2. (1) Atoms, Energy & Living Things
• All living things are made of atoms:
– Missing valence electrons drive all chemical
reactions inside living things.
– Atoms bond together to gain full valence shells
and become stable.
• All living things require energy in order to
complete life processes.
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4. (2) Biological Elements
• CHONPS
(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Sulfur)
• These 6 elements are found in all living
things.
• Carbon bonds form the framework for all
major molecules found in living systems.
5. (3) Why is Carbon So Special?
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
• Carbon can form up to four bonds with other
atoms.
• This allows Carbon to form lots of different
types of structures and molecules, all with
different functions.
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7. (4) The Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates (Carbs)
• Lipids (Fats)
• Protein
• Nucleic Acids
• These are the 4 molecules that make up all
living things, each composed of CHONPS.
8. (5) Carbohydrates
• Structure:
– Monomer: Monosachcarides (Single Sugars)
• Examples Glucose, Fructose
– Polymer: Polysaccharides (Many Sugars)
• Examples Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
• Functions:
– Provide immediate and intermediate energy to cells.
– Shorter Chains = Faster, Shorter Lasting Energy
– Longer Chains= Slower, Longer Lasting Energy
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11. (6) Lipids
• Structure:
– Monomer: Fatty Acids and Glycerols
– Polymer: Lipid
• Examples Phospholipids, Oils, Cholesterol, Triglycerides
• Functions:
– Provide long term energy storage to cells.
– Phospholipids form protective cell membranes.
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14. (7) Proteins
• Structure:
– Monomer: Amino Acids
– Polymer: Polypeptide (Many Peptide Bonds)
• Examples
Hemoglobin, Protein Channels, Antibodies, Enzymes
• Functions:
– Proteins are the expression of DNA.
– Hemoglobin allows red blood cells to bind with gas.
– Protein Channels allow specific molecules to travel in and
out of cells.
– Antibodies help identify infectious agents.
– Enzymes catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions by
lowering the energy of activation required.
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22. (8) Nucleic Acids
• Structure:
– Monomer: Nucleotides
• Made of Ribose Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base
– Polymers: DNA and RNA
• Functions:
– Store genetic information.
– Allow for the production of proteins.
