2. The Pre-Hispanic Period in the Phillipines
• What does prehistory mean?
• Stone-Age (c.50,000 - c.500 BC)
• The Callao Man (c. 41 000 BC )
• Tabon Man (c. 24000 or 22,000 BC)
• 5000-2000 BC—Austronesian
• Early Metal Age (c.500 BC - c.1 AD)
• 100 BC onward
• Other significant Events before Spanish Colonization
• The Migration Theories
4. Philippine Prehistory : Meaning
• It covers the events prior to the written
history of what would become the Philippine
archipelago. The current demarcation line
between this period and the early history of
the Philippines, 900 AD, which is the date of
the first surviving written record to come from
the Philippines, the Laguna Copperplate
Inscription.
5. Why shall we study
the Prehistoric Period?
• It traces back the primitive culture of the
Filipinos.
• It gives a hint of who were the real ancestors
of the Filipinos.
• These are events that makes up the past of a
Filipino towards his present environment and
culture.
6. • This is an example of the
stone age people.
• They are sometimes
dressed with animal
skins or leaves or
sometimes naked.
• They also use tools from
stones and bones of
animals.
• They don’t have
concrete houses like that
of what we have today.
7.
8. The Stone Age c. 50 000 – c. 500 BC
• The Stone Age covers the c. 50 000 –
c. 500 BC.
• The Callao Man period together with the
Tabon Man period are some of the Major
Prehistoric Ages that was covered by these
inclusive years.
9. • The first evidence of the systematic use of
Stone-Age technologies in the Philippines is
estimated to have dated back to about 50,000
BC.
• It traces back the events and how the early
people in the Philippines live and the culture
that they share to survive.
The Stone Age c. 50 000 – c. 500 BC
10. The Callao Man
• The earliest human remains known in the
Philippines are the fossilized remains discovered
in 2007 by Armand Salvador Mijares in Callao
Cave, Cagayan,Philippines.
• It is a 67,000 years old single 61 millimeter
metatarsal that predates Tabon Man.
• It was dated using the uranium series ablation.
• It was said to be remains of the Homo sapiens.
• It was the earliest human known in the
Philippines.
11. The Callao Man
• Callao Man was believed to exist approximately in
year c. 41 000 BC.
• The primary theory surrounding the migration of
Callao Man and his contemporaries to Luzon from
what is believed to be the present-day Indonesia
is by raft.
• Butchered animal remains were also found in the
same layer of sediment, which indicates that the
Callao Man had a degree of knowledge in the use
of tools, although no stone tools were found.
12. Tabon Man
• Tabon Man refers to fossilized anatomically
modern human remains discovered on the
island of Palawan.
• Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American anthropologist
of the National Museum of the Philippines
discovered the remains on May 28, 1962.
• Tabon Man remains generally got its name
“Tabon” from the cave were it was collected,
the Tabon Cave in Palawan.
13. Tabon Man
• Tabon Cave appears to be a kind of Stone
Age factory. They have both finished stone
flake tools and waste core flakes having been
found at four separate levels in the main
chamber.
• The Tabon Man fossils are considered to have
come from a third group of inhabitants, who
worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000
BCE.
14. Tabon Man
• The Tabon Man skullcap belongs to modern
man, Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the
mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus species.
• Tabon Man was pre-Mongoloid or the
anthropological term of racial stock that
applies to which entered Southeast Asia
during the Holocene and absorbed earlier
peoples to produce the modern Malay,
Indonesian, Filipino, and "Pacific" peoples.
15. Austronesian Languages Origin
5000-2000 BC
• William Henry Scott said that the Negritos
were one of the origin and spread of the
Austronesian Languages.
• About 25,000 B.C., Ancient Negroid people
immigrate to the Philippines over a land
bridge then still connecting the archipelago
with the Asian mainland.
16. Early Metal Age
• The earliest metal tools in the Philippines
were said to have first been used somewhere
around 500 BC.
• It was referred to as the “incipient phase”
according to Jocano which is a period between
500 BC and 1 AD.
• This was the time that the metal tool remains
were recovered.
17. 100 BC Onward
• The Philippines is believed by some historians
to be the island of Chryse, the "Golden One,"
which is the name given by ancient Greek
writers in reference to an island rich in gold
east of India.
• Ptolemy locates the islands of Chryse east of
the Khruses Kersonenson, the "Golden
Peninsula.”
19. 25,000 B.C. Ancient Negroid people immigrate
to the Philippines over a land bridge then
still connecting the archipelago with the
Asian mainland. They are food gatherers
and hunters, and the forefathers of
today's Negritos. These people use bows
and arrows and stone made implements.
They live in caves.
20. 5,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C. The "New Stone Age".
Sea faring Malays from what is today
Indonesia come to the archipelago. These
new settlers bring with them polished
stone tools, boat building, bark and animal
skin cloth making, pottery, rice planting,
the process of cooking food in bamboo
tubes, the techniques of making fire by
rubbing two sticks together. The Negritos
begin to move out of caves and settle in a
scattered manner along the coasts and
rivers.
21. 3,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C. A second wave of Malay
immigrants arrives in the Philippines by
sea. Each of their ships accommodated
one small clan. Such a ship load of people
was called a barangay.
22. 200 B.C. More civilized Malays in large numbers
migrate to the Philippines. They are the
racial stock of the majority of today's
Philippine populace.
