Walkthrough

Media

WALK
THROUGH
Collected for

Television Orientation & Production Course
Participant
By

Rehan Hasan

February 2013 Ver2.1
This compilation is intended to be used as a resource for first-time entrants in the field of media
and communications in Pakistan. The information in the booklet has been collected with a view to
reflecting the sights and sounds that a media person comes across. The names, images, logos and
textual content have been brought together in this eBook only for educational purpose and the
copyrights belong to original owner. The names, images and textual content in this document should
not be removed from this context, reproduced or otherwise manipulated without the consent of their
original copyright owners.
Everyone is allowed to reproduce distribute and circulate this eBook and no prior permission from
the author is required.

35 mm: (1) 2 X 2-inch slides used in slide chain.
(2) Motion picture film format.

A and B roll editing: The production of a
master tape from two tapes, A and B rolls,
on the same input machine. A-roll is
considered to be the primary material, as
opposed to B-roll.

ABAD: (Association of Builders and developers)
or (Agency for Barani Area Development)

ABC: (Audit Bureau of Circulation)

ABL: (Allied Bank Limited)

ACB: (Askari Commercial Bank)
or (Australian Cricket Board)

Account Executive: A sales personnel employed at TV stations
sell either advertising time or space.
.

Across mike: Referring to the technique of speaking sideways to
a microphone, rather than directly into it, to reduce hissing,
popping, and explosive sounds.

Across-the-board: A program or commercial
scheduled at the same time each day, generally
Monday through Friday (Western countries) Monday
to Sunday (Pakistan); also called strip.

Actuality: A live or taped news report broadcast
from the scene, containing the voice(s) of the
newsmaker(s), as well as of the reporter also called
live report.

Ad banner: Graphic image or other media object
used as an advertisement.

AdWords: Google’s flagship advertising product
AdWords offers pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, and
site-targeted advertising for both text and banner
ads. The AdWords program includes local, national,
and international distribution.

ADB: Asian Development Bank.

ADBP: Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan.

Address: Unique name for a computer or site
online, usually a URL (www.pakistan.gov) for a Web
site or marked with a symbol @ (info@gmail.com)
for an e-mail address.

Advertising Weight: Level of advertising support
over a period of time, expressed in gross rating
points, impressions, target audience reached, etc.

Affidavit: A notarized record of commercial and
public service announcements aired by a station,
listing broadcast date and time, provided to
advertisers; also called transmission report.
Affiliate: A station that contractually agrees to carry
programs of the network with which it is affiliated.
Also a local television station affiliated with one or
more of the major networks. A partner website that
links to your own website is also known as an
affiliate.

Affiliate Marketing: Website promote other
websites, product and services through banner
ads or other website links on their pages, and
then receive a fee for every lead or sale
generated.

AFP: Agency France Press.

AG: Advocate General.

Against the light: Synonym for backlighting.

Agency commission: The compensation paid by a station to recognized
agencies for services rendered in connection with placing advertising with it.
The standard agency commission allowed is 15% of the gross cost.

AGP: Attorney General of Pakistan. Or, Auditor General of Pakistan.

AGPR: Accountant General of Pakistan Revenue.
.

AIG: Assistant Inspector General.

AIOU: Allama Iqbal Open University.
Air ready: Describing a commercial, program, or
other material completed and available for broadcast
use.
Air time: Transmission time from the beginning to
the end of the program.
Air: The medium for radio and TV broadcasting. A
station or program, when broadcast, is on the air or
airing. Also All India radio.
Airable: Suitable for broadcasting.
Airwaves: The medium through which broadcasting
signals are transmitted.
Alerts: Word used on the internet for informing that
something new happened at their site like Google
News Alerts, Blog Alerts, Web Alerts, Video Alerts.
In Television news Alert is use as warning that
something happened out of the queue.
Alligator: Metal spring-clamp with alligator like jaws
used to attach lights and other items.
AM: Amplitude Modulation. AM is the standard
broadcast transmission system used by the majority
of radio stations.
AMC: Army Medical Corps. or: Army Medical
College.
Analog: A method of data storage and transmission
by continuous or wavelike signals of pulses of
varying (high or low) intensity; in contrast to digital
transmission (online or offline).
Anchor: The key narrator of a program such as
news is called anchor; also called anchorperson or
anchorman; two or more individuals sharing these
functions are co-anchors. Example sports anchor,
weather anchor, and field anchor (reports from
outside the studio or station)
ANF: Anti-Narcotics Force.

ANI: Associated News of India.

Announcement: A printed notice or a message during a broadcast.

ANP: Awami National Party.

Antenna: A device made up of metal for sending or receiving electromagnetic waves,
now built into radio and TV sets for receiving.

AP: Associated Press.

APC: All Parties Conference. Or: Armored Personnel
Carrier.

APHC: All Parties Hurriyet Conference.
.

APNS: All Pakistan Newspapers Society.

APP: Associated Press of Pakistan.
APP: Popularized in the general by iPhone, an app
is simply an application that performs a specific
function on your computer or handheld device.
APTMA: All Pakistan Textile Manufacturers
Association.
APWA: All Pakistan Women Association.
Arcing: A curved movement, as in the circular
motion of a TV pedestal camera, for which the
instructions are arc left and arc right.
ARD: Alliance for Restoration of Democracy.
Artificial light: Any light source which is not the sun
or something illuminated by sunlight. This includes
electric lighting, flash bulbs and electronic flash units
and so on.
Art director: Person responsible for the
appearance, layout of a publication, work or shot.
Art directors may hire or commission photographers,
artist or actor to take part in the production to fit
requirement and specification.
ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
ASF: Airport Security Force.
ASI: Assistant Sub Inspector.
ASP: Assistant Superintendent of Police.
Assignment: The designation of a photo or writing
task by an editor. In most of the production houses
assignments are listed on an assignment board or
on an assignment sheet.
ATC: Anti-Terrorist Court. Or: Air Traffic Controller.
Audience composition: The number or percentage
or characteristics (demographics, Income level) of
the men, women, children, or other groups of
viewers of listeners of a specific TV program or
channel /station; also called audience profile.
Audience: A group of spectators, listeners, viewers,
or readers of a performance, program, or work.
Average audience is a number or rating calculated
by the Gallop/ BRB, Oasis, Nielsen-Aftab and other
research services.

Audio billboard: Information at the beginning of an audio tape, including a brief about the
event recorded, the name of the reporter, number of the take and the other copyright details

Audio operator: The person responsible for the technical quality
of a program's sound. The audio operator works in a control room
or an audio room and communicates by headset with the assistant
audio operator and others on the floor of the studio. Also sound
recordist.

Audio: The sound portion of a broadcast, film, tape, or
other medium. Audio, from the Latin "to hear".

Audiotape: A magnetic strip on which are
recorded electrical signals that can be
converted to sound.

AV (audio/video): Involving both sound and sight, as in a script with the text of the
dialogue and a description of the accompanying visual action.

Avatar: A Photo, sign or graphic image that represents the author of a piece of online
content.

Average Frequency: Number of times the average person or household is exposed to an
advertising schedule. It is always derived from Gross Rating Points and Reach.

AVP: Assistant Vice President.

AWACS: Airborne Early Warning and Control System.
Backdrop: Studio background. Backdrops are frequently
made from long rolls of paper, draped fabric or Panaflex.
Backlighting: light coming from behind the subject. Photo
of a subject taken with the camera facing towards the light
source. A technique used to create dramatic effect.
Back timing: Back time is the clock time (the actual time)
at which the last segment should begin if the program is to
end on time.
Background: 1 Background action: a part of a picture or
scene that appears in the distance or rear, a position of
relative less importance than the foreground. A background
plate is a rear projection slide or film against which
foreground action is filmed. 2 Background music: Music
or other sound faded to a lower or background level. To
background the sound is to reduce or fade it, as with a
music background for a voice-over.
Band: A range of radio-spectrum frequencies (broadcast
band), including AM, FM, UHF, VHF, VLF, ham, police.
Bandwidth: The amount of information that can be
transmitted over a network at a given time. The higher the
bandwidth, the more data can pass over the network.
Bars: A reference signal recorded on the beginning of a
videotape for the purpose of aligning the playback of that
tape.
Barter: A method of buying Television Air time against
merchandising or services as opposed to cash. For
instance ARY Digital playing PIA advertisement against
airline tickets.
Basic cable service: A cable TV company's set of
channels, like channels on Info-Highway cable service,
WorldCall Multimedia etc.
Basic set: A film, TV, or stage set with furniture and
scenery but without props.
Baud Rate: In computers the speed at which a modem can
transmit data.
BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation.
Beep: An audio signal used for alerting or warning, as on
the soundtrack of a videotape for editing or notice of the
forthcoming beginning of a scene, program, or commercial.

Beeper: A telephone interview. Though this is no longer necessary, stations used to be
required to insert a beep (audio signal) on recorded interviews to indicate that they were not
live, the term still is used to describe an interview conducted over the telephone rather than
in the studio. It is also used to describe any long-distance interview. With the use of
satellites, it is now possible to conduct long-distance interviews over television. A beeper line
is a phone line connected to a tape recorder. Beep is often found in interviews with Kashmiri
leaders on phone in PTV Khabarnama.

Beta: A type of 1/2-inch videotape and videocassette recorder (Betamax) made by Sony and
others, used mostly in TV stations prior to digital broadcasting. PTV starts its transmission
with U-Matic format then upgraded to Beta it is now obsolete in most of the modern
production studios and channels as they are moving towards digital format like HD, 3D, 4K.

Betacam: Brand name of Sony broadcast-quality half-inch videotape and recorders. A
standard in news and low- to medium-budget video productions.

BHC: Balochistan High Court.

BHU: Basic Health Unit.

