The document discusses kidney stones, which are hard masses formed in the kidney from insoluble calcium compounds. Risk factors include being overweight, having insulin resistance, low estrogen levels, high protein diets, and digestive or surgery issues. Kidney stones most commonly affect adults aged 30-50 and are more prevalent in men than women. Approximately 1 in 10 Canadians will experience kidney stones, which is 12% of men and 7% of women. Treatment options include medical therapy, using sound waves to break up stones, or surgery to remove stones, while smaller stones may be treated using a ureteroscope.

1. By:Mary & Raman
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2. What are Kidney
Stones?
Hard mass formed in the
kidney
Made of insoluble calcium
compounds
Can range from grain of
sand to golf ball

4. What are the risk
factors?
Being overweight causes insulin resistance
Insulin resistance causes high calcium
Women with low estrogen
High in protein diets
Digestive diseases + surgeries

5. Areas of pain

6. How to avoid it
Keeping good exercise
Having the correct amount of fluid intake
Adequate amounts of magnesium
Avoid too much sugar

7. What is the age range of
Canadians getting
Kidney stones?
More common in men than women
Adults of 30-50 years of age
Rare for children to get it

8. How many Canadians
get this disease?
1 out of 10 Canadians
12% of men
7% of women

9. Natural remedies

10. Medical Treatment
Medical therapy
Using sound waves to
break up stones
Surgery to remove stone
Ureteroscope usage

11. Ureteroscope treatment
Used only for smaller sized stones
Thin lightened tube with camera through urethra
+ bladder
Special tools break stone so they will pass
through urine
Stent is then placed in ureter to relieve swelling
+ promote healing

12. Ureteroscopy

13. Bibliography
www.medicalnewstoday.com
www.webmd.com
www.articles.mercola.com
www.nytimes.com
www.kidney.ca
www.mayoclinic.com