Expectations for Short Papers Leadership & EthicsIntroducti.docx

Expectations for Short Papers: Leadership & Ethics
Introduction:
The purpose of the introduction is to introduce the reader to the
central theme(s) of your paper. An effective introduction goes
from general to more specific information regarding the
subject(s) you will be covering in your paper. Then, gradually
narrowing down the subject to a specific purpose statement. It
should be concise, and therefore, the reader should have no
doubt as to the topic of your paper. Because this is a short
paper, the introduction must be no more than one to two
paragraphs in length. (1 to 2-paragraph maximum) Note: If you
do write one paragraph for your introduction, make sure it is
thorough.
Tips for the Introduction Section:
· Keep it general. In other words, save the specific analysis of
the information you will be discussing, for the actual analysis
section. Remember, the introduction provides a broad overview
of what will be discussed.
· Please do not use direct quotes in the introduction. All
concepts or theories should be paraphrased, this helps to create
a stronger introduction written by you, versus taking
information verbatim.
· Make sure whatever you write in your introduction is
elaborated on in the analysis section of your paper. Everything
needs to connect
Purpose Statement:
After the introduction, you would then gradually narrow down
the focus to a specific purpose statement. A purpose statement,
is essentially just like a thesis statement, except more specific
and direct. It provides the paper with a clear scope, direction
and purpose. The purpose statement should be concise, and
therefore, the reader should have no doubt as to the topic of

your paper and the exact components that you will be discussing
in the analysis section.
Note: A purpose statement is written differently than a thesis
statement. Therefore, it may not be what you are normally used
to so please be sure to review the examples below so you are
clear as to how I would like the purpose statement written.
The purpose statement can be two to three sentences (depending
on the complexity of the paper), which again, explicitly states
the focus and direction of the writing.
Examples of a purpose statement:
“The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of leadership
and its importance to an organization. In addition,
transformational leadership will be discussed, as well as the
potential benefits of this theory within an organization.”
“The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of an
ethical climate within an organization, and the biases that
impact moral decision making. Additionally, an ethical issue
will be examined, as well a discussion on how the issue could
have been avoided by establishing a solid ethical climate.”
*If you are ever wondering what components to put in your
purpose statement, take a look at what is needed for the analysis
section.
*Please note: In some courses your professor may ask for a
thesis statement. A thesis statement is written differently from
a purpose statement. Please be sure to understand that not
every paper you write in graduate school will require a purpose
statement, it will depend on how the professor would like you to
approach the assignment. For more information on the
differences between a purpose and thesis statement, check out
https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/Thesis_or_Purpose.html
Analysis:
The body of the paper is comprised of the analyzation and
presentation of materials that support your purpose statement.

Paragraphs must be well-developed and discuss each component
necessary for the assignment. Additionally, it is not enough to
just “tell” the reader your perspective, you must “show” the
reader why you believe your perspective is relevant. This is
done by incorporating scholarly resources, as well as specific
examples to help validate your perspective.
(3.5 to 4 pages maximum)
Tips for Writing the Analysis section:
· Make sure you thoroughly cover each component of the
analysis.
· Only include pertinent information; stay on track with what
each part of the outline is asking for.
· Because this is a research paper, your perspective must be
supported by additional resources (i.e. articles, books, etc.). For
example, if I think that transformational leadership is the most
beneficial in an organization, I would need to find research to
help validate my perspective.
· Please define concepts and theories in your own words
(paraphrase).
· Use quotes sparingly! Quotes are meant to enhance analysis,
they should not be used in place of defining concepts or
theories.
· Always define all concepts, theories, etc. You want to write is
if the reader is not familiar with the material.
· Please make sure you understand how to provide an in-text
citation for a direct quote, versus how you would cite when you
paraphrase information. Please be sure to review the APA
material located in week one.
Conclusion:
The conclusion should be definitive and concise. It should
capture the importance of the central theme(s) of the paper. It
should emphasize the significance of the issues/concepts you
have discussed throughout the body of your paper. This helps
your paper to be organized, and provides unity. (1 to 2
paragraphs maximum)

