1. Kidney stones
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2. Causes & Types
Various stone locations
Different causes lead to different types of
stones
Calcium is a normal part of a healthy diet
and is used by bones and muscles.
Calcium not used by the body goes to the
kidneys where it is normally flushed out
with the rest of the urine. In some
people, however, the calcium that stays
behind joins with other waste products to
form a stone.
http://www.kidneystoners.org
Calcium stones are the most common type
© 2012 Right Doctor

3. Causes & Types
Struvite stones may form after an
infection in the urinary system
It a type of stone that contains the
mineral magnesium and the waste
product ammonia.
Uric acid stones may form when there
http://www.kidneystoners.org is too much acid in the urine.
Cystine, one of the building blocks that
make up muscles, nerves, and other
parts of the body, can build up in the
urine and form a stone. Cystine stones
are rare. The disease that causes
cystine stones (cystinosis) runs in
Stones can be as small as a grain of sand families.
or as large as a pearl
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4. Symptoms Pain areas
• Severe or sudden pain in the back or
side of abdomen
• Blood in the urine
• Fever & Chills
• Vomiting
• Burning feeling while urination
In some individuals, there may be no symptoms at all and stones may be detected during examination
and/or investigations
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5. Diagnosis
 Can be confirmed by x-ray or ultrasound
Stones  Urine tests can also help detect any
abnormal substance that may
promote stone formation.
 Blood tests may be required to
assess kidney function status
Bilateral kidney stones on
abdominal X-ray.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org
© 2012 Right Doctor

6. Treatment
 Stones that are small usually pass out in the urine of their own and may
cause no problems.
 Surgery or breaking of stones with electric waves may be needed only in
severe cases where stone does not pass after a reasonable period and
causes constant or frequent pain or results in chronic problem
• Physician or Nephrologists (Kidney specialist) should be consulted when
there is severe pain
• If removal of stone is required, Urologist ( kidney surgeon) should be
consulted
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7. Prevention
 For prevention the need is to increase urine output by drinking plenty of water
– at least 12 glasses per day. Ginger ale, lemon-lime sodas, and fruit juices are
acceptable
 Some reduction in intake of calcium and proteins ( for example milk) is helpful.
 Limit coffee, tea, and cola to one or two cups a day. The caffeine may cause a
rapid loss of fluid
© 2012 Right Doctor

8. Disclaimer : The intent of the information provided
by Right Doctor is to increase public awareness and
should not be treated as a medical advice. A
physician should be consulted for proper medical
guidance
© 2012 Right Doctor