Billboard: The opening or closing credits or an announcement of a forthcoming program or
segment, as on a news or interview program; an announcement related to a sponsor or
advertiser, such as "this portion of the program is brought to you by Habib Bank" . Also
signboard on the street called as billboard.

Billing: The charge made to an advertiser by an agency.

Bird: Ward bird is commonly used for satellite. To lose the bird is
to suffer an interruption of transmission.

BISE: Board of Intermediate and Secondary
Education. For each administration division of
Pakistan.
Bite: A short segment, or a take, such as a 15-
second sound bite that is repeated on TV programs.
The major excerpt from an interview, a very
quotable sentence or two, is called the news bite
BJP: Bhartiya Janata Party.
Blackout: An option by an advertiser or newsmen
not to air commercial or news item in a particular
market.
Blast: Blasting is excessive sound through a
microphone.
Bleed: A small amount of space at the edges of a
shot to compensate for any loss between the
pictures as it appears on the studio monitor and on
the home screen.
Blitzing: Overwhelming the consumer with
advertising.
Blocking tape: On film, stage, and TV sets, tape
marked on the floor to indicate where a performer
should stand.
Blocking: The planned movement of performers or
the camera.
Blog: A blog is a combination of words ‘web’ and
‘log’, and are used to comment on any issue they
like Blog owned by individuals and well as
companies. They typically contain comments by
other readers, links to other sites.
Bloom: A circle or flare on the screen caused by
reflections from a shiny object such as mirror,
jewelry, lights, reflectors, or whitening in an over-
bright area; also called blooming.
BNM: Balochistan National Movement.
Board fade: Lowering of the intensity of music or
other sounds, it is also called a production fade.

BOI: Board of Investment.

Bonus Spot: Additional TV or radio spot provided to an advertiser at no charge either to
compensate or to raise the overall audience delivery.

Bookmark: Process that allows you to save a reference to a site or page that you have already
visited. At a later point in time, you can use a bookmark to return to that page. It commonly
refers to a feature of web browser that allows you to collect and organize bookmarks of your
favorite web sites.

Boom: A long movable stand, crane, arm, or pole for mounting and moving a
microphone (boom microphone), camera, flags, lamps, etc. The boom arm is the
circular arm on a camera platform that controls the vertical position of the camera.
Thus, to boom up is to raise the dolly boom arm and camera in order to obtain a
tilt down, or downward shot. The opposite is a boom down, or tilt up, shot, in
which the dolly boom arm is lowered. A boom shot is a continuous single shot
involving various movements of the camera boom. These shots also are called
crane shots. The boom operator handles the microphone boom and associated
equipment.

Bounce: Sudden, unanticipated brightness in the picture.

Box set: Setting of the props in which a complete room or
area is realistically reproduced except for the area not
covered in a scene usually one of the wall and ceiling, to
allow space for the camera to move.

Brand Manager: A person assigned to direct the marketing and
sales activities of a given brand in a company’s line of products.
.
Break: A time segment-- between few seconds or minutes--before, during, or after a TV
program.

Break Position: A commercial aired between two
programs instead of in the middle of one program.
Breaking news: Currently happening, live, as it
happen, also called a breaking story, Late-breaking
news.
Broadcast hours: The total number of hours
broadcast by a station during a year.
Broadcast quality: The technical specifications of
audio, video signal and the actual look of that signal.
A technically perfect video signal might look terrible.
For instance, a SD tape, properly doctored through
a digital effects generator, might meet a station's
technical requirements but might be rejected
because it is not a broadcast-quality picture. Each
broadcast company, network, or station has its own
level of quality.
Broadcast: TV or radio program transmitted for a
large area
Browser: Application used to view and navigate the
World Wide Web and other Internet resources.

BTA: Best time available.

Bug: Bug: Problem with computer software or
hardware that causes it to malfunction or crash.

Bulk eraser: A large electromagnet that
demagnetizes and wipes—erases--an entire tape
without running the tape through the recorder.
Bump: Brief segment to announce forthcoming
segment of a program, usually with the words
"coming up next.
Bumper: A transitional device, such as fadeout
music or "We'll return after these messages,"
between story action and a commercial; also called
a program separator.
B/W: Abbreviation for black and white.
CAA: Civil Aviation Authority.

Cable penetration: The percentage of homes that subscribe to cable television, generally
within a specified area like Karachi, DHA etc.

Cable puller: A person responsible for setting up and handling power, audio, and video
cables. One cable puller is allocated to each production also known as extra or support staff.

Cablecasting: Programming carried on cable television, as opposed to over-the-air broadcasting.

Cable-less cable: Cable operator run their system on MMDS or LMDS
technologies.

Cable TV: TV programming that is delivered by coaxial or fiber cable rather than over the air.

Calibrating the Zoom - Zooming to longest focal length then focusing to ensure that the picture
will be focused throughout the entire zoom range. The zoom should be calibrated whenever the
camera or subject distance changes significantly.

Call Sheet - A schedule of dates and times
indicating the talent, production, and technical
personnel needed for rehearsal, pre-set and
production.
.

Calligraphic or Line-Drawing Display - An electronic device that draws lines or "vectors" on a
video screen. The Picture System is one such calligraphic display. The image can be changed
very quickly, and since it responds immediately to input it is called a "real-time" device.

Camcorder: A combination TV camera and
videotape recorder in one portable unit.
Cameo -. Lighting technique in which subjects in the
foreground appear against a completely black
background.
Camera angles: Angle at which a camera records a
subject, it can be low, high or on the eye level.
Camera Control Unit (CCU) - A separate controller
for video cameras that allows remote adjustment of
iris, pedestal, Chroma as well as alignment.
Camera cue: A red light or buzzer indicating that a
TV camera is shooting a scene for transmission.
Camera Head - The portion of a video camera
chain, which includes the lens system, pickup tubes
and viewfinder.
Camera left (or camera right): The left (or right) as
seen from the camera operator's or viewer's
position, as opposed to that of the performer.
Camera original: A first-generation videotape from
the original camera signal.
Camera rehearsal: A full-dress rehearsal, one with
actual costumes and props used, camera movement
and tracking take place as in the original shot is
required; more advanced than a reading or script
rehearsal.
Camera talk: A situation in which a performer looks
directly into the lens to deliver a message to the
audience.
Captioning: The process of superimposing subtitles
at the bottom of a TV screen.
CAR: Central Asian Republic.
Card rate: The cost of time quoted on a rate card.
Also rack rate.
CAS: Chief of Air Staff.

CATV (cable television, cable TV): A common household name, television distribution
system in which TV signals reach the destination (transmitted) via cable rather than through
the air using different types of insulated wires like copper or fiber optic cables. Cable
television systems are generally called cable systems; the companies that own and operate
them are known as cable system operators or cablecasters.

Categories: Used in social media to arrange content into subject areas.

CBA: Collective Bargain Authority. Labor Union

CBR: Central Board of Revenue in Pakistan it is now called FBR

CCD Charge-Coupled Device: Electronic light sensor used in digital cameras. In 3CCD
Cameras imaging system uses three separate sensor each one taking a separate measurement
of the primary colors, red, green, or blue light.

CCU: Coronary Care Unit.

CDA: Capital Development Authority.

CDC: Central Depository Company.

CE: Chief Executive.
CEC: Chief Election Commissioner.
CEO: Chief Executive Officer.
CGI - Acronym for computer-generated imagery.
Channel Capacity: The number of channels
available for use on a current cable system.
Character generator: An electronic typewriter that
creates letters and symbols in video.
CHASHNUP: Chashma Nuclear Power Project.
Chat: Online conversation, normally involves users
adding text and or using voice and video streaming.
Chromakey: An electronic process that alters the
background scene without affecting the foreground,
a saturated color (usually Green or Blue) forms a
hole in the background picture so that a second
video source (such as a camera) can fill this area.
Green and red are also used in a chroma key
process.
Churn: The turnover of cable television subscribers
due to disconnects and/or new subscribers. Also
churn rate.
CIA: Crime Investigation Agency (Pak) Central
Investigating Agency (US).
CID: Crime Investigation Department. Circle wipe:
An optical effect in which an image first appears as
a dot in the center and then grows to full size while
covering (wiping out) the preceding scene.
Circle-in: An optical effect in which a picture
diminishes and disappears as it is replaced by a
second picture that grows in a circle from the center;
the opposite of a circle-out.
CJ: Chief Justice.
Clearance: Obtaining approval to use a commercial/
program from censor authority. Press Information
Department / Censor Board.
Clip: A short segment of a program.

Closed circuit: A term referring to audio and/or video transmission for controlled reception,
such as to hotels, meeting places, even in a community. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is
transmitted over cable to specific sites.

Cloud computing: When users access data remotely across an internet connection, rather
than through working from a desktop, also called “the cloud” refers when users can access their
data from anywhere rather than being tied to a particular machine (server).

Clutter: Excessive amounts of advertising carried by a
station at a giving time.

CMH: Combined Military Hospital.

C-Mount - Common screw-in lens mount on video cameras.

CMS: Content management systems

CMYK Color Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black: The color model in
which all colors are described as combinations of these four colors.
Most color printers (ink-jet, laser, dye-sublimation, Wax thermal) are
based on CMYK color.

CNN: Cable News Network.