Tips for Writing Your Conclusion:
Try to not restate in specific detail everything you just
discussed in the analysis section. Remember, you want to
capture and wrap up the overall central theme(s) of your paper.
Using Scholarly and/or Reputable Resources:
Scholarly resources (academic sources) and reputable resources
aside from your text, should be used for all papers in this
course. In other words, pulling information from a website such
as wikepedia.com or a business dictionary, is not considered a
scholarly/reputable resource. Check out the WU online library
database. It is a helpful tool and resource. The library link is
located on the left-hand side of Blackboard.
Plagiarism Policy:
Please take time to review the policy on plagiarism located in
the syllabus. You are expected to review the policy prior to
completing your assignment. If you have any questions, please
do not hesitate to email me. I am here to help.
Topic 3: Medication Errors
Short Description:
A medication error is a preventable adverse effect of a patient
taking the wrong medication or dosage, whether or not it is
evident or harmful to the patient. Medication errors can be a
source of serious patient harm, including death.
Potential Intervention Approaches:
· Medical staff education
· Packaging improvements
· Patient medication safety training
Keywords for Articles:
medication administration, medication errors, medication safety
References:
Cohen, M. (2016). Medication errors (miscellaneous). Nursing.
46(2):72, February 2016. DOI:
10.1097/01.NURSE.0000476239.09094.06
Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2017). Improve Core

Processes for Administering Medications.
http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Changes/ImproveCoreProce
ssesforAdministeringMedications.aspx
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2012). Table 6:
Categories of Medication Error Classification.
http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/quality-patient-
safety/patient-safety-resources/resources/match/matchtab6.html
Schmidt, K., Taylor, A., & Pearson, A. (2017). Reduction of
medication errors: A unique approach. Journal of Nursing Care
Quality. 32(2), April/June 2017, 150–156.
Running head: APPLYING RESEARCH SKILLS 1
Copyright ©2018 Capella University. Copy and distribution of
this document are prohibited.
Applying Research Skills
Learner’s Name
Capella University
Developing a Health Care Perspective

February, 2018
Comment [A1]: You effectively used the APA
Template paper format.
APPLYING RESEARCH SKILLS 2
With the advent of new technologies and treatment methods,
health care organizations
are facing many challenges. Patient safety is one such challenge
that needs to be addressed not
only by health care professionals but also by other stakeholders

in the business. Ensuring patient
safety is essential for providing quality health care.
As a medical transcriptionist, I am responsible for converting
voice-recorded reports of
health care professionals into text. Although I am not directly
involved in treating patients, any
errors that occur during the transcription process could result in
inaccurate documentation of
medical data. For example, one of my colleagues documented
the dosage of Lasix as 400 mg
instead of 40 mg in a discharge summary. When the health care
professional who had dictated
the report reviewed it, he was able to spot the error in the
dosage and correct it, which helped
prevent the patient from having a dangerous reaction to the
incorrect dosage. This incident
helped me realize the importance of preparing accurate
documents for ensuring patient safety
and delivering quality care. I developed a keen interest in issues
relating to patient safety ever
since.
Identifying Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles
Using Summon, Capella University Library’s search engine, I

accessed databases relating
to health care, such as ProQuest Central and PubMed Central. I
used keywords such as health
care issues, patient safety, and quality of care to search for
peer-reviewed literature relevant to
patient safety. Using the advanced search option, I limited my
search to scholarly and peer-
reviewed journals, choosing journal article as the publication
type, medicine and nursing as the
subjects, and articles published within the last five years as the
publication date range.
Comment [A2]: You effectively summarized a
health care problem and described an interest in the
topic, and provided an informative example.
Assessing Credibility and Relevance of Information Sources
To ensure credibility, I selected peer-reviewed journal articles
that were published within
the past five years. I made sure that the selected sources were

published by authors who were
well-known in the field of health care and had extensive
professional experience.
To ensure that the chosen sources of information were relevant
to the topic, I confirmed
that they contained accepted facts and opinions on issues
relating to patient safety and quality
care. I also checked whether each information source had a
clearly defined purpose and
contained pertinent information about patient safety and quality
care.
Annotated Bibliography
Kronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2).
Improving safety for hospitalized patients:
Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA
Network, 316(5), 489–490.
Retrieved from https://jamanetwork-
com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945
This article provides a viewpoint on the progress that hospitals
have made toward
reducing patient harm and understand the factors that have led
to this progress. The
authors cite reports released by the Agency for Healthcare

Research and Quality (AHRQ)
and the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) to analyze
the occurrence of issues
relating to patient safety in hospitals. The authors hypothesize
that improvement in health
care safety for hospitalized patients may have been possible
because of reasons such as
an awareness of the importance of improving safety culture with
evidence-based
suggestions. The authors conclude by expressing the need for
finding ways to maintain or
accelerate the rate of decline in adverse events relating to
patient harm. They believe that
Comment [A3]: Sub-headers are a helpful
resource to use to organize your writing!
Comment [A4]: As you noted, it is best to select
current peer-reviewed academic journal articles to
ensure current practices.
Comment [A5]: In your annotation, you
effectively identified the purpose of the article.

