudah untuk uruskan/ tidak tumpah
Jenis Pengesan
(Type of detector)
Tiub GM
(GM tube)
Boleh kesan sinar beta β
Separuh hayat sumber Lama Tahan lama/ tidak perlu tambah
Sinaran Radioaktif dari
sumber
Beta, β Boleh dikesan oleh tiub GM / boleh tembusi kertas
Kedudukan sumber dan
Pengesan
Sumber
diatas/bawah
dan
Pengesan
dibawah/atas
Sumber mengeluarkan sinaran dan di kesan oleh
alat pengesan dibawah/atas

12. REAKTOR NUKLEAR (NUCLEAR REACTOR)
ASPEK JAWAPAN SEBAB
Bahan api yang digunakan
(Fuel used)
Uranium Menghasikkan tindakbalas pembelahan lebih
mudah
(Produce fision reaction easily)
Separuh hayat bahan
(Half life of the source)
Lama
(Long)
Tahan lama
(Lasting)
Keadaan Jirim
(State of matter)
Pepejal
(Solid)
Mudah diuruskan
(Easy to handle)
Moderator Grafit
(Graphite)
Memperlahankan gerakan neutron
(Slow down the motion of neutrons)
Rod pengawal
(Control Rod)
Boron /
Cadmium
Serap neutron
(Absorb the neutron)

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF INSTRUMENT
HYDROMETER
 Used to measure relative density of liquids
 Lead shots = to weight it down // enable the hydrometer floats vertically in the liquid
 Lesser density = larger volume of liquid displaced (hydrometer is submerged)
Higher density = lower volume of liquid displaced (hydrometer floats)

MANOMETER & BAROMETER
 A device for measuring atmospheric pressure
 to measure gas pressure

BUNSEN BURNER
VACUUM CLEANER
Explain how the vacuum cleaner is able to remove dust from the floor.
Answer:
 Fan blows air out from vent
 Low pressure inside vacuum cleaner
 High pressure outside vacuum cleaner
 Different in pressure result sucking force

DROPPER
Using the knowledge of atmospheric pressure, explain how the liquid in the bottle can be sucked into the
dropper tube.
Answer:
 Press the dropper
 Air inside the dropper is forced out
 Pressure inside the dropper decreases
 Atmospheric pressure pushes the liquid into the dropper tube

PRESSURE IN A CAPILLARY TUBE
gas atmP P gh 
gas atmP P gas atmP P gh
Pgas = gas pressure in the capillary tube (Pa or N m-2
)
Patm = atmospheric pressure (Pa or N m-2
)
h = length of the captured mercury (m)
ρ = density of mercury (kg m-3
)
g = gravitational field strength (N kg-1
)

APPLICATION OF LENS
CHARACTERISTICS MICROSCOPE TELESCOPE
DIAGRAM
fo (objective lens) P so f
To produce bigger image
P so f
To produce a higher
magnification
fe (eyepiece lens) f f
D (normal
adjustment)
D > fo + fe
To produce bigger image from
the eyepiece // to increase the
magnification
D = fo + fe
To produce sharp & bright
image
u (object distance) f < u < 2f
(RIM)
Infinity (oo)
(RID)
First image RIM RID (at f)
Final image VIM VIM (oo)

MICROSCOPE
TELESCOPE

SIMPLE CAMERA
Lens To focus a sharp image onto the film
Film To record the image
Diaphragm To adjust the size of aperture (control the brightness of the image)
Shutter To open and shut the camera (film is exposed only for a short time)

WAVEPHYSICAL
QUANTITY
MEANING SI UNIT SYMBOL
Amplitude
The maximum displacement from its equilibrium position.
Amplitude relates to loudness in sound and brightness in
light.
meter a
Period The time taken for an oscillation to complete one cycle.
1
T
f
 Second T
Frequency The number of waves produced in one second.
1
f
T

Hertz f
Wavelength
The distance between two successive crests or two
successive troughs.
The distance between two successive compressions or
two successive rarefactions in a sound wave.
Meter 
Speed of wave
v = f ms-1
v

DISPLACEMENT-DISTANCE GRAPH
DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH
To find frequency,
1
f
T


EXPERIMENT TO STUDY THE INTERFERENCE OF WATER WAVE
λ
a
x
D
axλ=
D
= wavelength of water waves
= distance between two dippers
= distance between two consecutive antinodal line or nodal line
= distance between dippers and screen

