2. The French Revolution Influence
1. Political parties are formed- Republicans and Federalists
2. Washington hoped that this division would not occur.
3. Republicans favored:
1. Rural and frontier regions
2. Little government
3. Support of the French in their impending struggle
4. Federalists favored
1. Business and manufacturing regions in the East
2. Large government
3. Support of the British
5. The French Revolution spreads to America and ignites a desire to support the people’s effort
6. Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation in order to stave off further controversy between
the two political parties
7. The Neutrality Proclamation stated that the United States would be “friendly and impartial” to
both sides of the war
8. Implications that this had on future politics were tremendous:
1. America began a long policy of isolationism
2. Washington thought that a fledgling nation should not entangle itself in the wars of the European powers
3. Contrasting Views
Jeffersonian Ideals
Based upon the
philosophies of Natural
Law of St. Augustine,
John Locke, & Thomas
Aquinas
Jefferson was an Anti-
Federalist
Against federal
government
Man should be allowed to
follow his own destiny
freely
Hamiltonian Ideals
Based on the legal
positivism of Thomas
Hobbes & Machiavelli
Man could not control
himself and needs laws to
help himself remain moral
Hamilton was a Federalist
For strong government
Man had to be protected
from himself and others
4. Constitution Convention and
Ratification
The Constitution was written during the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, by 55 delegates to a Constitutional Convention that was called
ostensibly to amend the Articles of Confederation (1781-89), the country’s first
written constitution. The Constitution was the product of political compromise after
long and often rancorous debates over issues such as states’ rights,
representation, and slavery. Delegates from small and large states disagreed over
whether the number of representatives in the new federal legislature should be the
same for each state—as was the case under the Articles of Constitution—or
different depending on a state’s population.
After all the disagreements were bridged, the new Constitution was submitted for
ratification to the 13 states on 28 Sep 1787. In 1787-88, in an effort to persuade
New York to ratify the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James
Madison published a series of essays on the Constitution and republican
government in New York newspapers. Their work, written under the pseudonym
“Publius” and collected and published in book form as The Federalist (1788),
became a classic exposition and defense of the Constitution.
5. Whiskey Rebellion
In 1794, it was an uprising that afforded the new U.S. government its first opportunity to
establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries, as officials moved
into western Pennsylvania to quell an uprising of settlers rebelling against the liquor tax.
Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the Treasury, had proposed the excise (enacted by
Congress in 1791) to raise money for the national debt and to assert the power of the
national government. Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed)
whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. It was
an informal currency, a means of livelihood, and an enlivener of a harsh existence. The
distillers resisted the tax by attacking federal revenue officers who attempted to collect
it.
Enforcement legislation touched off what appeared to be an organized rebellion, and in
July of 1794 about 500 armed men attacked and burned the home of the regional tax
inspector. The following month President George Washington issued a congressionally
authorized proclamation ordering the rebels to return home and calling for militia from
four neighboring states. After fruitless negotiations, Washington ordered some 13,000
troops into the area, but opposition melted away and no battle ensued. Troops occupied
the region and some of the rebels were tried, but the two convicted of treason were
later pardoned by the president.
Many Americans, particularly members of the opposition Jeffersonian Republican Party,
were appalled by the overwhelming use of governmental force, which they feared might
be a first step to absolute power. To Federalists, however, the most important result was
that the national authority had triumphed over its first rebellious adversary and had won
the support of the state governments in enforcing federal law within the states.
