The students who have asked difficult questions, which have helped us clarify our own thinking, and the students from many countries who have provided us with interesting insights into the national and cultural differences in tourist behavior.

1. Tourist Behaviour
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UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION
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2. This unit covers :
1. Concept of tourist behaviour
2. Importance of understanding of tourist
behaviour
3. factors affecting tourist behaviour
4. Models of Tourism behaviour
5. Indian out bound travel market
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3. What is Tourism ?
• Tourism is defined as “a short-term movement
of people to places some distance from their
normal place of residence to indulge in
pleasurable activities.”
• It may also involve travel for business purposes.
• An activity which is serviced by a number of
other industries such as hospitality and
transport.
• Incorporates leisure
• Collin (1994), leisure -‘free time to do what you
want’. © Aditya Ranjan

4. What is Tourist Behaviour ?
“ Study of why people buy the product they do,
and how they make their decision”
- Horner and Swarbrooke (1996)
“ It is process involved when individuals or
groups select, purchase, use or dispose of
products, services , ideas or experiences to
satisfy needs and wants”
- Solomon (1996)
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5. What is Tourist Behaviour ?
“Those activities directly involved in obtaining,
consuming, and disposing of products and
services including the decision processes that
precedes and follows these actions.”
- Engel, Blackwell and Miniard (2001)
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6. Development of Tourist Behaviour
Divided in two aspects :
1. The varied type and pace of development in
the different regions of the world.
2. The different types of tourism have
developed including -
1. VFR ( Visiting Friends and Relatives )
2. business
3. religious
4. health
5. educational etc.
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7. Chronological growth of tourism
Europe
A desire to travel
1. BC 776 – Olympic began and Roman pioneered tourism;
2. Loud parties , Sun bathing & leisure
3. Sightseeing , historical buildings
4. Dark age – fall of roman empire
5. New born tourism in Europe – Pilgrimage
6. Infrastructure development
7. Education tourism ( Paintings & buildings)
8. Grand Tour in Italy ( France, Holland, Germany , Austria &
Switzerland)
9. Loving Art , landscapes & monuments led to Natural tourism
10. Thomas cook came
11. Modern Mass Tourism
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8. Chronological growth of tourism ( Europe)
Removal of obstacles that prevented people from
taking trips
1. Increased disposal income
2. Advance aircraft technology
3. Greater availability of motor cars or private vehicle
4. Increase in leisure time
5. Increased Education
6. Growth of tour operators & Package holidays
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9. Chronological growth of tourism
North America
Development of Inns & taverns
Development of railway tracks
Growth of Car Ownership
Creation of roadside motels
Growth in number of Visitor in nearby areas
Growth of Amusement parks
Leisure shopping
Museums & live interpretations
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10. Chronological growth of tourism
Central America
In 1960 the region received 749 000 international
arrivals, according to the World Tourism
Organization;
This figure had risen to 2.9 million in 1970and more
than 7 million by 1989 and ever increasing year
after year;
Mexico has focused on beach and coach tour
holidays, other countries in the region have
pioneered new forms of tourism, notably eco-
tourism.
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11. Chronological growth of tourism
Africa
Tourism has existed in Africa for many centuries.
The Greeks and Romans visited the sights of
Egypt.
Outbound tourism from some parts of Africa over
the centuries particularly in terms of business
tourism and religious tourism could be seen;
During the first half of the twentieth century, the
British played a major role in opening up Africa
as a tourist destination, particularly in the
countries which were thenstill part of the British
Empire.
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12. Chronological growth of tourism (Africa)
In the 1920s and 1930s the two main regions
which attracted foreign visitors, apart from Egypt,
were:
Kenya, where the appeal was big game hunting
Morocco, which was a popular winter sun
destination,
After gaining their independence, many African
countries sought to attract tourists to help
develop their economies;
Business and leisure tourism became the major
tourism of Africa.
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13. Chronological growth of tourism
The Middle East
 The countries of the Middle East have a long history
of involvement in the tourism industry, most
notably in terms of religious tourism.
 This region is the most important pilgrimage
destination in the world for three major religions:
 Muslims for whom both Mecca and Jerusalem are very sacred
places; The tourist flow to Mecca is probably the largest single
annual movement of tourists in the world
 The cities of Nazareth, Bethlehem, Jerusalem and Jericho,
which are the most important religious cities for Christians
 Jerusalem which is the holiest city for Jews.
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14. Chronological growth of tourism
Asia
1. Asia is a large continent which encompasses a wide
variety of national tourism markets with very different
characteristics;
2. In India, there is a strong tradition of domestic tourism
of two types:
3. trips to hill stations during the hot summer months
4. visits to religious festivals.
5. Inbound tourism and package tours;
6. Across the region, special interest and beach-based
tourism are taking over from the ‘travelers' of
yesterday. Finally, the ‘jet-age’ has created important
‘stopover markets’.
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15. Chronological growth of tourism
Across the world
1. The nature of tourism in different countries has been
influenced by a myriad of factors including, for example:
2. climate
3. geographical location
4. history
5. language
6. the development of transport systems
7. levels of economic development
8. the quality of landscapes and townscapes
9. government policies towards tourism
10. the degree of economic and political stability.
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16. Different types of Tourism
1. Visiting friends and relatives
2. Business tourism
3. Religious tourism
4. Health tourism
5. Social tourism
6. Educational tourism
7. Cultural tourism
8. Scenic tourism
9. Hedonistic tourism
10. Activity tourism
11. Special interest tourism, etc.
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17. Consumer Behaviour Models
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18. Andreason Model
• The model recognizes the importance of
information in the consumer decision-making
process.
• It also emphasizes the importance of consumer
attitudes although it fails to consider attitudes
in relation to repeat purchase behaviour.
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19. Andreason Model
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20. Nicosia (1966)
• The model concentrates on the four different fields.
• Field One (Two Features)
• organization’s attempts to communicate with the consumer,
and the consumers’ predisposition to act in a certain way.
• Field Two
• Involves the consumer in a search evaluation process which is
influenced by attitudes.
• Field Three
• The actual purchase process.
• Field Four
• the post purchase feedback process.
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21. Nicosia (1966)
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22. The Howard–Sheth Model of buyer behaviour
• It highlights the importance of inputs to the
consumer buying process and suggests ways in
which the consumer orders these inputs before
making a final decision.
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23. The Howard–Sheth Model of buyer behaviour
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24. Stimulus-response model
• Middleton and Clark (2001)
• based on four interactive components, with the
central component identified as ‘buyer
characteristics and decision process’.
• separates out motivators and determinants in
the consumer buying behaviour.
• emphasises the important effects that an
organization can have on the consumer buying
process by the use of communication channels.
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25. Stimulus-response model
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26. consumer decision-making model
• Gilbert (1991)
• Suggests two levels of factors which have an
effect on the consumer.
• The first level of influences is close to the person and
include psychological influences such as perception
and learning.
• The second level of influences includes those which
have been developed during the socialization
process and include reference groups and family
influences.
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27. consumer decision-making model
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28. Conclusions
 Most consumer behaviour models in
tourism seem to be linear and rather
simplistic when compared to general
consumer behaviour models.
 consumer behaviour in tourism will
inevitably be very complex.
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29. Refrences :
• John Swarbrooke and Susan Horner (1999). Elsevier
Ltd. 2nd ediition.
• Tourism Management (2009). Consumer Behaviour.
Hotelmule.com
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30. © Aditya Ranjan
Thank you Everyone