CNS: Chief of Naval Staff.
CO: Commanding Officer.
COAS: Chief of the Army Staff.
Coaxial Cable: Insulated transmission cable
capable of carrying many television signals
simultaneously.
CODEC: A process in which a signal is encoded for
transmission or storage, then decoded for playback.
Color bar: An electrically generated signal
consisting of red, blue, green, yellow, cyan and
magenta, plus black and white, used for TV testing
and for color standardization and accuracy.
Color Calibration: Method by which the image
source like digital camera or scanner and output
tools like monitor and printer are matched to use the
same or similar color shade and resolution. To
insures that the image viewed on the monitor has
the same range of colors as the image that is
printed, and any adjustments made to the color of
the image in the computer are accurately
represented when the image is printed.
Color Correction Filters: Filters that change the
color temperature of the scene being photographed.
Color correction: Correcting or at least altering the
color information in a photograph, video or graphic
image. This can be done by verity of tool like
software, filters, reflectors, shades, etc. Color
correction is required if the camera was not white-
balanced, it is a time consuming process so
whenever you start filming, first take care of white
balance.
Column Inch: Unit of newspaper space one column
wide and one inch deep.
Comments: Response from the visitor of the
website, blog news feed is known as comment; most
blogs allow users to add comments under posts.
Comments help facilitate interaction with customers
and the public in general, and businesses monitor
comments and respond accordingly.
Commercial break: An interruption in TV
programming for broadcast of one or more
advertisements.

Commercial break: An interruption in TV programming for broadcast of one or more
advertisements.

Commercial load: The maximum amount of advertising time available during a whole day of
transmission unlike Pakistan in different countries there is a maximum limit of advertisement
per hour.

Component Video - Signal that has been split into two or more component channels. In
popular use, it refers to a type of component analog video (CAV) information that is transmitted
or stored as three separate signals.

Composite - A special effects process combining two or more separate elements.

Compression - The process of reducing the information content of a signal so that it
occupies less space on a transmission channel or storage device.

Compression Ratio - Compression ratio is a number used to tell how much information is
squeezed out of an image when it has been compressed. For example, suppose we start with a
4 MB image and compress it down to 1MBThis represents a compression ratio of 4:1; 1/4 of the
original amount of storage is now required. For a given compression technique - MPEG, for
example - the higher the compression ratio, the worse the image looks.

Computer Animation - Animation can be classified into 2D and 3D,
both take the same approach towards appearance. In 2D animation,
the artist draws the scene pretty much the same way he would on a
sheet of paper, only instead of using a pencil or a brush, he now
uses a mouse or a graphic tablet.
.

Consensus: Shared agreement. Like media operate role to create a consensus in society.

Conspiracy theory: Assumption that a small and
powerful, and often hidden, élite (establishment) are
able to use the mass media to condition and
persuade passive audiences into conforming to the
powerful élite's wishes. It depends very much on the
notion of all-powerful media and easily duped
audiences. It is difficult to find evidence that the
media really are that powerful and 'conspiracy
theory' is often dismissed because you would
otherwise sound like someone takes the X-Files as
reality.
Construction (of reality): This idea emphasizes
that there is no single 'reality', rather a range of
definitions of 'reality'. Reality as presented by the
mass media is therefore not a picture or reflection of
'reality', but, rather, a constructed interpretation of
reality.
Content: Any piece of online media, including
images, graphics, text, videos, animations, sound-
clips etc.
Control room: The room in which the director,
engineer, and others adjust sound and/or video.
Cookies: Small files that are downloaded to your
computer when you browse certain web pages.
Cookies hold information that can be retrieved by
other web pages on the site. Cookies often
programed with an expiration date.
Copycat effect: Power of the media to create an
'epidemic' of behavior. The idea is by no means
new; Ethnic riots in Karachi in eighties and more
recently in Gujarat India. Post 11 Sep clashes in US
with people of Asian origin.
Correspondent: A reporter who is a full-time or
part-time employee of one of the media (not a
stringer or freelancer) and who is based elsewhere
than the headquarters of the employer.
Coverage: Media treatment to any issue.

Coverage Area: Specific geography where a media vehicle has its coverage. In broadcast,
coverage usually describes the area to which the station's signal extends. In print, coverage
usually means the circulation area.

CPC: Cost per click used in Internet page viewing and advertisement.

CPM Cost per Thousand: Cost to reach 1,000 units of audience, households or individuals,
for advertising. A figure used to compare media costs.

CPNE: Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors.

CPU: Central Processing Unit.

Crane: A vehicle with a movable arm or boom that moves a platform on which director,
camera operator, and camera assistant sit. The base of the vehicle is called a trolley. Cranes
shot or boom shot is a shot taken from a crane.

Crawl: A body of typed information, such as a
news bulletin, promotional message, telephone
number, or cast credits, that is transmitted in a
continuous flow across all or part of a TV screen

Credit: Acknowledgment of work done.

Crew: A group of workers on a site or production, as
distinguished from performers (cast).
Cross-talk: Live conversation between broadcasters,
as between an anchorperson and an on-site reporter.
CSO: Chief Scientific Officer.
CSR: Corporate social responsibility, a concept
whereby businesses and organizations perform a
social good or take responsibility for the impact of their
activities.
CSS: Central Superior Services.
Cue card: A large card containing lines to be spoken
by a performer, often used off-camera on TV; also
called a flip card, idiot card.
Cue: A signal in words or signs that initiates action,
dialogue, effects, or other aspects of a production,
such as an indication from a director for a performer or
interview subject to begin or end. Exact timing is one
cue. Cues may be given with a cue light, such as an
On The Air sign or a warning light.
Cut: A transition from one scene to another (a visual
cut) or one soundtrack to another (a sound cut).
D/A : Digital to Analog, The conversion of data or
signal storage from one format or method to the other.
D-1: The first practical digital format, introduced by
Sony in 1986. Still considered a quality reference
D-8, Developing Eight: Group of developing
countries with large Muslim populations that have
formed an economic development alliance. It consists
of Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia,
Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey
DAT: Digital audio tape.
DBA: District Bar Association.
DCC: Defense Committee of Cabinet.
DCET: Dawood College of Engineering & Technology.
DCO: District Coordination Officer. head of district
administration equivalent to Deputy commissioner
(DC) in Local Government and Municipality acts.

DEA: Drug Enforcement Administration a US body
combating drug trafficking. ANF Anti-Narcotics Force a
Pakistani parallel to DEA.

Decoder: A television set-top device that enables
the home subscriber to convert an electronically
scrambled television picture into a viewable
signal.

Demo: Demonstration, as in a demo record, or reel of a record or tape produced for an audition.

Depth of Field: The distance through which objects will appear sharp in front of and
behind the point at which the camera is focused.

Depth of Focus: The distance through which the object can be moved backward and
forward in front of lens still produce sharp image.

Deregulation: Process of removing or diluting the rules, which govern the operation of
television, Radio and other media organizations operators.

DG: Director General.

Diffused Light: Light originating from a physically large source. It is either reflected or directed
through a diffusing medium.

Diffusers: For lenses: Fine nets, muslin, granulated
or grooved glass, positioned in front of the lens. For
lamps: Cellular diffusing materials like light nets,
spun glass, etc., placed in front of the lamp.
DIG: Deputy Inspector General of Police.
Digg: Popular social news site that lets people
discover and share content from anywhere on the
Web.
Digital Betacam: Digital successor to the venerable
Betacam SP format. Introduced by Sony in 1993.
Digital Camera: A camera that operates utilizing
digital circuits and technology. Offers extremely
stable pictures, automatic setup and picture
correction.
Digital video: A video picture recorded on digital
format.
Digital: The primary method of data storage and
transmission. A digital camera record images as
pixels.
Digital8: Consumer format from Sony. Digital8
records for all practical purposes the same signal as
DV, but uses cheaper Hi8 tapes and can play back
old analogue 8mm/Hi8 tapes.
Dim: Not bright; To dim down is to reduce the light
intensity; to dim up or dim in is to increase the light
gradually, and to dim out is to reduce the light to
blackout.
Direct broadcast satellite (DBS): A high-powered
satellite for broadcasting directly to homes.
Director: A supervisor; generally refers to the
person responsible for all audience-visible
components of a program, film, or show, whereas
the producer is responsible for other behind-the-
scenes aspects.

Dissolve: An optical technique to produce a gradual change in scenes.
The progressive blending of the end of one shot into the beginning of the
next is produced by the superimposition of a fade-out into a fade-in or by
putting the camera gradually out of or into focus (a cross-dissolve). An
out-of-focus dissolve is a transition in which one shot is faded out of
focus while another shot is faded in.

Distortion: A quality degradation between that which
has been recorded and that which is reproduced.

DMG: District Management Group.

Dolly: A mobile platform with three of four wheels for
carrying a microphone, camera, or other items. A
dolly shot shifts the viewpoint of the camera.

Domain Name: The part of a URL code on the Internet that is unique to a particular company or
Organization and helps Web users locate a Web page. .PK means it is registered as Pakistani
site, .UK means it is registered as British site, additionally for commercial site they use .com,
educational site uses .EDU non-profit organizations use .org, government use .GOV.

Doorway Dolly: A dolly with four soft tires, which is, narrows enough to fit through a doorway.

Down Time: Time used for maintenance or repair of equipment.

Downlink: The portion of a signal from the satellite down to the
receiving point, such as a dish.

DPA: Deutsche Press Agency.
Dress Rehearsal: The final rehearsal of a production,
which is an exact duplicate of the final performance.
Drop frame: A system of modifying the frame counting
sequence to allow the time code to match Real Time
Clock.
Drop-out: A defect in a tape resulting in a black flash,
color loss,
DSNG: Digital Satellite News Gathering, when
reporting from a remote location using satellite link to
send video feed also called SNG.
DSP: Deputy Superintendent of Police.
Dub: 1 Duplicate. 2 Insert material in original
audio/visual material. Material to be dubbed may
consist of a different language soundtrack, new or
updated material, or other editing. Like X file is dub in
Urdu for Pakistani viewers by PTV.
Dubber: A person who duplicates a film or tape
(makes a dub); a machine such as an audio playback
machine used to make a copy of a tape; a performer
who lip-synchs or inserts dialogue into an existing film
or tape, such as a translation (a dubbed version).
Dubbing: The process of recording, such as making a
duplicate of a film or tape or replacing dialogue or a
soundtrack with new material, as in a different language or
with a singer, actor, or other performer replacing the
original.
Ear prompter: A tiny ear plug connected to a small
audio recorder, enabling a performer to hear a
recorded script while on stage or on camera.
Earphones: More commonly called headphones or a
headset.
Earth station: Equipment for transmitting or receiving
satellite communications, such as a parabolic or dish
antenna that sends or receives TV signals over the air
directly from satellites or other sources. Also called a
ground station.