Interference of Light Waves Interference of Sound Waves
ax
D
 
The wavelength of monochromatic light can be found
by the formula:
a = distance between two slits
x = distance between two consecutive bright fringe or
dark
fringe
D = distance between slits and screen
The wavelength of sound wave can be found by the
formula:
a = distance between two loudspeakers
x = distance between two consecutive loud sound or
soft
sound
D = distance between loudspeakers and where the
sound
heard
When constructive occurs there will be a bright fringe.
When destructive occurs there will be a dark fringe.
When constructive occurs there will be a loud sound.
When destructive occurs there will be a soft sound.
What happens to x, when a double-slit with a bigger
separation is used?
x will decrease
= aλ
D
x 
What happens to x, when a higher frequency is used?
higher frequency, lower wavelength
x will decrease
a=
D
λ x What happens to x, when a red laser pen is replaced
by yellow laser pen?
x will decrease
ʎ yellow < ʎ red
a=
D
λ x 
State the relationship between wavelength and x.
ʎ decrease, x decrease
State the relationship between frequency and
wavelength.
higher frequency, lower wavelength

ELECTRICITYCHARACTERISTIC ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Similarities Have same unit (Volt)
Can be measured by Voltmeter
Definition Work done by a source in driving 1 C
charge in a complete circuit
Work done in moving 1 C charge
from 1 point in an electric field to
another point
Symbol
E
V
Electrical diagram
Circuit diagram
Voltmeter reading 1.5 V (EMF) Less than 1.5 V (potential difference)
Current No current flow
(opened circuit)
Current flow
(closed circuit)
Condition of the
bulb
Does not light up Light up
Transmission of
energy
Chemical energy Electrical energy Electrical energy  Heat energy

ELECTRONICN-Type AND P-Type SEMICONDUCTOR
CHARACTERISTIC P-Type SEMICONDUCTOR N-Type SEMICONDUCTOR
Doping Material TRIVALENT:
Aluminum, Boron, Indium and Gallium
(BAGI)
PENTAVALENT:
Antimony, Arsenic and Phosphorus
(APA)
Role of doping
material
Atom receiver Atom donor
Majority Charge
Carrier
Holes Free electrons
Minority Charge
Carrier
Free electrons Holes
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS
 The cell voltage greater than the junction
voltage.
 The depletion layer is narrow, and the
resistance of diode decreases.
 Hence a large current flows through the
diode.
 Bulb light up.
 The cell voltage is lower than the junction
voltage.
 The depletion layer is wide, and the
resistance of diode increases.
 Hence only a very small current (leakage
current) flows through the diode.
 Bulb not light up.

 HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION
 The current will only flow in the first half-cycle when the diode in forward bias.
 The current is blocked in the second half-cycle when the diode is in reverse bias.
 FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION
 In the first half, the current flows from P → B → D → Q.
 In the second half, the current flows from Q → C → A → P.
 THE USES OF CAPASITOR
1. When the current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor is charged and stores
energy.
2. When there is no current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor discharge and
the energy from it is used to produce voltage across the resistor.
3. As a result it produces a smooth dc output.

THE USES OF TRANSISTOR
LIGHT CONTROLLED SWITCH

RadioactivityQUESTION:
X, Y and Z are three different radioactive substances.
X emits only α-particles, Y emits only β-particles and Z emits only γ-rays.
You are required to carry out investigation to identify the types of radiation by using
Geiger-Muller tube.
- Draw a diagram to show how you carry out the investigation.
- Describe the procedures and explain how you arrived at the conclusion
ANSWER:
PROCEDURES
 Observed the reading on the scale without an absorber
 Put a piece of paper, aluminium and lead between the source and the
detector in turns
 For each kind absorber, record the reading on the rate meter
 Carry out the same procedure for the three substances
 α radiation will be stopped by all three kinds of absorber
 β radiation will be stopped by aluminium and lead
 γ will be stopped by lead only

QUESTION:
Sketch activity against time graph to show the decay of a radioactive substance.
Explain how the half-life is determined.
ANSWER:
N = Amount of radioisotope particles after nth half-life
No = Initial amount of radioisotope particles
NUCLEAR REACTOR

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