investing in patient safety research programs and ensuring that
patient safety remains a
high priority for hospital leadership teams can help reduce the
number of adverse events.
This article is relevant to patient safety because it examines
evidence of reduction in
patient harms in hospitals and offers approaches to reduce such
harms.
Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving
patient safety and healthcare
quality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future
medical laboratory science
practitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204.
Retrieved from https://search-
proquest-
com.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F
9C5B900402CPQ/1?acc
ountid=27965
In this article, the authors express their concern about health
care professionals,
particularly medical laboratory science (MLS) practitioners,

being insufficiently trained
to achieve the five core competencies that the Institute of
Medicine (IOM) identified in
2002. The authors discuss ways to incorporate patient safety
practices and concepts in the
MLS curricula to ensure that future MLS practitioners are well-
versed in the above-
mentioned competencies identified by the IOM. The authors
conclude that by focusing on
the aims and competencies identified by the IOM, future
practitioners will be better
equipped to deal with patient safety concerns while practicing
MLS. This article was
chosen because it offers a solution for dealing with patient
safety issues and explains how
patient safety concepts can be incorporated in the curricula for
courses pertaining to
Comment [A6]: In your annotation, you clearly
summarized the main argument and the topics
covered.

health care, such as MLS, to enable future health care
practitioners to provide effective
health care.
Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The
role of hospital managers in quality
and patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9).
http://dx.doi.org/
10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055
This article provides a systematic review of available empirical
literature to understand
how health care managers are involved in delivering quality
health care and ensuring
patient safety. Based on the literature review, the authors
suggest that board-level
managers should spend more than 25% of their time on patient
safety and quality to
ensure positive outcomes; however, most of the reviewed
studies indicate that they spend
much less time than that. The authors also present a quality
management input process
output (IPO) model, a framework that will help managers

function effectively and
achieve health care quality and safety. The authors conclude
that there is a need to make
certain changes in hospitals to ensure the active involvement of
managers in quality
improvement. The article is relevant to patient safety because it
discusses the role of
health care managers in influencing patient safety and quality
care outcomes and also
proposes a model to help managers understand this role.
Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety
culture: Foundations of excellent
health care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–
456, 505. Retrieved from
https://search-proquest-
Comment [A7]: In your annotation, you
effectively included the conclusions and findings of
the article.
Comment [A8]: You listed the full reference for
the source in APA format (author, date, title,
publisher, et cetera) and used APA format for the
annotated bibliography. An impressive application
of APA formatting!

com.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486
CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac
countid=27965
This article provides a general understanding of the concepts of
patient safety and patient
safety culture. The authors explain that the health care system is
complex and patient
safety is the responsibility of every individual in a health care
organization. They discuss
some tools that can be used to measure patient safety culture,
for example, the Safety
Attitudes Questionnaire and the Patient Safety Culture
Improvement Tool. They also
examine several strategies to encourage a patient safety culture,
such as ensuring that
patient safety is given as much importance as other core
business functions. This article
was chosen because it offers strategies for preventing adverse
events relating to patient

safety and emphasizes the importance of teamwork within a
health care organization to
ensure safe patient care.
Learnings From the Research
I gathered important facts and scholarly opinions about patient
safety by going through
peer-reviewed journal articles. This research enriched my
knowledge about patient safety. For
example, after reading the article on improving safety for
hospitalized patients by Kronick,
Arnold, and Brady (2016), I learned about patient harms (such
as catheter-associated urinary
tract infections and pressure ulcers) that I was unaware of
before this research. Further, by
creating an annotated bibliography, I was able to build a
repository of scholarly resources
relating to patient safety. This will make it easier for me to
choose relevant resources while
writing the paper on issues concerning patient safety.
Comment [A9]: Peer-reviewed journal articles
are validated sources. Outstanding article choices!
Comment [A10]: You effectively summarized
the main points learned from your research.