Ease In/Ease Out: Gradual acceleration up to or down from the speed of motion.

East/West: The right/left or horizontal axis of movement.

eBook: Electronic version of a traditional printed book that can be downloaded from the
Internet and read on your computer or handheld device. Something as simple as a PDF
document. The one you are reading right now.

ECNEC: Executive Committee of National Economic Council.

e-Commerce: Electronic commerce consist of exchange of data to
facilitate the financing and payment aspect of (media) business
such as electronic funds transfer, Internet marketing, online
transaction processing, inventory management systems, etc.

ECP: Election Commission of Pakistan.

Editing on the Fly (linear): 1. Directing a multicamera production with the director calling shots as
the show progresses. 2. Editing videotape without an edit programmer, which requires the edit to
be timed perfectly and made as both playback and edit/record VTRs are in operation.
.

Editing room: A room in which a film is edited or cut.

EDO: Executive District Officer, for each department
like health, education, etc.
Effect: A technique or device for producing a visual
or auditory illusion, such as sound effects, special
effects, or optical effects.
EFP (Electronic field production): The use of
equipment, generally portable, outside a TV studio.
Non News production. EJ (Electronic journalism):
Live transmission or videotaping from a location
away from the television studio, by an EJ camera
crew.
Electronic character generator (ECG): A
typewriter like machine that produces weather
reports, sports scores, identifications, and other text
as part of a TV picture.
Electronic cue: An audio or video signal indicating
the end of a tape or other instruction.

Electronic setup (ESU): The pre broadcast time
during which equipment is set up and tested.

Embedding: Small piece of code is added to a blog
or website to display a video or photo hosted
elsewhere. Like we use code of YouTube videos on
blogs or website.
Encryption: The process of encoding, as in the
scrambling of TV signals. Pay-TV transmission often
is encrypted, and subscribers have devices that
decrypt, or unscramble.
ENG (electronic news gathering): Use of an
electronic, portable TV camera to videotape or
broadcast news from outside the studio.
ENT: Ear, Nose & Throat.
EOBI: Employees Old age Benefit Institution.
EPB: Export Promotion Bureau.
EPG (Electronic Programming Guide): Application
that allows the viewer to interactively select his/her
television programming

EPI: Expanded Program on Immunization.

EPZ: Export Processing Zone.

Equalizer: A process that attempts to enhance the quality
of a recording by filtering out distortions and other
undesirable elements.

ESG (electronic sports gathering): The use of cameras,
mobile units, and other equipment to produce a telecast of
a sports event.

ESUP: English Speaking Union of Pakistan.

EU: European Union.

EVF (Electronic viewfinder): A small screen for monitoring while operating a video
camera. It may be built in or separate.

EVP: Executive Vice President.

Exclusive: Story, News Item, clip or footage that is
available only to a single channel or newspaper and
website or any other media organization.
Exclusivity: Agreement whereby a media vehicle
agrees to run no advertising directly competitive to
the advertiser purchasing the media vehicle or
program.
Eye contact: The practice of looking a person in the
eyes. In film and TV, eye contact is achieved by
looking directly into the camera.
Eyewitness news: A TV news format featuring on-
the-scene reporters, generally shot with a portable
electronic camera.
Fade: To vary in intensity, as a gradual change of
audio or video.
f/x or fx: Special effects, a motion-picture term for
animation, objects, and other techniques and
devices that are not real.
Fade down: To gradually decrease the audio level
of a recording.
Fade up: To gradually increase the audio level of a
recording.
fade-in: A shot that begins in darkness and
gradually lightens up to full brightness, reverse fade-
out.
FANA: Federally Administered Northern Areas.
Fast Lens: A lens with a low f-stop number, which
permits photographing with a wide aperture and,
consequently, use under low-light conditions.
FAST: The camera assistant's motto. Everything
he/she must do before each shot (Focus, Aperture,
Shutter, Take).
FATA: Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
FBS: Federal Bureau of Statistics.
FC: Frontier Constabulary.

Feed: Transmission sent to or from satellite TV networks to local stations or by a local station
to network. In social Media Feed this refers to any content delivered at regular intervals, for
example the latest blog posts or social activity from an individual/company.

Feedback: A noise from a microphone or speaker, caused by improper placement.

FIA: Federal Investigation Agency.

Fiber Optics: A method of transmitting signals over light
waves sent through extremely thin fibers of glass.

FIBL: Fidelity Investment Bank Limited.

Field producer: A person who works outside the headquarters studio--in the field--to
supervise the production of programs or segments, as of a news program.

FIH: International Hockey Federation.

File film: Stock footage from the library, or file, of a TV
station or other source. When used as background
material in a TV newscast, file film generally is
identified by a line at the top or bottom of the screen
with the date on which it was originally taken.

FIR: First Investigation Report.
Firewall: Security barrier controlling communication
between a personal or corporate. Firewall is based
on rules which allow and disallow traffic to pass,
based on the level of security and filtering a network
operator enforce.
FIU: Field Investigation Unit.
Fixed position: Instruction by an advertiser to put
his or her advertisement at some fixed position,
inside cover of a magazine, first commercial in the
first break of the program. Usually sold at a premium
rate.
Flickr: World’s number-one for photo-sharing
website.
FM (frequency modulation): The encoding of a
carrier wave, FM radio stations, from 88 to 108
megahertz produce reception superior to that of AM.
FM: Frequency Modulation. Or: Foreign Minister.
FO: Foreign Office.
Focus: The point where the light rays converge to
produce a clear, sharp, and defined image.
Follow: The act of monitoring someone’s online
activity, for example through Twitter.
Follower: Someone who is following your updates.
The more followers you have the more popular you
are.
Footage: Length. A portion of a film is called
footage, such as daily footage or news footage.
Footprint: The geographic area on earth in which a
satellite signal can be received.
Forum: Topically-focused discussion group or area.
Fourth estate: Media often argue that they
constitute the fourth estate, watching for
wrongdoings of the other three.
FPCCI: Federation of Pakistan Chambers of
Commerce and Industry.

FPSC: Federal Public Service Commission.

Frame: A part of the image appears on film. PAL 24 frame
per second NTSC 30 frame per second.

Freeze frame: A technique in which a single frame is repeated in sequence to give
the effect of frozen or stopped motion.

Friend: Not necessarily someone you’ve met in real-life, a ‘friend’ is anyone you’ve had
some sort of interaction and you agree to ‘connect’ with through a social platform, such as
Facebook, Journalistlink, Maloomat, etc

FTO: Federal Tax Ombudsman.

FTP: File transfer protocol

Gain: Increase of signal power, particularly sound volume.

GDA: Grand Democratic Alliance.

Gel: Colored plastic or gelatin material which is
mounted in front of lighting instruments to produce
colored light.
Generation: The master, or original, is the first
generation. Any copy made from the master is
second generation.
GHQ: General Headquarters.
Gigahertz (GHz): One billion cycles per second.
Signals operating above 3 Gigahertz are known as
microwaves. Above 30 GHz they are know as
millimeter waves.
GIKI: Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute.
GOC: General Officer Commanding.
GPO: General Post Office.
Gray Scale: A test pattern or chart progressing in
steps from TV white to TV black.
GRP's Gross Rating Points: Sum of individual
ratings in a media plan.
GST: General Sales Tax.
HBFC: House Building Finance Corporation.
HBL: Habib Bank Limited.
HDTV (high-definition television): A system with
higher resolution, widely used in US and European
Markets, gaining its popularity worldwide. HDTV
provides about five times more picture information
(picture elements or pixels) than conventional
television, creating clarity, wider aspect ratio, and
digital quality sound.
Head end: Site in a cable system or broadband
coaxial network where the programming originates
and the distribution network starts. Signals are
usually received off the air from satellites,
microwave relays, or fiber-optic cables at the head
end for distribution to cable operators.
Headset: An earphone, generally with an attached
mouthpiece transmitter.
HEC: Higher Education Commission
HIT: Heavy Industries Taxila.

HEC: Higher Education Commission



HRCP: Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.

HRSP: Human Rights Society of Pakistan.

HSSC: Higher Secondary School Certificate.

HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language, the coding language typically used in the
development of Web pages.

Hyperlink: Highlighted word, picture or file within a hypertext document that when clicked
takes you to another place within the document or to another document altogether.

IAF: Indian Air Force.
IB: Intelligence Bureau.
ICC: International Cricket Council.
ICMAP: Institute of Cost Management Accountants
of Pakistan.
ICU: Intensive Care Unit.
IDB: Islamic Development Bank.
IDBP: Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan.
IDP: Internally Displaced People, persons voluntary
or involuntarily removed from their place of living.
IED: Improvised explosive device also known as
a roadside bomb, usually homemade bomb but
sometime military artillery shells and mines used to
manufacture it. A popular tool of resistance forces in
Afghanistan and Iraq.
IGP: Inspector General of Police.
IJI: Islami Jamhoori Ittehad.
ILO: International Labour Organisation.
IMF: International Monetary Fund.
Impedance: Resistance to current flow, which is
especially important In matching microphones and
audio equipment.
Infomercial: An audio or video segment that
combines advertising with information, sold as a
commercial.
Infotainment: A combination of information and
entertainment.
In-house: Referring to a division or unit that is part
of or within a company Organization.
Intelsat (International Telecommunications
Satellite Organization): An Organization that owns
and operates the international satellite system that
provides the majority of telecommunications
services outside the United States to over 100
member countries. It was formed in 1964.

