2. Respiration is a chemical process in which energy is released from food molecules in cells. During respiration glucose is broken down in a series of reactions controlled by enzymes. The main food molecule used in cells is glucose. G
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7. An enzyme joins an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) onto an A D P molecule to form an A T P molecule. A T P: contains a high level of chemical energy + Pi + energy Adenosine Pi Pi A D P Enzyme Adenosine Pi Pi Pi
8. You have to move muscles and need that stored energy. How is it released…? Enzyme + + Adenosine Pi Pi Pi Energy A D P Released for all cell activities Adenosine Pi Pi Pi A T P
9. This forms a continuous cycle of ATP-ADP-ATP… Storing and releasing energy when needed G glucose respiration A D P + Pi A T P Used in cell activities e.g muscle contraction
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13. Aero bic respiration is the process of release of energy from food in cells using oxygen. This happens in 2 stages: 1. Glycolysis 2. Breakdown of pyruvic acid
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15. 2. Breakdown of pyruvic acid Energy released by this stage allows a large quantity of A T P to be produced in the cells. Pyruvic acid + oxygen Enzyme controlled reactions Carbon dioxide + water
16. Total = 38 ATP molecules/ glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water Overall A T P production during aer obic respiration: G Glucose Pyruvic acid 2 A D P + 2 Pi 2 A T P 36 A D P + 36 Pi 36 A T P
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18. Anaero bic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in cells without oxygen. This could happen in animal cells if not enough oxygen is getting to muscles during heavy exercise. Cells would have to change from: aer obic respiration to anaer obic respiration
19. As with aerobic respiration this happens in 2 stages: 1. Glycolysis (exactly the same as aerobic respiration) 2. Breakdown of pyruvic acid (but without oxygen) Pyruvic acid NO oxygen Enzyme controlled reactions Lactic Acid
20. Overall A T P production during anaer obic respiration in animals : G Glucose Pyruvic acid 2 A D P + 2 Pi 2 A T P (No oxygen) Lactic Acid No A T P molecules formed! Total = 2 ATP molecules/ glucose
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22. Just as in animals, glucose is only partially broken down in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic conditions can occur when root cells of plants grow in muddy soil or there has been floods. Yeast cells are deprived of oxygen when used in brewing and bread-making.
23. As with anaerobic respiration in animals this happens in 2 stages: 1. Glycolysis (exactly the same as aerobic respiration) 2. Breakdown of pyruvic acid (but without oxygen) Pyruvic acid NO oxygen Enzyme controlled reactions Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (lost- reaction irreversible)
24. Overall A T P production during anaer obic respiration in plants and yeasts : Total = 2 ATP molecules/ glucose G Glucose Pyruvic acid 2 A D P + 2 Pi 2 A T P (No oxygen) Ethanol + CO2 No A T P molecules formed!
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26. Yeast - Unicellular fungus - Cell is dividing - Ferment sugars (used in brewing and bread making) These circles are formed when the cell divides. The new cell ‘ buds off’ and leaves a scar.
27. During ae robic respiration, yeast uses up glucose and oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water. As oxygen is used up the yeast changes over to anae robic respiration and converts glucose to carbon dioxide and ethanol (alcohol).
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