References
Kronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2).
Improving safety for hospitalized patients:
Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA
Network, 316(5), 489–490.
Retrieved from https://jamanetwork-
com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945
Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving
patient safety and healthcare
quality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future
medical laboratory science
practitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204.
Retrieved from https://search-
proquest-
com.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F
9C5B900402CPQ/1?acc

ountid=27965
Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The
role of hospital managers in quality
and patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9).
http://dx.doi.org/
10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055
Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety
culture: Foundations of excellent
health care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–
456, 505. Retrieved from
https://search-proquest-
com.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486
CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac
countid=27965
11/2/18, 10(55 AMApplying Research Skills Scoring Guide
Page 1 of
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FP/NHS-
FP4000/180700/Scoring_Guides/a02_scoring_guide.html

Applying Research Skills Scoring Guide
CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT
DISTINGUISHED
Summarize a
health care
problem or issue
and describe a
personal interest
in it and
experience with
it.
Does not
summarize a
health care
problem or issue
and describe a
personal interest
in it and
experience with
it.
Incompletely or
inaccurately
summarizes a
health care
problem or issue,
or does not
describe a
personal interest in
it and experience
with it.
Summarizes a

health care
problem or
issue and
describes a
personal
interest in it and
experience with
it.
Summarizes a health
care problem or issue
and describes a
personal interest in it
and experience with
it, providing examples
to illustrate interest
and experience.
Identify
academic peer-
reviewed journal
articles relevant
to a health care
problem or issue
and describe the
criteria used for
the literature
search.
Does not identify
academic peer-
reviewed journal
articles relevant
to a health care
problem or issue
and describe the

criteria used for
the literature
search.
Identifies journal
articles related to a
health care
problem or issue
but they are not
relevant or peer-
reviewed, or does
not describe the
criteria used for
the literature
search.
Identifies
academic peer-
reviewed
journal articles
relevant to a
health care
problem or
issue and
describes the
criteria used for
the literature
search.
Identifies academic
peer-reviewed journal
articles relevant to a
health care problem
or issue and
describes the criteria
used for the literature

search, explaining
how the articles are
relevant.
Assess the
credibility and
relevance of
information
sources.
Does not assess
the credibility
and relevance of
information
sources.
Describes the
sources of
information but
does not assess
the sources'
credibility and
relevance.
Assesses the
credibility and
relevance of
information
sources.
Assesses the
credibility and
relevance of
information sources
and describes the
process for

determining their
credibility.
Analyze
academic peer-
reviewed journal
articles using the
annotated
bibliography
organizational
format.
Does not
analyze
academic peer-
reviewed journal
articles using the
annotated
bibliography
organizational
format.
Analyzes
academic peer-
reviewed journal
articles but fails to
use the annotated
bibliography
format effectively.
Analyzes
academic peer-
reviewed
journal articles
using the
annotated

bibliography
organizational
format.
Analyzes academic
peer-reviewed journal
articles using the
annotated
bibliography
organizational format,
providing rationale for
inclusion of each
selected article.
Summarize what Does not Incompletely Summarizes
Summarizes what
11/2/18, 10(55 AMApplying Research Skills Scoring Guide
Page 2 of
2https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/NHS-
FP/NHS-
FP4000/180700/Scoring_Guides/a02_scoring_guide.html
was learned from
developing an
annotated
bibliography.
summarize what
was learned
from developing
an annotated
bibliography.

summarizes what
was learned from
developing an
annotated
bibliography.
what was
learned from
developing an
annotated
bibliography.
was learned from
developing an
annotated
bibliography and
provides illustrative
examples.
Write clearly and
logically, with
correct use of
spelling,
grammar,
punctuation, and
mechanics.
Does not write
clearly and
logically, with
correct use of
spelling,
grammar,
punctuation, and
mechanics.

Writes clearly and
logically, with
correct use of
spelling, grammar,
punctuation, and
mechanics with
some errors and
lapses.
Writes clearly
and logically,
with correct use
of spelling,
grammar,
punctuation,
and mechanics.
Writes clearly and
logically, using
evidence to support a
central idea, with
correct use of
spelling, grammar,
punctuation, and
mechanics. The
paper contains
supporting examples
for the main points.
Write following
APA style for in-
text citations,
quotes, and
references.

