Jews are readmitted to England after their expulsion in 1290 by Edward I. They are not granted official status but develop a community.

1. Restoration and Jubilation
Why?

2. Reaction to Protectorate
• Minority support for Republic
• Republican opposition - dismissal of the Rump
Parliament; Military dictatorship
• Military opposition
• Failure to pay military
• Religious opposition

3. Government of the Protectorate
• Instrument of Government changes voting
from 40s (£2) freehold to real or personal
estate of £200
• English desire for monarchy
– Offer of crown to Cromwell which he refused

4. Jews Return to England
• Menasseh ben Israel (1604–1657)
– Son of Portuguese Marranos
– Moved to Madeira and then Amsterdam
– Ran Hebrew press
– Teacher of Spinoza

5. Menasseh
Menasseh ben Israel, Rembrandt

6. Hope of Israel

7. 1649 Johanna
Cartwright

8. Suriname
• 1651 Willoughby
governor of Barbados
started settlement
• Took Jews from Dutch
Brazil to Surinam
• Fort Willoughby until
turned over to Dutch

9. Interest in Jewish Culture

10. Petition for Readmission
• 1654 Menasseh’s son comes to England and
gets Cromwell to support return of land
confiscated by the Portuguese
• 1655 Menasseh petitions for readmission;
approved by Council but referred to a
commission which does not act

11. Another Petition
• Marranos who had been living in England
were threatened with confiscation because of
England-Spain conflict
• No answer from Cromwell
• Creechurch Lane
• Cemetery

12. Reasons for Policy
• Financial and commercial interests
• Puritan study of the Old Testament,
• Millenarian desire for the ultimate conversion
and redemption of the Jews.

13. Conjectured synagogue plan

14. Bevis Marks

15. Bevis Marks Synagogue 1701

16. Social Media: Civil War and Restoration
• Expanded communication
• Communication leads to formation of
cohesive groups
• Official press
• New medium for information exchange: the
coffee house