IO: Investigation Officer.

IP address: String of four numbers separated by periods (such as 111.22.3.444) used to
represent a computer on the Internet.

IPO: Initial Public Offering of share in stock exchange.

IRSA: Indus River System Authority.

ISAF: International Security Assistance Force,
under which all foreign forces operate in
Afghanistan.

ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network - digital, high bandwidth telephone lines that
can deliver data over the Internet. Data, including encoded audio and video, travels at
128K bits per second over an ISDN line.

ISE: Islamabad Stock Exchange.

ISI: Inter Services Intelligence.

ISO: International Standard Organisation.
ISP: Internet Service Provider.
ISPR: Inter Services Public Relations.
ISSB: Inter Services selection board.
IT: Information Technology. or: Income Tax.
JI: Jamaat-e-Islami.
JKLF: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front.
JKPL: Jammu and Kashmir Peoples League.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): Group
of experts nominated by major companies to work to
produce standards for continuous tone image
coding.
JPMC: Jinnah Postgraduate Medical College.
JSHQ: Joint Staff Headquarters.
JUI-F: Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam-Fazlur Rehman.
JUI-S: Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam-Samiul Haq.
Junction box: A unit that connects several
electrical sources.
JUP: Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan.
JWP: Jamhoori Watan Party.
KANUPP: Karachi Nuclear Power Plant.
KESC: Karachi Electric Supply Corporation.
Keyword: Specific words entered into a search
engine by the user that result in a list of Web sites
related to that key word.
Kill: To turn off a light, sound, or video feed; to cut
or delete a line or portion of a program.
Kiss: A light that gently brushes a subject.
KKH: Karakoram Highway.
KLA: Kosovo Liberation Army.

Knowledge gap: The knowledge gap hypothesis states that “as the infusion of mass media
information into a social system increases. Segments of the population with higher socio-economic
status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments, so that the
gap in knowledge between these segments tends to increase rather than decrease”.

KPI: Kashmir Press International.

KPT: Karachi Port Trust.

KRL: Khan Research Laboratories.

KS&EW: Karachi Shipyard & Engineer Works.

KSE: Karachi Stock Exchange.

KTPS: Kot Addu Power Station.

KTPS: Kot Addu Power Station.

KU: Karachi University.
KUTS: Karachi University Teachers’ Association.
KWSB: Karachi Water & Sewerage Board.
Lapel mike: A small microphone clipped to a
necktie, shirt, or elsewhere, or worn hanging around
the neck.
LDA: Lahore Development Authority.
Lead: Information that leads to the uncovering of
more interesting information.
Lead-in: An introduction, such as by a newscaster
preceding a report or a brief segment at the
beginning of a sitcom or other program.
LHC: Lahore High Court.
LHCBA: Lahore High Court Bar Association.
LHV: Lady Health Visitor.
LHW: Lady Health Worker.
Light Meter: Meter designed to read light intensity
using either reflected or incident light. Most light
meters used in TV have foot-candle scales.
Light Plot: A floorplan showing the studio set drawn
to scale, with the lighting instruments that are to be
used superimposed to indicate instrument, location,
and function.
Line Rate: Cost per agate line for newspapers.
Lineup: The arrangement of items in a newscast.
Lip Sync: 1 The synchronization of sound and
picture. 2 Having a performer mouth words to a
prerecorded sound track.
Live on tape: TV program of an actual
performance, recorded and broadcast subsequently
and therefore not really live.
Live: Referring to a real or actual performance that
is simultaneously transmitted, as by a live action
camera (LAC), as distinct from a taped or delayed
broadcast.

LOC: Line of Control De’fecto border between Pakistan and
Indianan controlled Kashmir.

Location: An actual setting, as distinct from a studio,
used for TV show. To film or tape on location is to shoot a
motion picture or to tape in such a setting.

long take: A camera shot maintained for an extended period.

Looping: The process of continuously repeating a program segment from point A to point B

LPG: Liquid Petroleum Gas.

LRH: Lady Reading Hospital. in Peshawar.

LSE: Lahore Stock Exchange.

LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. of Sri Lanka.

Luminance: Light; brightness.
LUMS: Lahore University of Management Sciences.
in Lahore.
Lux: An international unit of light intensity.
Makegood: A commercial run in place of one that
did not run properly.
Man on the street (MOS): An interviewing
technique in which the opinions of the general public
are sought.
March on: Opening music titles, or other
identification of TV program.
Master Control (MCR): The room where all video
and audio outputs of various production studios are
fed for distribution and broadcast or recording.
Match cut: A quick transition, or cut, from one film
or TV camera to another, or a smooth transition from
one shot to another, with the action appearing to
continue seamlessly.
MBRL: Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher.
MBT: Main Battle Tank.
MC: Muslim Conference. in Azad Kashmir.
MCB: Muslim Commercial Bank.
MD: Managing Director.
MDA: Multan Development Authority.
ME: Middle East.
Media dopes – Media saying; Viewer of program is
the victim of the producer. A homogeneous,
externally produced culture cannot be sold ready-
made to the masses: culture simply does not work
like that. Popular culture is made by the people, not
produced by the culture industry. Media show all the
cultural resources, it is the people who use or reject.
Media escort: A person who accompanies an
interviewee to TV stations and other media and
provides transportation and other assistance.

Media imperialism: 'Western' (especially American) cultural values are being forced on non-
Western societies, to which they are spread most especially by the mass media.
Establishment of US economic, military and cultural hegemony was deliberate US policy,
which would depend crucially on US dominance of global communications. Multinational
media corporations which now span the globe have reached the point where they pose a
distinct threat to the sovereignty of the weaker nation-states. Clearly the US is dominant in
the export of media products, as well as in the control of news agencies’ from Herbert
Schiller thesis on Media Imperialism.

Media Kit: Information designed to help promote a particular program or station.

Megahertz (MHz): One million cycle per second.

Metadata: Any data, such as titles, descriptions, tags and captions — that describes a media
item such as a video, photo or blog post. This information is used to retrieve data, file, photo,
video by any application or database

MGD: Million Gallon per Day.

MH: Military hospital, CMH combined military hospital.

MI: Military Intelligence.

MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface. A machine protocol that allows synthesizers,
computers, drum machines and other processors to communicate with and/or control one
another.

MINFAL: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and
Livestock.
Minicam: A small, self-contained portable TV
camera for videotaping on-site news events.
Miniseries: A short series or sequence of related
programs.
mix: To record separate soundtracks into a single
track or to blend audio and visual components to
produce a master.
MLA: Member Legislative Assembly.
MNA: Member National Assembly.
MNC: Multinational Corporation.
MO: Medical Officer.
Mobile unit: A vehicle for carrying equipment for
on-location production; also called a mobile
production unit. Modulate: To change the
frequency, phase, or amplitude of a carrier wave.
MOD: Ministry of Defenses.
Monitor: A device for checking or regulating
performance, an instrument that receives TV signals
by direct wire in a TV studio.
Monochrome: Black and white television.
Montage: A rapid sequence of shots used to
produce a particular image or mood.
Moray: A video disturbance caused by flashy
jewelry, brightly colored apparel, or other sources.
Morphing: A computer process that transforms one
photograph or image into another.
MOS: Man on the street.
Move in: A direction to move a camera or
microphone closer to the subject.
Move out: A direction to move a camera or
microphone away from the subject.
Moving off: Movement by a subject away from the
camera or microphone; also called fade off.
moving on: Movement by a subject closer to the
camera or microphone; also called fade on.
MP: Military Police.

Moving on: Movement by a subject closer to the camera or microphone; also called fade on.

MP: Military Police.

MPA: Member Provincial Assembly.

MQM: Muttahida Qaumi Movement or Mohajir Qaumi Movement.

MRD: Movement for Restoration of Democracy.

MSA: Maritime Security Agency.

MT: Mechanical Transport.

MTC: Military Trial Court.

Multicam: The use of two or more cameras
simultaneously to shoot a scene from more than one
angle.
MW: Megawatt.
NAB (National Association of Broadcasters): A
major Organisation of radio and TV stations and
networks, in USA.
NAB: National Accountability Bureau.
NADRA: National Database and Registration
Authority.
NAP: National Awami Party.
NARA: National Alien Registration Authority.
NARC: National Agricultural Research Centre.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
Natural sound: Animal noises, weather conditions,
and other actual sounds recorded for TV, as
contrasted with artificial sound or sound effects.
NBP: National Bank of Pakistan.
NCBs: Nationalised Commercial Banks.
NCHD: National Commission on Human
Development.
NDC: National Defence College.
NDFC: National Development Finance Corporation.
NEPRA: National Electric Power Regulatory
Authority.
NESCOM: National Engineering and Science
Commission.
Network identification: The name or identification
of a TV network made at the beginning of each hour
and/or the beginning and end of the network
programs.
Network promo: An announcement broadcast by a
network to promote a specific program or the
network itself, generally at the end of a network
program.
Network: A group of TV stations that broadcast the
same programs. Like Shalimar Television Network

Network: A group of TV stations that broadcast the same programs. Like Shalimar
Television Network

Newsgroup: Electronic bulletin board containing items on specific topic and open to
everybody. Few newsgroups permit the posting of advertising also.

News management: this term is normally used to describe the way that governments and
some time individuals attempt to control the flow of news to the media and to 'set the agenda'
for the media. This might involve issuing a press notes which is embargoed, holding press
briefing, leaking news stories or staging an event which is big enough to grab the media's
attention.