Does not write
following APA
style for in-text
citations, quotes,
and references.
Writes following
APA style for in-
text citations,
quotes, and
references with
some errors and
lapses.
Writes following
APA style for in-
text citations,
quotes, and
references.
Writes following APA
style for in-text
citations, quotes, and
references without
errors, and uses
current reference
sources.
Overview
Create a 4-6 page annotated bibliography and summary based on
your research related to best practices addressing a current
health care problem or issue of interest to you.
For this assessment, you will select and research a current
health care problem or issue faced by a health care organization.
Read each portion of the assessment carefully and use the

Suggested Resources to help you complete the assessment. This
assessment provides an opportunity to apply research skills to a
current health care problem or issue.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will
demonstrate your proficiency in the following course
competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Apply information literacy and library research
skills to obtain scholarly information in the field of health care.
· Identify academic peer-reviewed journal articles relevant to a
health care problem or issue and describe the criteria used for
the literature search.
· Summarize what was learned from developing an annotated
bibliography.
Competency 2: Apply scholarly information through critical
thinking to solve problems in the field of health care.
· Assess the credibility and relevance of information sources.
· Analyze academic peer-reviewed journal articles using the
annotated bibliography organizational format.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly,
professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and
integrity of others, and that is consistent with expectations for
health care professionals.
· Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling,
grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
· Write following APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and
references.
Assessment Instructions
Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the
grading criteria in the scoring guide. At a minimum, be sure to
address each point. In addition, you are encouraged to review
the performance level descriptions for each criterion to see how
your work will be assessed.
For this assessment, you will research best practices related to a
current health care problem. Your selected problem or issue will

be utilized again in Assessment 3. To explore your chosen
topic, you should use the first two steps of the Socratic
Problem-Solving Approach as described on Campus to aid your
critical thinking.
1. View the Assessment Topic Areas media piece linked in the
Resources and select one of the health care problems or issues
in the media piece to research. Write a brief overview of the
selected topic. In your overview:
. Describe the health care problem or issue.
. Describe your interest in the topic.
. Describe any professional experience you have with this topic.
· Conduct a search for scholarly or academic peer-reviewed
literature related to the topic and describe the criteria you used
to search for articles, including the names of the databases you
used.
. You will want to access the applicable Undergraduate Library
Research Guide related to your degree (found at the NHS
Learner Success Lab) for tips to help you in your search.
. Use keywords related to the health care problem or issue you
are researching to select relevant articles.
· Assess the credibility of the information sources you find.
. Determine if the source is from an academic peer-reviewed
journal.
. Determine if the publication is current.
. Determine if information in the academic peer-reviewed
journal article is still relevant.
· Select four current scholarly or academic peer-reviewed
journal articles published during the past three to five years that
relate to your topic.
· Explain the relevance of the information sources.
. Describe how the health care problem or issue is addressed in
each source.
. Discuss what kind of contribution each source provides on
your selected topic.
· Analyze the scholarly literature or academic peer-reviewed
journal articles using the annotated bibliography organizational

format.
. The purpose of an annotated bibliography is to document a list
of references along with key information about each one. The
detail about the reference is the annotation. Developing this
annotated bibliography will create a foundation of knowledge
about the selected topic.
. List the full reference for the source in APA format (author,
date, title, publisher, et cetera) and use APA format for the
annotated bibliography.
. Make sure the references are listed in alphabetical order, are
double-spaced, and use hanging indents.
. Follow the reference with the annotation.
· In your annotation:
. Identify the purpose of the article.
. Summarize the source:
. What are the main arguments?
. What topics are covered?
· Include the conclusions and findings of the article.
· Write your annotation in a paragraph form. The annotation
should be approximately 150 words (1 to 3 paragraphs) in
length.
· In a separate paragraph or two at the end of the paper,
summarize what you learned from your research.
· List the main points you learned about.
· Summarize the main contributions of the sources you chose
and how they enhanced your knowledge about the topic.
Example Assessment: You may use the assessment example,
linked in the Assessment Example section of the Resources, to
give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the
scoring guide would look like.
Additional Requirements
1. Length: At least 4 typed, double-spaced pages, not including
the title page and reference page.
2. Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
3. APA Template: Use the APA Style Paper Template as the
paper format and the APA Style Paper Tutorial for guidance.

See the Resources for these documents.
4. Written communication: Write clearly and logically, with
correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
5. Content: Provide a title page and reference page following
APA style.
6. References: Use at least four scholarly or academic peer-
reviewed journal articles.
7. APA format: Follow current APA guidelines for in-text
citation of outside sources in the body of your paper and also on
the reference page.
8. Turnitin: Submit your assessment to Turnitin prior to
grading. Then, only submit your final assessment to faculty for
grading.
Note: Review the Applying Research Skills Scoring Guide for
the grading criteria applied to this assessment.
If you would like assistance in organizing your assessment, or if
you simply have a question about your assessment, please do
not hesitate to ask your courseroom instructor or the teaching
assistants in the NHS Learner Success Lab for guidance and
suggestions.

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