Cells to organ systems Specialized cells Chapter 2

1. The building blocks of life

2. Animal and plant cells
Animal cell Plant cell
Cell
membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
Cell wall
cytoplasm
Sap
vacuole
chloroplast
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
mitochondria

3. Cell structures
Animal cell Plant cell Comment
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Sap Vacuole
Mitochondria
present
present
present
present
present
present
present
present
absent
A membrane that holds the cell
contents together, can control
what goes in and out of the cell
absent
Jelly-like substance where all
chemical reactions take place
Controls the cell activities,
contains the DNA
A rigid substance made of cellulose
that keeps the cell’s shape fixed
Contains chlorophyll,
can carryout photosynthesis
A place where the cell may store
food or wastes
absent
present
present
present
Carries out respiration to produce
energy

4. Pictures of different cells:

6. Name of cell Red blood cells
Cell’s function
Features present in cell
that help it to carry out
its function
Drawing
Side view Top view
To transport oxygen from lungs to all body
cells
1. Contain haemoglobin : that carries
oxygen
2. Have no nucleus : to make more space
for haemoglobin
3. Have biconcave shape : to increase
surface area for absorption of oxygen

7. Name of cell Muscle cells
Cell’s function
Features present in cell
that help it to carry out
its function
Drawing
To move part of the body
Have contractile fibers that can
shorten to produce movement

8. Name of cell Ciliated cells
Cell’s function
Features present in cell
that help it to carry out
its function
Drawing
Have short hairs (cilia) that move to
sweep mucus out with trapped dust
and bacteria of the respiratory tract
To sweep away mucus that traps dust
and bacteria in air

9. Name of cell Palisade cells
Cell’s function
Features present in cell
that help it to carry out
its function
Drawing
To change light energy to chemical
energy (food)
Have chloroplasts containing green
chlorophyll that can carry out
photosynthesis

10. Name of cell Xylem cells
Cell’s function
Features present in
cell that help it to
carry out its function
Drawing
- Transport water and minerals up the plant
- Supports the plant
1. Have no cell contents
2. Have no end walls to create long hollow
tubes
3. Walls are lined with a tough substance
called lignin.

11. Name of cell Root hair cells
Cell’s function
Features present in cell
that help it to carry out
its function
Drawing
- Absorb water and minerals from the soil
- Fixes the plant in the soil
1. Has a long protrusion to increase the
surface area of absorption.
2. Has a concentrated cell sap to increase
osmosis of water into the cell.

12. Prokaryotes/ bacterial cells
Free circular
Plasmid

13. Useful videos
 Organ systems:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae4MadKPJC0

14. Ch 2 Checklist
o List the features in the cells of all living organisms, limited to cytoplasm, cell membrane and DNA as
genetic material
o Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell, as seen under a light microscope,
limited to cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuoles and location of the cell membrane
o State the functions of the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant cell and in the animal
cell
o Relate the structure of the following to their functions:
 – ciliated cells – movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
 – root hair cells – absorption
 – xylem vessels – conduction and support
 – palisade mesophyll cells – photosynthesis
 – nerve cells – conduction of impulses
 – red blood cells – transport of oxygen
 – sperm and egg cells – reproduction
o Define tissue as a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
o Define organ as a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific
functions
o Define organ system as a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body
functions
o State examples of tissues, organs and organ systems from sections 6 to 16
o Identify the different levels of organisation in drawings, diagrams and images of familiar material