NGO: Non-Governmental Organization.

NHA: National Highway Authority.

NIE: National Institute of Electronics.

NIH: National Institute of Health.

NIO: National Institute of Oceanography.

NIPA: National Institute of Public Administration.
NIV: National Institute of Virology.
NLA: National Language Authority.
NLC: National Logistic Cell.
NLI: Northern Light Infantry.
NNI: News Network International.
Noise: Unwanted audio or video signals, which
interfere with program information.
NPP: National Peoples Party.
NPT: National Press Trust.
NRB: National Reconstruction Bureau.
NRSP: National Rural Support Program.
NTN: National Tax Number.
NTSC (National Television System Committee):
Communications Commission, that establishes
television standards in the United States.
NUST: National University of Sciences and
Technology.
NWFP: North West Frontier Province former name of
KPK province name.
O.C.: On camera; action in front of a TV camera,
visible to the audience. In a TV script, it's a direction
indicating on which person or scene the camera is
focused.
OB: Outside broadcast; not in the studio, from a
remote location.
OC: Officer Commanding.
Octopus: A software base news management system
through which news flow control, monitor and execute.
There are several other news management systems
used by different media organizations like ENPS,
Vivvo, OPenMedia, etc.
Off air: A program received via conventional
television and not via cable. Off the air refers to the
ending of the transmission of a program or the
termination of a program.

Off: Off-camera: outside the image field; off-mike: directed away from the microphone; off-
screen or off-camera announcer: an announcer heard but not seen.

Off-line edit: A non-computerized, rough assembly of segments with abrupt transitions,
followed by a computerized, on-line edit with smooth transitions and other improvements.

Off-network: A program available for syndication after it has been broadcast on a network.

OGDC: Oil and Gas Development Corporation.

OGDCL: Oil and Gas Development Company Limited.

OIC: Organization of Islamic Conference.

Omnies: Crowd noises as picked up by an omnidirectional microphone that picks up sound
from all directions.

On the air: A broadcast in progress.

On-scene show: A TV program produced at the site of
an earlier murder, accident, or other event, sometimes
recreated the scene.
OP: Observation Post.
Open mike: A live microphone.
open-end: 1 A recorded program or interview in which a
local announcer can participate to add a local or live
dimension to the beginning or end, ask questions, or
insert local information; 2 A program with no specific
conclusion time.
Open Source: Open source refers to software code that
is free to build upon. Open source journalism refer to the
practice of collaboration and free sharing of media and
information. Projects includes the Linux operating
system, the Apache Web server, Firefox browser
Wordpress application, Wikipedia etc.
OPF: Overseas Pakistanis Foundation.
Original: First, fresh; the initial source from which copies
is made, such as an original master tape.
Originate: To produce and transmit a program or other
material.
Oscilloscope - A device utilizing a cathode ray tube to
visually display electronic signals; used for equipment
testing and setup.
Out of frame: A subject or action that is off-camera and
not seen within the frame of the picture.
Overlap: The running of two tape machines in
synchronization so that a changeover can be made from
one to the other; a segment of a dissolve in which the
images are superimposed and the shooting of scenes
longer than necessary to provide leeway in editing.
PAC: Pakistan Aeronautical Complex. or: Public
Accounts Committee of National Assembly.
Pack: A package, packet, or container; A mike-pack is a
small package of batteries and wires, attached to a
performer's body, and connected to a cordless
microphone.

Package: A program or a combination programs or commercial spots
offered to a sponsor as a unit, usually at a discount

PAEC: Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.

PAF: Pakistan Air Force.

PAFWA: Pakistan Air Force Women’s Association.

PAL (Phase Alternate Line): This is one of several composite video systems. The phase
of the color carrier is alternated from line to line.

PAL: Pakistan Academy of Letters.

Pan and scan: A technique for changing the aspect ratio of the frame of a wide-screen film so
that it can be transmitted for TV.

Pan: A direction given to the person operating the camera, so that camera eye moves slowly
and evenly, vertically or horizontally, in a panorama. The process of laterally moving the
camera to photograph a wide view is called panning.

PANAH: Pakistan National Heart Association.
Parabolic Reflector: A large dish with a
microphone mounted in the center. Used to pick up
audio from large distances.
PARC: Pakistan Council of Agricultural Research.
PAT: Pakistan Awami Tehrik.
PATA: Provincially Administered Tribal Areas.
Pay Per View: Pay television programming for
which viewers pay a separate fee for each program
ordered, (e.g., movies, sporting events, etc.)
Pay TV: Home television programming for which the
viewer pays by the program or by the month; also
called pay-television, subscription television (STV).
PBC: Punjab Bar Council.
PBC: Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. or:
Pakistan Bar Council.
PBF: Pakistan Business Forum.
PC: Privatization Commission. or: Pearl Continental.
PCB: Pakistan Cricket Board.
PCC: Punjab College of Commerce.
PCGA: Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association.
PCO: Provisional Constitutional Order. or: Public
Call Office.
PCR: Production control room of the Studio where
all the video feeds from cameras and light controls
connected with audio video and light switchers.
PCRWR: Pakistan Commission for Research on
Water Resources.
PCSIR: Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research.
PDA: Peshawar Development Authority or Pakistan
Democratic Party.
PEMRA: Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory
Authority.
Peoplemeter: A device that is part of an audience
measurement system of Nielsen Media Research.
PESCO: Peshawar Electric Supply Company.

Peoplemeter: A device that is part of an audience
measurement system of Nielsen Media Research.

PESCO: Peshawar Electric Supply Company.

PFCS: Pakistan Fishermen Cooperative Society.

PFUJ: Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists.

PHC: Peshawar High Court.

PHF: Pakistan Hockey Federation.

PIA: Pakistan International Airlines.

Picture-in-picture (PIP or P.I.P.): A feature of television
sets in which the viewer can see one videotape or program
inside a small window on the screen while watching a
videotape or another program on the same screen.

PID: Press Information Department.
Pilot: A sample of a proposed television series.
PIMS: Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences.
Pixel: Short for picture element, Pixels are the tiny
components that, working together, capture the
digital image record in your camera, and later view
on a computer monitor. The more pixels that there
are, the higher the screen or image resolution will
be.
Pixelization: The ‘break-up’ of a digital image file
that has been scaled up (enlarged) to a point where
the pixels no longer blend together to form a smooth
image. Can also appear in the form of step-like, or
choppy curves and angled lines number of pixels
increase within an image, the less likely you will see
pixelization in it.
PJAP: Pakistan Jamhuri Aman Party.
PLA: People’s Liberation Army.
Playback: Reproduction of sounds, images, or other
material from a recording or other source.
PLF: Peoples Lawyers Forum.
PLI: Postal Life Insurance.
Plug: A jack; an electrical device with fitted into an
outlet or to connect circuits. A phone plug is a jack
commonly used as a microphone connector.
PMA: Pakistan Medical Association. or: Pakistan
Military Academy.
PMDC: Pakistan Medical and Dental Council.
PMG: Post Master General.
PML: Pakistan Muslim League .
PML-F: Pakistan Muslim League-Functional.
PML-J: Pakistan Muslim League-Jinnah.
PML-N: Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz.
PML-Q: Pakistan Muslim League-Qasim.
PML-QA: Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-i-Azam.

PN: Pakistan Navy.

PNA: Pakistan National Alliance.

PNCA: Pakistan National Council of the Arts.

PNG Portable Network Graphics: Developed as a patent-free alternative to GIF, used
for lossless compression for the purposes of displaying images on the World Wide Web.
Adopted by the WWW consortium as a replacement for GIF.

Podcast: A downloadable radio show designed for listening on mobile
or any other portable media device or a computer.

POF: Pakistan Ordnance Factories.

POL: Pakistan Oilfields Limited.

PONM: Pakistan Oppressed Nations Movement.

Postproduction: Referring to the stages after the
photography of a film, or other work, including
editing, dubbing, mixing.
POW: Prisoner of War.
PPAF: Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund.
PPBA: Pakistan Publishers and Booksellers
Association.
PPI: Pakistan Press International.
PPL: Pakistan Petroleum Limited.
PPO: Pakistan Post Office.
PPP: Pakistan Peoples Party.
PPP-SB: Pakistan Peoples Party-Shaheed Bhutto.
PPP-Sherpao: Pakistan Peoples Party-Sherpao.
PPPP: Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarian
PR: Pakistan Railways. or: Public Relations.
Preproduction: The casting, scripting, and other
activities prior to actual filming or production.
Prerecord: To record a TV program prior to
broadcast.
Presentational: A manner of speaking or looking at
a camera as if it were the audience.
Preview light: The green warning light on a TV
camera, which indicates that it is about to transmit.
Preview monitor (PV): A TV screen used by the
director to monitor and select a picture to be used
from among shots by various cameras and other
sources.
Preview or prevue (PV): The promotion of a
forthcoming attraction; also called trailer.
PRGF: Poverty Reduction Growth Facility, is an arm
of the International Monetary Fund which lends
world's poorest countries.

Primary colors: Red, green, and blue, used alone or in combinations to
create all other colors you capture with a digital camera, view on a
computer monitor, or work within an image-editing program like
Photoshop. See also CMYK.

Primary definers: the powerful groups in society who have greater access to the media and
therefore a greater influence over the media's definition of 'reality'. For comment on crime, for
example, the media will consult police first not a victim.

Primary Video Source: Any video source which produces its own picture image; e.g.,
cameras, VTRs, telecine, and character generator.

Prime time: The time period that has the greatest number of viewers or listeners,
generally 8 to 11 p.m.