6. Hamilton’s Bank of the United States
The government and the bank would be bound inseparably
James Madison argued that the bank would be unconstitutional
Congress passed the bill of incorporation in Feb 1791
President Washington seeks advice
Jefferson’s advice
Agreed with Madison
Said that the Constitution did not “clearly enumerate” the bank
Said that the bank would be helpful and convenient, however
His interpretation was known as a “strict interpretation”
Hamilton’s advice
Hamilton wrote one of his greatest papers to persuade the President
Hamilton used the “necessary and proper” clause
The bank would be needed to carry out government functions:
Collect taxes
Regulate trade
Provide for the nation’s defense
His interpretation was known as a “loose interpretation”
7. The Continental vs. the U.S. Congress
Political Point Continental Congress U.S. Congress
Document Articles of Confederation Constitution
Authority Weak central government
States held strong rights
Strong central government
Central gov’t sovereign
Appropriations Fed. Gov’t billed states that
rarely paid the bill
Fed Gov’t taxed states &
then proposed budget
Executive Branch 3 person committee elected
by Congress, few powers
Equal power as the
Congress, 1 person
Other powers Could declare war, could
not enforce laws
Declare war, executive
enforces laws
Term of Office No term over 3 years 2 and 6 years, no limit
Overall Effect A league of independent
states
A union of united states
8. The Alien and Sedition Acts
The Naturalization Act of 1798
Increased the time that an immigrant had to remain in the United States from 5 to 14
years to become a citizen
Immigrants tended to be Republican in sympathy
Federalists attempted to keep immigrants “at bay” for a number of years before voting
The Alien Act of 1798
Gave the President the unheard of power to expel anyone deemed “dangerous to the
peace and safety of the United States”
The Act was aimed at:
Foreign born Republican newspaper editors and political leaders
French immigrants coming revolutionize the U.S.
The Sedition Act
Designed to stifle criticism of the Federalists
Severely punished citizens and aliens
In the Federalist attempt to protect President Adams from attacks, they
almost destroyed our civil liberties that are guaranteed by the 1st
Amendment.
9. XYZ Affair
It was a diplomatic incident that, when made public in 1798, nearly
involved the United States and France in war. Pres. John Adams
dispatched three ministers to France in 1797 to negotiate a
commercial agreement to protect U.S. shipping. In Paris the ministers
were approached by three French agents who suggested a bribe of
$250,000 to Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, and a loan of
$10,000,000 to France as a prelude to negotiations. In April 1798 the
machinations of the three French agents (called X, Y, and Z in the
diplomatic correspondence) were made public in the United States.
There was a great outcry over the bribe solicitation, followed by
preparations for war. Although a period of undeclared naval warfare
ensued between France and the United States formal war was
avoided, and the incident was settled by the Convention of 1800.
10. Jefferson’s Reassurance
Jefferson opened his Inaugural Address by telling the people of the United States: “We are
all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
More harmony was kept between political parties like Washington’s term and unlike Adams’
during Jefferson’s presidency.
Jefferson appoints a mixed cabinet like Washington
Secretary of State
James Madison (R) (1801-1809)
Secretary of the Treasury
Samuel Dexter (R) (1801)
Albert Gallatin (R) (1801-09)
Secretary of War
Henry Dearborn (F) (1801-1809)
Attorney General
Levi Lincoln, Sr. (R) (1801-04)
John Breckinridge (R) (1805-06)
Caesar A. Rodney (R) (1807-09)
Secretary of the Navy
Benjamin Stoddert (F) (1801)
Robert Smith (F) (1801-09)
11. Jefferson Challenges the “Lame Duck”
Adams tries to appoint “midnight judges” during the waning months of his
term as president
The appointments were executed properly by the Constitution
Jefferson thought the appointments would cripple his new policy program
Madison, as Secretary of State, withheld the appointments
William Marbury, one of the appointees, asked the Supreme Court for a writ
of mandamus ordering Madison to hand over the commissions
Marbury based his case, Marbury vs. Madison, on the Judiciary Act of 1789 which
authorized the Supreme Court to issue writs to the executive branch
Chief Justice John Marshall made a remarkable decision strengthening the
Supreme Court over the other branches
Marshall declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
The Supreme Court could not serve a writ to a sovereign power like the office of President
Marshall’s method of power was called judicial review and became a lasting and effective
tool for the Supreme Court
12. Jefferson Purchases More America
1. France planned to restore its American empire
1. Napoléon Bonaparte was seeking new territory to conquer after the continental
European conquests
2. A secret treaty between France and Spain restored the territory to France
3. Jefferson sounded the alarm that America must marry herself to Britain for fear of
French domination
2. Jefferson offers to buy Louisiana
1. Mistakenly Jefferson thought West Florida was given to France on the treaty
2. Monroe and Livingston buy West Florida for $2 million
3. Napoléon’s American Empire sours
1. Events in continental Europe turn against Napoleon
2. Haiti rebelled against the French under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture
3. Napoléon sells Louisiana (900,000 sq. mi. and New Orleans) for $15 million
3. Ratification of the Louisiana Purchase was mostly overwhelming except
for some Federalists
1. Called the deal unconstitutional
2. Feared a shift in economic and political power to the midwest and frontier
13. Louisiana Purchase
It was the western half of the Mississippi River basin purchased in 1803 from
France by the United States; at less than three cents per acre for 828,000 square
miles, it was the greatest land bargain in U.S. history. The purchase doubled the
size of the United States, greatly strengthened the country materially and
strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion, and confirmed
the doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution.
