1. Egypt
2011-2012 revolution & aftermath

2.  Fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to
2011
 Assumed the presidency on 14 October
1981, following the assassination of
President Anwar El Sadat (some evidence
suggests that he played a role in the
assasination)
Hosni Mubarak

3.  On 11 February 2011, Vice President
Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak
had resigned as president and transferred
authority to the Supreme Council of the
Armed Forces.
 He was ordered to stand trial on charges
of negligence in giving orders to stop the
killing of peaceful protestors during the
revolution. These trials officially began on
3 August 2011.
Hosni Mubarak

4.  On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was sentenced
to life imprisonment by an Egyptian court.
 As of 20 June 2012, multiple sources have
reported that he has been facing serious
health issues.
Hosni Mubarak

5. • Good relations with former Soviet Union .
• State Security Investigations Service &
Central Security Forces were expanded
greatly.
• Against Islamic fundamentalism.
• Was initially against the Iraq war.
Governing style

6. • Political figures and young activists were
imprisoned without trials.
• Illegal undocumented hidden detention
facilities were established.
• Officers were allowed to violate citizens'
privacy by using unconditioned arrests
according to the emergency law.
• Torture was used to extract information.
Governing style

7.  Before 2005 multi candidate elections were
not allowed according to the constitution.
 Despite multiple candidates, the elections
weren’t fair. On 8 September 2005, Ayman
Nour contested the election results, and
demanded a repeat of the election.
Nour was convicted of forgery and sentenced
to five years at hard labor on 24 December
2005.
2005 election

8. Egypt has been a semi-presidential republic
under Emergency Law since 1967, except
for an 18-month break in the 1980s.
Under the law, police powers were
extended, constitutional rights suspended
and censorship was legalized.
Some 17,000 people were detained under
the law, and estimates of political prisoners
ran as high as 30,000.
Emergency law

9.  The Egyptian Armed Forces initially enjoyed a
better reputation with the public than the
police.
 After the Supreme Council of the Armed
Forces became the de facto ruler of
Egypt, the popularity of the military has
strongly decreased due to the crackdown on
protesters.
 The military has led a violent crackdown on
the Egyptian revolution since the fall of
Mubarak.
Military involvement

10.  Starts 25 January 2011.
 Demanding the overthrow of Hosni
Mubarak, end of emergency law;
freedom, justice, a responsive non-
military government, and a say in the
management of Egypt's resources.
 Mostly non violent, but at least 846
people killed and 6,000 injured.
Revolution

11.  Protests continued after Mubarak
resigned. They demanded immediate
governmental reforms, and the swifter
prosecution of former officials from the
ousted regime.
Revolution

12.  Social media was widely used for the
organization of protests.
 Internet censorship has also been
extensive, and in some cases
comprehensive to the extent of taking
entire nation-states practically off-line.
Social media

13.  On June 24, it was announced by the
State Election Commission that Islamist
Mohammed Morsi had won the
presidential election. Islamists also had a
majority in parlaiment.
 Military council dissolved the parliament's
lower house on the basis of
“unconstitutional elections”.
Mohamed Morsi

14.  Egypt’s “first democratically elected
president”
 In November 2012, issued a declaration
that immunizes his actions from any legal
challenge.
 The constitution now proposed is
ambiguous on human rights, freedom of
speech and includes elements of Sharia.
Mohamed Morsi

15. Islamists
Mubarak
Revolutionaries
loyalists
Egypt

16.  Article 2 calls for Egyptian laws to be
based on the “principle of sharia” Islamic
law.
 Supposedly “incompatible with
international human rights law”.
Constitution

17. “Sunday's protest by Morsy's supporters
forced judges to postpone ruling on the
legitimacy of the body drawing up the
nation's constitution, and on a separate but
related decision about whether to dissolve
the Shura Council, Egypt's upper house of
parliament.” CNN, 3rd December, 2012
What’s going on now?

18.  http://www.nytimes.com/roo
mfordebate/topics/egypt
NYT room for debate about Egypt