Producer: The manager of an event, show, or other work, usually the individual in charge of
finance, personnel, and other nonartistic aspects in the development of commercials, plays,
movies, and other works. In TV, the producer has more creative responsibilities and control
than in the movie industry; it is the associate producer who is in charge of the business
elements of production.

Production assistant (P.A.): A person who aids a producer, director, assistant director, or
others involved in film or TV production.

Production associate: A script supervisor in a taped TV production. The job includes timing
each scene.

Production music: Background and theme music used in broadcasting.

Production Switcher: Video switcher which
enables any video source or composite picture on
the air.
Program director: A person in charge of
programming at station.
Promo: Short for promotion, more specifically, the
word refers to the preliminary advertisement or
announcement of a program.
Prompter: A device to enable speakers and
performers to read a script while looking at the
audience or at the camera.
Prop: Short for property,, any scenic element used
to dress the set but which is not structurally a part of
the background. Includes furniture, pictures, and
various items used by performers.
PSB: Pakistan Software Board. or: Pakistan Sports
Board.
PSF: Pakistan Squash Federation. or: Peoples
Students Federation.
PSO: Pakistan State Oil.
PTA: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority. or:
Parents-Teachers Association.
PTC: Pakistan Tobacco Company.
PTCL: Pakistan Telecommunication Company
Limited.
PTDC: Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation.
PTI: Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf.
PTML: Pakistan Telecom Mobile Limited.
PTV: Pakistan Television.
PU: Punjab University.
Public broadcasting: Nonprofit TV stations that are
supported by individual subscribers, foundations,
government, and other funding sources, including
corporations.

Public service advertising: Time or space provided by a station or a publication at no
charge to non-profit Organisations.

Public service announcement: A message usually broadcast free TV stations. The
announcements usually are provided by government agencies and non-profit Organisations and
are considered to be in the public interest.

PWD: Public Works Department.

QAU: Quaid-e-Azam University.

QIP: Quick Impact Project.

QJP: Qaumi Jamhoor Party.

QMG: Quarter Master General.

Rack Rate: Typical advertising or airtime rate available to any advertiser, this does not include
any discounts or special offers.

Radio Frequency (RF) - Wireless transmission of
video and audio signals via various broadcast
channel frequencies.
Radio Microphone - A microphone with a miniature
transmitter and a piece of wire as an aerial.
RAF: Royal Air Force, of Britain.
RAID: - Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, a
technique originally designed for hard disk data
integrity.
Rate Card: Statement by a media company
showing advertising costs, issue dates, program
names, closing dates, requirements, cancellation
dates, position available, etc.
Rating: Popularity of a program.
Raw Stock - A film that has not yet been exposed
and/or processed.
RAW: Research & Analysis Wing, of India.
RDFC: Regional Development Finance Corporation.
Reach: The total number of people or households
reached by a station.
Real Time: The actual time in which an event or
program takes place.
REAP: Rice Exporters Association of Pakistan.
Red-eye: Term used to describe the reddened
pupils of the eyes that sometimes occur when
photographing people or pets with an electronic
flash. The red color appears when the pupil of the
eye is dilated, usually in a low light environment
when the light of the flash strikes the rear portion of
the eye and illuminates the blood vessels located in
the rear portion of the eye. Red-eye can often be
avoided by placing the flash further away from the
camera.
Red light: The warning light over a door of a studio
indicating that it is in use; a light on a TV camera
indication that it is in use.
Remote: A broadcast from a place other than the
station's studio.

Remote: A broadcast from a place other than the station's studio.

RGH: Rawalpindi General Hospital.

Roll Cue: The command to start a film, videotape, or audio tape.

Rolling: Means that a film, videotape, or audio tape has been started and is ready for
playback or recording.

Rough Cut: Roughly edited film on a non-linear editing system with finer changes to be
made before the fine cut.

RSS: Rashtriya Sevak Sang. A Indian Hindu extremist right wing paramilitary group
founded in 1925.

RSS feed: Web feed with frequently updated content. Content distributors syndicate a Web
feed, enabling users to subscribe to a site’s latest content. A newsreader application is required
to read, listen or watch feed on your mobile, computer or portable device on your own schedule.

RTA: Regional Transport Authority.

Running time: The time from the start to the end of
a program, segment, or commercial.
SAARC: South Association for Regional
Cooperation.
SAM: Surface-to-Air Missile.
SANA: South Asian News Agency.
SBP: State Bank of Pakistan.
SC: Supreme Court.
SCA: Sindh Chamber of Agriculture.
Schedule: A list of consecutive programs.
SEO Search Engine Optimization: Art of setting-up
your website to be as search engine friendly as
possible through putting certain key search terms,
as used by customers in search engines.
Scoop: Very important exclusive story break by any
journalist. A light with a shovel-shaped reflector.
SCR dimmer: A silicon-controlled rectifier used in
lighting control in TV.
Scrambler: A device usually found in a transmitter,
which scrambles the signal of a cable network so it
cannot be viewed without a decoder.
Script: The text of a speech, play, film, commercial,
or program or simply a schedule or sequential
account written by a scriptwriter.
SDO: Sub-Divisional Officer.
SDP: Sindh Democratic Party. or: Social Democratic
Party.
SDPI: Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
SECP: Securities and Exchange Commission of
Pakistan.
Set-top box: Electronic device that connects to a
TV, providing connectivity to the Internet,
game systems, cable systems or direct to home
satellite television.

Share: Term use when anyone distributes specific
content with friends or ‘followers. In advertisement it
is a percent of audience tuned to a particular

Shaky cam: TV segment made by a hand-held
camera, such as a minicam.

Share: Term use when anyone distributes specific
content with friends or ‘followers. In advertisement it
is a percent of audience tuned to a particular
program at a given time.

Steadycam: Apparatus used with handheld camera to
control movement and jerks.

SHC: Sindh High Court.

SHC: Sindh High Court.

Shoot: A session at which performances are filmed, especially on location
instead of in a studio (to go on a shoot or to a shoot).

Shooting script: A script for a TV production.

Shooting: Process of recording images or action on any device.

Shots of various kinds
Big fat wide shot (BFWS): An instruction to a
cameraman for a wide angle.
Birds eye view shot: Looking directly down on
the subject. Making the subject appear shot. This
shot can be used to give an overall establishing
the scene These shots are normally used for
public meetings or establishing where the
character is. It is shot by lifting the camera up by
hands or by hanging it off something strong
enough to support it like boom.
Camera shot: That part of the subject matter that
is viewed and photographed by the camera.
Close-up (CU): A tight photograph or shot,
generally of the face and shoulders; a close shot.
Cover shot: Establishing shot in filmmaking and
television production usually from long-distance
view, generally begins a sequence, to establish
the location.
Crane Shot: Shot taken by a camera on a
crane, Jib or boom.
Distance shot: A view in which the subject is a
long distance from the camera or appears to be
far away; also called a long shot.
Dolly Shot Any shot made from a moving
dolly.
Ear shot: A close-up of a person in profile.
Establishing shot: An opening comprehensive
view, a long or wide shot to set the scene or
acquaint the audience with the setting,
characters, or plot, followed by details and closer
action.
Extreme close-up: A tight camera shot, close in
and limited to one part of the subject.

Extreme Long Shot: A shot taken from as much
as a quarter of a mile away, and is generally used
as a scene-setting, establishing shot. It normally
shows an exterior, e.g. the outside of a building, or
a landscape, and is often used to show scenes of
thrilling action e.g. in a war film or establishing
wide spread disaster in a documentary. There will
be very little detail visible in the shot, as it is
meant to give a general impression rather than
specific information.
Full Shot: Long shot, wide shot and establishing
shot some time referred as full shot because it
gives complete picture
High Angle Shot: Camera angle is located above
the eyeline. With this type of angle, the camera
looks down on the subject High angle shots also
make the figure or object seem low.
Longshot:In photography, filmmaking and
video production when you select the entire scene
and the object is place in it in relation to its
surroundings. It is now common to refer to a long
shot as a "wide shot" because it often requires the
use of a wide-angle lens. When a long shot is
used to set up a location and its participants in film
and video it is called an establishing shot.
Low Angle Shot: Camera angle positioned low
on the subject, anywhere below the eyeline,
looking up.
Master Shot: A single shot of a scene, usually a
wide or long shot, which is used as the reference
or master in editing a sequence.
Medium close-up (MCU): A camera position that
is between a medium shot and a close-up,
generally showing a person's head and shoulders
and part of the chest.
Medium shot (MS): A camera position between a
close-up and a long shot--for instance, the view of
a person from the head to the waist or lower.
Medium-long shot (MLS): A camera position
between a long shot and medium shot.

Moving shot: A technique in which the camera
follows the action; also called action shot.
Over-the-shoulder shot (OSS): A camera shot
made from behind a performer, sometimes
including all or part of the head and shoulders,
with the camera focused on the spot at which
the performer is looking.
Panning Shot: Pan or panning shot cover
whole scene, like moving camera in a room
from wall to wall or in outside covering
landscape from right to left or left to right
movement of camera for taking shots.
Panorama Shot: Cover the whole room without
panning the camera. Sometime cameraman
don’t have space available to move the camera
or even in taking still photo using wide angle
lenses.
Point of view (POV): A camera shot seen from
or obtained from the position of a performer so
that a viewer sees what the performer is
seeing.
Running shot: Shot in which the camera
moves to follow a moving subject.
Tight on: An instruction to a television camera
operator for a close shot of a specific person or
object.
Tight two shot: A direction to a TV camera
operator for close-up of the heads of two
people
Shutter Speed: Shutter speed is the amount of time
that the shutter is open. In film photography it was the
length of time that the film was exposed to the scene
you’re photographing and similarly in digital
photography shutter speed is the length of time that
your image sensor ‘sees’ the scene you’re attempting
to capture. If you change your shutter speed for
example from 1/125th to 1/250th you’re effectively
letting half as much light into your camera

SI: Sub Inspector.