Jefferson instructed Robert R. Livingston, the U.S. minister at Paris, to take two
steps: (1) to approach Napoleon's minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, with
the object of preventing the retrocession in the event this act had not yet been
completed; and (2) to try to purchase at least New Orleans if the property had
actually been transferred from Spain to France. Direct negotiations with
Talleyrand, however, appeared to be all but impossible. For months Livingston
had to be content with tantalizing glimmerings of a possible deal between France
and the United States. But even these faded as news of the Spanish governor's
revocation of the right of deposit reached the U.S. minister. With this intelligence
he had good reasons for thinking the worst: that Napoleon Bonaparte may have
been responsible for this unfortunate act and that his next move might be to close
the Mississippi River entirely to the Americans. Livingston had but one trump to
play, and he played it with a flourish. He made it known that a rapprochement with
Great Britain might, after all, best serve the interests of his country, and at that
particular moment an Anglo-American rapprochement was about the least of
Napoleon's desires.
14. America Takes Advantage of Neutrality
The continental European wars kept France and Britain embroiled in
conflict
American shipping grew prosperously from their declared neutrality
The British tried to enforce the Rule of 1756
This principle said that trade closed in time of peace could not be opened in time of
war
Jefferson faced pressure from this Rule as the war raged with Napoléon
The British seize American sailors
The British began to impress or draft by force Americans
The British took the view, “once an Englishman, always an Englishman”
They did not take into consideration that the Englishmen had become naturalized
Americans
16. The War of
1812
Causes of the War
Impressment
Britain and France were
fighting a war in Europe
Britain began capturing
American sailors and
“impressing” them, or forcing
them to work on British ships
By 1807, Britain had seized
more than 1,000 American
ships
17. The War of
1812
2. Embargo Act of 1807
President Jefferson convinced
Congress to declare an
embargo
Jefferson believed the
embargo would hurt Britain,
but it really hurt America
In 1809, Congress ended the
embargo with all countries
except Britain and France
18. The War of
1812
3. America’s Desire for
Canada
Americans saw that
Canada was not well-defended
by Britain
Americans wanted
more land and believed
that people in Canada
would want to join the
United States
19. The War of
1812
B.The War Hawks
A group of Republican
Congressmen from the South
and West
Wanted war against Britain
Led by Senator John C.
Calhoun of South Carolina and
Henry Clary of Kentucky
20. War Hawks Take Counsel
A Congress full of Hawks assembled in 1811
The old revolutionary leaders were fading from the scene and
sent their ideas by courier letter
The western and southern leaders felt that they needed to uphold
America’s honor
Without a navy, the Americans had only British Canada to fight
Southern leaders eyed the prize of Florida
Since Spain was an ally of Britain this became a war of convenience to
achieve both aims
New England opposed war with:
New Englanders also saw their power dwindling as the western
states began to grow
Congress and the President reluctantly declare war
Britain was going to start trade with America again because of
tremendous shortages in factories and stores
21. War Hawks Take Counsel
(cont’d)
Madison’s grievances
The impressment of American sailors
The violations of American rights on the seas
The British Orders in Council
The incitement of the Indians
Support for the war
The South and West supported the war and Mr. Madison’s
bid for re-election
The Federalist Northeast called the War of 1812- “Mr.
Madison’s War”
22. The War of 1812
C.Election of 1808
James Madison, a
Democratic-Republican,
won
In the Spring of 1812,
Madison decided to go to
war against Britain
23. The War of
1812
D.The War in Canada
Americans were
unprepared for war
The British captured
Detroit and the
Americans failed to
capture Canada
Many Native Americans
helped the British
because they wanted to
stop Americans from
taking more land
24. The War of
E.The War at Sea
1812
The U.S. Navy was young
and outnumbered
In November of 1812, the
British blockaded the
Chesapeake and Delaware
Bays
The blockade grew
throughout the war
By 1813, most American
ships were unable to leave
their ports
25.
