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Oblivious transfer




Robert Sicoie
robert.sicoie [at] gmail.com

                                
Cuprins

    Introducere




    Rabin Oblivious Transfer




    1­2 Oblivious Transfer




    1­n Oblivious Transfer




    k­n Oblivious Transfer





                       
Introducere

    Protocol prin care un emiţător trimite nişte 



    informaţii receptorului, dar emiţătorul nu reţine ce 
    informaţie a primit receptorul.




                        
Rabin Oblivious Transfer

    Emiţătorul generează un modul public RSA N=pq 



    unde p şi q sunt numere prime mari şi un exponent e 
    prim cu (p­1)(q­1)
    Emiţătorul criptează mesajul m: me mod N





                       
Rabin Oblivious Transfer

    E trimite N, e şi me mod N către R




    R alege aleator un număr x modulo N şi trimite x2 



    mod N către E
    E găseşte o rădăcină pătrată y a lui x2 mod N pe care 



    o trimite către R
    Dacă y=x mod N sau y=­x mod N atunci R nu va 



    putea decripta mesajul m. Probabilitate 1/2
    Altfel R va putea decripta mesajul. Probabilitate 1/2





                        
Rabin Oblivious Transfer

                                            b

               b           OT
      E                                          R
                                            #



    Probabilitatea ca R să primească mesajul b este de 



    50%. Oricum, E nu va şti dacă R a primit sau nu 
    mesajul.



                        
1­2 Oblivious Transfer
    E are două mesaje m0 şi m1 iar R are un bit b, iar R 



    vrea să primească mb fără ca E să reţină b
    E vrea să se asigure că R va primi doar unul din 



    mesaje.
    Protocolul este general, dar poate fi implementat 



    folosind criptarea RSA 




                        
1­2 Oblivious Transfer
    E trimite o pereche ordonată de biţi (bo,b1) către 



    maşina OT
    R trimite către maşina OT un bit i, indicând ce mesaj 



    doreşte să primească
    Maşina trimite bi către R şi distruge mesajul b1­i  




    E ştie că R a primit doar unul din mesaje, dar nu ştie 



    care din ele. 
              b0
                                              i

      E                     OT                      R
              b1                              bi

                         
1­n Oblivious Transfer
    O generalizare a protocolului 1­2 OT




    E trimite către maşina OT n mesaje 




    R trimite un indice i şi doreşte să primească al i­lea 



    mesaj fără ca E să reţină care mesaj a fost cerut.
    E doreşte ca un singur mesaj din cele n să ajungă la 



    R




                         
k­n Oblivious Transfer
    Protocolul 1­n OT a fost mai apoi generalizat la 



    noţiunea de k­n OT
    R va primit un set de k mesaje dintre cele n




    Cele k mesaje pot fi primte simultan, sau pot fi 



    cerute consecuiv, fiecare cerere bazându­se pe 
    mesajul anterior primit.




                        
Aplicaţii
    Secure Multi­party computation





                      
Referinţe
    Benny Pinkas, Oblivious Transfer, 



    http://www.pinkas.net/ot.html
    Wikipedia, 



    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblivious_transfer
    Rafail Ostrovsky, Foundations of Cryptography, 



    Lecture 10
    B. Pinkas, M. Naor, Efficient Oblivious Transfer





                       
Sfârşit
    Vă mulţumesc pentru atenţie




    Întrebări?





                      

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Oblivious Transfer

  • 2. Cuprins Introducere  Rabin Oblivious Transfer  1­2 Oblivious Transfer  1­n Oblivious Transfer  k­n Oblivious Transfer     
  • 3. Introducere Protocol prin care un emiţător trimite nişte   informaţii receptorului, dar emiţătorul nu reţine ce  informaţie a primit receptorul.    
  • 4. Rabin Oblivious Transfer Emiţătorul generează un modul public RSA N=pq   unde p şi q sunt numere prime mari şi un exponent e  prim cu (p­1)(q­1) Emiţătorul criptează mesajul m: me mod N     
  • 5. Rabin Oblivious Transfer E trimite N, e şi me mod N către R  R alege aleator un număr x modulo N şi trimite x2   mod N către E E găseşte o rădăcină pătrată y a lui x2 mod N pe care   o trimite către R Dacă y=x mod N sau y=­x mod N atunci R nu va   putea decripta mesajul m. Probabilitate 1/2 Altfel R va putea decripta mesajul. Probabilitate 1/2     
  • 6. Rabin Oblivious Transfer b b OT E R # Probabilitatea ca R să primească mesajul b este de   50%. Oricum, E nu va şti dacă R a primit sau nu  mesajul.    
  • 7. 1­2 Oblivious Transfer E are două mesaje m0 şi m1 iar R are un bit b, iar R   vrea să primească mb fără ca E să reţină b E vrea să se asigure că R va primi doar unul din   mesaje. Protocolul este general, dar poate fi implementat   folosind criptarea RSA     
  • 8. 1­2 Oblivious Transfer E trimite o pereche ordonată de biţi (bo,b1) către   maşina OT R trimite către maşina OT un bit i, indicând ce mesaj   doreşte să primească Maşina trimite bi către R şi distruge mesajul b1­i    E ştie că R a primit doar unul din mesaje, dar nu ştie   care din ele.  b0 i E OT R b1 bi    
  • 9. 1­n Oblivious Transfer O generalizare a protocolului 1­2 OT  E trimite către maşina OT n mesaje   R trimite un indice i şi doreşte să primească al i­lea   mesaj fără ca E să reţină care mesaj a fost cerut. E doreşte ca un singur mesaj din cele n să ajungă la   R    
  • 10. k­n Oblivious Transfer Protocolul 1­n OT a fost mai apoi generalizat la   noţiunea de k­n OT R va primit un set de k mesaje dintre cele n  Cele k mesaje pot fi primte simultan, sau pot fi   cerute consecuiv, fiecare cerere bazându­se pe  mesajul anterior primit.    
  • 11. Aplicaţii Secure Multi­party computation     
  • 12. Referinţe Benny Pinkas, Oblivious Transfer,   http://www.pinkas.net/ot.html Wikipedia,   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblivious_transfer Rafail Ostrovsky, Foundations of Cryptography,   Lecture 10 B. Pinkas, M. Naor, Efficient Oblivious Transfer     
  • 13. Sfârşit Vă mulţumesc pentru atenţie  Întrebări? 