23. 200 B.C. to 1000 A.D. The Iron Age begun the
artistry in the Philippines in all aspects of
life and work. Earrings, beads, pendants
and bangles made of clay, stone and shells
are developed. Body tattooing is used as
as filing and blackening teeth which were
wrapped with gold foil or studded with
gold fillings.
24. 1,000 A.D. to 1,200 A.D. In the Porcelain Age
trading begins extensively with Arabia,
India, Annan, China and later with the
Europeans. Porcelains from different
Chinese dynasties are imported.
25. 1200 to 1300. Migrants from Borneo spread into
the Southern Philippines.
26. 1300 to 1400. The Hindu empire of Majapahit
on Java gains influence over parts of the
islands.
27. 1380. Islam reaches the Southern Philippines via
Borneo. In islamic areas, slavery is in the
following years widely replacing head-
hunting. Would be head-hunting victims
become slaves that are bartered to
Chinese traders. A new social order is
started made up of freemen, commoners,
slaves and bonded servants, all under the
leadership of a datu.
28. 1450. The Muslim sultanate of Jolo is
established on the islands between Borneo
and Mindanao.
29. 1475. The Muslim sultanate of Maguindanao is
founded on Mindanao. Islam spreads
throughout the archipelago and even
reaches central Luzon.
31. Who proposed the Migration Theory?
• Henry Otley Beyer
• Dr. Fritjof Voss
• Felipe Landa Jocano
32. Henry Otley Beyer
• He is the founder of the Anthropology
Department of the University of the
Philippines.
• He is the head of Anthropology Department
for 40 years.
• Professor Beyer became the unquestioned
expert on Philippine prehistory.
33. Dr. Fritjof Voss
• He is a German scientist who studied the
geology of the Philippines.
• He questioned the validity of the theory of
land bridges.
• He maintained that the Philippines was never
part of mainland Asia. He claimed that it arose
from the bottom of the sea and, as the thin
Pacific crust moved below it, continued to
rise.
34. Felipe Landa Jocano
• He is an Anthropologist of the University of
the Philippines.
• He suggested the one of the Migration Model
of the Filipino people that was named “Core
Population Theory.”
35. Wilhelm Solheim II
• He is an American anthropologist recognized as
most senior practitioner of archaeology in
Southeast Asia, and as a pioneer in the study of
Philippine and Southeast Asian prehistoric
archaeology.
• He had his archaeological training at the
University of California, Berkeley, and then spent
several semesters at the University of the
Philippines under Prof. H. Otley Beyer. He
completed his Ph.D. at the University of Arizona
in 1959.
• In 1997, he joined the staff of the Archaeological
Studies Program at the University of the
Philippines, Diliman.
36. Migration Theories
• Land Bridge Theory
• Beyer's Wave Migration Theory
• Core Population Theory
• Diffusion of Austronesian languages
37. Land Bridge Theory
• Early Filipino inhabitants were said to traval
thru land bridges.
• This land bridge theory was opposed and was
proved in further Migratio Theories proposed
by other Anthropologists.
38. Beyer’s Wave of Migration
Facts presented by Beyer for his Wave of
Migration Theory :
1. "Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was
similar to Java man, Peking Man, and other
Asian homo sapiens of 250,000 years ago.
2. The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos,
who arrived between 25,000 and 30,000
years ago via land bridges.
39. Beyer’s Wave of Migration
3. The sea-faring tool-using Indonesian group
who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago
and were the first immigrants to reach the
Philippines by sea.
4. The seafaring, more civilized Malays who
brought the Iron age culture and were the
real colonizers and dominant cultural group
in the pre-Hispanic Philippines.
40. Beyer’s Wave of Migration
Doubts on Bayer’s Wave Migration
1. Beyer used the 19th century scientific
methods of progressive evolution and
migratory diffusion as the basis for his
hypothesis. These methods have now been
proven to be too simple and unreliable to
explain the prehistoric peopling of the
Philippines.
41. Beyer’s Wave of Migration
2. The empirical archaeological data for the
theory was based on surface finds and mere
conjecture, with much imagination and
unproven data included.
3. Later findings contradicted the migration
theory and the existence of the "Dawn Man"
postulated by Beyer.
42. Beyer’s Wave of Migration
4. Undue credit is given to Malays as the original
settlers of the lowland regions and the
dominant cultural transmitter.
43. Core Population Theory
• It is a less rigid version of the earlier wave
migration theory.
• This theory holds that there weren't clear
discrete waves of migration. Instead it
suggests early inhabitants of Southeast Asia
were of the same ethnic group with similar
culture, but through a gradual process over
time driven by environmental factors,
differentiated themselves from one another.
44. Core Population Theory
• Jocano contends that what fossil evidence of
ancient men show is that they not only
migrated to the Philippines, but also to New
Guinea, Borneo, and Australia. He says that
there is no way of determining if they were
Negritos at all.
• He used the Tabon Skull that was found in
Palawan as evidence.
45. Diffusion of Austronesian languages
• Contemporary theory based on the study of
the evolution of languages suggests that
starting 4000-2000 BC, Austronesian groups
descended from Yunnan Plateau in China and
settled in what is now the Philippines by
sailing using balangays or by traversing land
bridges coming from Taiwan.