Sign off or sign-off: A slang term for the end or an
ending of a transmission.

Sign on: Beginning of a transmission.

Signal: An electrical impulse representing sound, image, or a message transmitted
or received in television.

Silks: Screens used for lighting and shading.

Simulcast: A broadcast of a program at the same time on a television station and a radio
station or on Internet

Single-camera production: The shooting of a program with one camera (as
opposed to using multiple cameras).

Sister station: TV stations owned by the same company.

Sitcom: Situation comedy, a humorous TV show
featuring the same characters on each program,
generally once a week. Family front, Double-
Trouble.
SKMT: Shaukat Khanum Memorial Trust.
Slot: The location of a program, announcement,
news item, interview, or commercial on a broadcast
schedule.
SME: Small & Medium Enterprise.
SNA: Sindh National Alliance.
SNF: Sindh National Front.
SNGPL: Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited.
Snow: Fluctuating spots on a television screen
resulting from a weak signal.
Soap opera: A dramatic serial TV program,
originally sponsored on radio mainly by Procter &
Gamble and other soap companies; also called a
soap
Social Media: Digital platform that facilitates two
way flows between users online a good example are
Facebook, LinkedIn, YouTube, Twitter, blogging.
SOT: Sound on tape, instruction by a director to
include a SOT in the package.
Sound effects: Animals, traffic, weather, and
sounds other than dialogue and music, produced
from an actual source or artificially.
Sound Track: An optical, magnetic or digital band
carrying the sound recording alongside the picture
frames on a motion-picture film.
Soundbite: The audio track of a portion of a
interview.
Sounder: A brief musical or sound effects sequence
for network or station identification.
SP: Superintendent of Police.
Spam: Term describing uncalled commercial e-mail.

Spam filter: Software built into e-mail gateways as
well as e-mail client applications designed to identify
and remove unsolicited commercial messages from
incoming e-mail before the end user sees them.

Spammer: Person or computer sends spamming messages.

Speed 1. Camera speed is the rate of film advancement expressed in frames per second
(fps). 2. Lens speed is the full amount of light a lens is capable of transmitting. 3. Emulsion
speed is the emulsion sensitivity to light, expressed as an index of exposure.

Sponsor: A broadcast advertiser who pays for part or all of a program. The word now is used
to indicate any broadcast advertiser, including a sponsor of an individual spot or commercial.

Spool: A roll on which film is wound for general handling or
projection.

Spot: Advertising time purchased or available.

Spotlight Effect: Special video effect on many switchers which
enables a portion of the screen to appear brighter in order to
highlight a particular element within the shot.

SSC: Secondary School Certificate.

SSG: Special Services Group.
SSGC: Sui Southern Gas Company.
SSP: Senior Superintendent of Police. or: Sipah-e-
Sahaba Pakistan.
Standby: A person or thing ready for use as a
substitute, usually on an emergency basis.
Stills: Slang for the still photographers of the print
media.
Storyboard: A series of illustrations (storyboard
sketches) or layouts of scenes in a proposed TV
commercial or other work, used as a guide prior to
production.
STPP: Sindh Taraqqi Pasand Party.
Streaming Media: Video or audio that can be
watched or listened to online but not stored
permanently, also called Webcasting.
Subtitle: A superimposed caption at the bottom of
the TV screen.
Superimposition (super): Placing one image on
top of another, such as a slide superimposed on the
image received from a television camera.
Surfing: The rapid changing of TV channels with a
remote control.
Switch: A direction to move or change, as from one
camera or video source to another or to change
camera angles. The device (video mixer) or person
(studio engineer) responsible for camera mixing or
switching is called a switch or switcher.
Switcher: Electronic device used to select the
image or composite images which are either
broadcast or recorded.
Synchronous, Speed: Camera speed of exactly 24
frames per second synchronized with the sound
recording.

Synthesizer: A device that can take an external or
internal audio signal and change it by a preset
controlled process

SZABIST: Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology.

T1: A high-speed Internet connection, allowing transfer rates of 1.5 Mbps. (megabytes
per second).

T3: Even faster than T1, a T-3 connection transfers information over the Internet at a rate of
45 megabytes per second.

Tag: Tags are keywords added with the content to help search engine find related topics or media.

Talent: Anyone who appears on camera.

Talkback: A brief sequence at the end of a live remote news report in which the anchor asks
one or more questions of the reporter.

Tally light: A red light on an active camera.

Tape delay system: On telephone call-in programs,
a procedure used to tape a phone call and delay it
for a few seconds prior to broadcast so that
obscenities can be deleted or the call cut off prior to
broadcast.
tape log: A list of contents or sequences on an
audio or videotape.
Tape: To record on audio and/or videotape.
TBA: To be announced, used in broadcasting when
the name of a program or other information is not
available.
TCP: Trading Corporation of Pakistan.
TDCP: Tourism Development Corporation of
Punjab.
TelePrompter: A trademarked visual prompting
device for speakers and television performers that
reproduces the current portion of the script in
enlarged letters.
Teletext: An over-the-air system for the
transmission of text and simple graphics onto a
television screen.
Tell story: A news report read by a TV announcer
or reporter without accompanying tape or film.
terrestrial feed: TV transmission via land lines such
as telephone, or direct (without lines); different from
satellite feed.
Tilt: A direction to move a camera up or down; a
vertical pan.
Time base correction (TBC): A process of filling
out, or correcting, the electronic lines that make up a
video image; minimizes or eliminates jiggling of the
picture.
Time code: A digitally encoded signal that is
recorded on videotape in the format of house,
minutes, seconds and frames.
Time slot: A period in a schedule.

Time-coding: The recording of the date and time on the edge of a videotape as it is
being shot, to assist in editing and record keeping.

Timeline: In Production and Editing, Audio
or video place in a sequence is called
timeline. In social Media ‘history view’ of
your social activity.

Tip-off: Information about a surprise event or breaking news, whether on or off the record.

TMA: Tehsil Municipal Administration.

TNFJ: Tehrik Nafaz Fiqah-e-Jafria. Now it is changed to Tehrik e Jafria Pakistan

Transmission: The actual sending or beaming of the audio/video portion of the program from
point to point.

Transponder: A receiver that transmits signals when activated by a
specific signal. For example, a satellite transponder picks up signals
from the earth, translates them into a new frequency, amplifies
them, and transmits them back to earth.

TVRO (television receive-only): In satellite broadcasting, an
earth station that can receive but not transmit, consisting of an
antenna and equipment.

Tweet: Message posed on twitter.com page.
Limited window can handle upto 140-characters
including spaces.
UAAR: University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi.
UAE: United Arab Emirates.
UBL: United Bank Limited.
UC: Union Council.
UDF: United Democratic Front.
UET: University of Engineering & Technology.
UK: United Kingdom.
Ultra High Frequency (UHF): Television channels
14-74.
Ultraviolet: A range of wavelengths shorter than
those in the visible spectrum but detected by film
emulsions unless an ultraviolet (UV) filter is used to
stop this radiation.
U-Matic: Video format by Sony using ¾ - inch
cassettes. Has three different versions (LB, HB and
SP), Popular production format for those not wealthy
enough to use Beta SP or digital.
UNDCP: United Nations Drug Control Programme.
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme.
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organisation.
UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population.
UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees.
UNHRC: United Nations Human Rights
Commission.
UNIC: United Nations Information Centre.
Unidirectional: Microphone pickup pattern in which
the microphone is designed for increased sensitivity
to sounds emanating from a particular direction.
UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development
Organization.

Universal Zoom: Generally describes a lens with a wide horizontal field of view (to permit
great indoor production flexibility) and a very long telephoto focal length (for remote
production coverage, especially sports). The wide zoom range permits the lens to be used in
virtually every production situation.

UNMOGIP: United Nations Military
Observers Group for India and Pakistan.

UPI: United Press International.

Uplink: The portion from the ground source up to the
satellite. The balance of the circuit is the downlink

USAF: United States Air Force.

Variable mike: A microphone with several ports, or openings, in it so that
it has a directional pickup pattern.

VCOAS: Vice Chief of the Army Staff.

Very High Frequency (VHF) Television channels 2-13. Generally, VHF stations have the
greatest range of coverage, whereas UHF stations cover a much smaller area (54 to 216 Mega
Hertz).

VET: Video editing terminal.
VHP: Vishwa Hindu Parishad — World Hindu
Council.
VHS: A trademark for video home system, a type of
1/2 inch videocassette recorder. It is not compatible
with the Beta format.
Video journalist: A person who operates a video
camera and simultaneously is a news reporter.
Video wall: An array of television monitors, as at an
exhibition.
Videocassette recorder (VCR): A device for
recording and playing videotape cassettes on a TV
set or monitor.
Video-frame: A single picture taken from a
videotape or off a TV screen.
Video-in: A jack through which a video signal is fed
into a TV set or other receptacle; also called line-in.
Video-out: A jack from which a video signal is fed
out of a videotape recorder; also called line- out.
Viewfinder: System used for composing and/or
focusing the subject being photographed. Many
compact Handicam now use LCD screens in place
of a conventional viewfinder.
VOA: Voice of America.
VOG: Voice of Germany, Deutsche Welle.
Voice-over: The sound of an unseen narrator on a
TV program, a reading by a TV announcer while a
videotape is shown.
VOIP: Voice over Internet Protocol use computer or
other web-enabled device to place phone calls.
Skype is the most popular example.
Vox PoP: Arrangement to get the voice of street in a
quick question and answers, by asking open ended
questions and by avoiding leading questions. Vox
Pop drive from “voice of people”(latin).

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