26. The War of
1812
F.The War on Land
Battle for Washington
The British invaded
Washington, D.C. in 1814
British soldiers burned the
Capitol, the White House,
and other public buildings
Before the British burned
the White House, Dolly
Madison saved a famous
painting of George
Washington
27. The War Ensues (1812)
American problems in waging war
Poor strategic strategy
Capture Canada and hold it for ransom or trade
No main objective was defined
The USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere, a
significant event during the war.
Poorly trained army of only 7,000 men
Secretary of War was an inept strategist (surgeon by trade)
Senior general was old and out of touch
Country was not united, Americans sold to the enemy
Congress did not levy enough taxes to finance the war
Naval battles help American morale
Officers proved capable though greatly outnumbered
The USS Constitution, USS United States, and USS Wasp inflicted heavy losses on the
British
The British are engaged in Canada
Unstable and uncertain American officers surrender Detroit
The Indians enter the war as formidable British allies
The New York militia is defeated at Niagra River
28. The War of
1812
2. Battle at Fort McHenry
Francis Scott Key: an
American lawyer and
prisoner of the British
Saw an American flag flying
over Ft. McHenry after the
battle
The flag inspired Key to write
“The Star-Spangled Banner”
29. The War Continues (1813-
1814)
Americans regain the Northeast
LT Oliver Perry gained substantial naval battle on the Great Lakes
GEN William Henry Harrison regains Detroit
The British and Indians are pushed into Monrovian Town, Canada
The Indian chief Tecumseh is killed in battle
Three American forts remained in British hands: Michilimackinac, Dearborn, and
Niagra
The American forces torched many Canadian town including York
The British attack Washington, D.C.
Napoléon had been defeated at Waterloo
Britain could now transport troops to America and blockade the coast
The Capital was almost defenseless as government clerks hid records
The President and Mrs. Madison flee taking Washington’s portrati
The British set fire to the Capitol and the White House
British advances are halted
A move up the Chesapeake proved to be fruitless at Fort McHenry and Baltimore
Americans fight the British to a draw in Canada leaving them in control to secure New
England at the Battle of Plattsbourg
30. The War of
1812
G.The Battle of New Orleans
(1815)
The most
famous/important battle
of the War
Americans were lead to
victory by General
Andrew Jackson
The battle continued
even after the war ended
because word did not
reach the Americans for
several weeks
31. The War of
H.The Treaty of Ghent
In December, 1815,
British and Americans
met in Ghent, Belgium to
negotiate a peace treaty
Results of the war:
Britain and American
became better allies
America gained
respect from other
countries
1812
32. Peace Talks and the Treaty of Ghent
The Americans send a delegation to Ghent, Belgium to sue for peace
American terms for peace
British must stop impressment of sailors
Respect the rights of neutrals on the high seas
Pay America for the damages they had caused before and during the war
Try and obtain Canada
British terms for peace
Keep all the American territory they occupied at war’s end
Obtain a part of Maine for attachment to Canada
Outcome of the treaty
Neither side won or lost anything
The usual exchange of prisoners, restoration of occupied territory, and end to hostilities
Andrew Jackson defeats Indians and British after the treaty
News traveled slowly and Jackson attacked Horseshoe Bend and New Orleans after the
treaty was signed
The Battle of New Orleans was the most important victory since Yorktown
33. Vocabulary
1. Impressment
2. Embargo
3. Unprepared
4. Capture
5. Outnumbered
6. Blockade
7. Port
8. Invade
9. Allies
A. A refusal to trade with
another country
B. Friends
C. To take control of
D. A place where ships stop
E. Forcing sailors to work on
another ship
F. Not read
G. To enter with force
H. Closing off an area with
ships
I. When the other side has
more soldiers/people than
you do
34. Completing the Revolution
Concept Map
What is it?
Comparisons
How are they alike?
Examples/Comparisons
Contrasts
How are they different?
United States
35. Early Nation Quiz
1. What influence from the French Revolution did George
Washington hope would not develop?
2. Give two examples of either the Jeffersonian Democrat-
Republicans or the Hamiltonian Federalists.
3. What series of newspaper articles was published as a
book in 1788 to convince Americans to accept the
Constitution?
4. Give two contrasting points between the Continental
Congress and the U.S Congress.
5. Explain one main issue from one of the following
Presidencies—Washington, Adams, Jefferson,
Madison.
