Design of pharmaceutical products including Skin and its layers

1. Submitted by: Ruhit Ashraf
Submitted to : Amandeep
kaur Gill,
Assistant Professor
Roll No.1888023002
School of pharmaceutical
and health sciences
(M.Pharma.Pharmaceutics) 2nd
Semester
Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals – MPH 204T

2. Contents
. Introduction to Skin
. Cosmeceuticals
. Acne cosmeceuticals
. Dandruff
. Bad breath
. Bleeding gums
. Dental Cavities
. Sensitive Teeth
. Body odor cosmetics
. Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation
. Dry skin
. Prickly heat
. Wrinkles

3. Syllabus
Design of cosmeceutical products: Sun protection, sunscreens
classification and regulatory aspects. Addressing dry skin, acne, sun-
protection, pigmentation, prickly heat, wrinkles, bodyodor.,
dandruff, dental cavities, bleeding gums, mouth odor and sensitive
teeth through cosmeceutical formulations.

4. Skin
The body's outer covering, which protects against heat and light, injury, and
infection. Skin regulates body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D.
The skin, which weighs about 6 pounds, is the body's largest organ.
It is made up of three main layers:
•Epidermis
•Dermis and
•Hypodermis

5. Epidermis
Outer most layer of skin. It forms the waterproof protective over the body’s surface
which also covers a barrier to infection.
It carries keratinocytes and Melanocytes.
The epidermis consists of various other sub layers
a) S.Corneum: is the outer most layer of epidermis and is a rate limiting barrier
that restricts inward and outward movement of chemical substances. Cells of the
stratum corneum contain a dense network of keratin, a protein that helps keep the
skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation

6. b) S.lucidum: Seen in thick skin of the palms and soles of feet.3-5 rows of clear
flat dead cells.
C)S.granulosum: 3-5 rows of flattened cells.Lamellated granules secrete
glycolipids into extracellular spaces to slow water loss in the epidermis.
d)S.spinosum: Spiny layer,8-10 rows of polyhedral cells.Melanin and langerhans
cells predominate and appearance of prickly spines.
e)S.basale: Deepest epidermal layer.Attached to dermis and are single rows of
cells, which are mostly columnar keratinocytes with rapid mitotic dividion contain
melanocytes.(10-25%).

8. Dermis
Flexible and strong connective tissue and is elastic reticular collagen fibres.
Cells:- Fibroblasts , mast cells, macrophages, (WBC), nerves, blood and lymphotic
vessels, oil and sweat glands originate.
Layers of dermis:-
•Papillary
•Reticular

9. a) Papillary dermis: loose connective tissue with nipple like surface projection
called dermal papilla.It contains pain receptors and also the touch receptors.
b) Reticular dermis: It is a dense irregular collagen fibres offer strength to the
skin and holds water.

10. Hypodermis
It is also called subcutaneous or superficial fascia.It anchors skin to underlying
structures and it contains adipose tissue and blood vessels.
Glands: These are further divided into two classes.
•Oil glands (Halocrine glands) and
•Sweat glands.

11. a) Oil glands (Halocrine glands)
• Connected to hair follicle
• Secretes sebum (fats, cholesterol)
• Keeps skin moist
b) Sweat glands
• Millions located throughout the skin
It is further of two types
a) Eccrine and
b) Apocrine

12. Eccrine
•More common sweat is watery (99%) water.
•Sweatening regulated by symphathetic nervous system.
Apocrine
•It is a viscous fluid.
•Cause the body odor.

13. Introduction
• Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or
odor of the human body.
• Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes,
lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup etc .
• A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up" which refers mainly to
colored products intended to change the user‘s appearance.

14. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates
cosmetics, defines cosmetics as "intended to be applied to the
human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or
altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or
functions". This broad definition includes any material intended for
use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically
excludes soap from this category.

15. Cosmetics and skin care in Acne
Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become
plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It often causes whiteheads,
blackheads or pimples, and usually appears on the face, forehead,
chest, upper back and shoulders.
Acne is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of
all ages.
Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and
scar the skin. The earlier you start treatment, the lower your risk of
such problems.
Appropriate skin care contributes to successful management of
acne. Skin care needs to be rational, flexible, and adaptive.

16. Preventive measures
Sunscreen products: Some acne treatments have the potential to cause
photosensitivity. Even otherwise, a parallel objective of treatment is to enhance
the skin. Sunprotection and tan prevention is encouraged.Most sunscreens are too
oily for acne patients and tend to aggravate it.
Masks: These are the products that contain substances like clay, kaolin, or talc,
which can absorb sebum and make the skin temporarily dry.
Shaving: Daily shaving can irritate the skin. An electric shaver may be better option
than hand-held razor. A shaving gel or cream is better than shaving foam. A
moisturizing lotion is better than conventional aftershave lotion.
Hair oils: Liberal use of hair oils or oil massages is to be discouraged as this could
contribute to pomade acne. Frequent shampooing is advised to keep scalp free of
seborrhea.

17. Cleansers
The purpose of cleansing is to remove dirt, sebum, and sweat that could stick on to
an oily skin.
Soaps are not recommended as they dry up the skin which is already dry and
irritated with topical medications such as retinoids and BPO.
Frequent washing to reduce oiliness is counter productive as it leads to rebound
oiliness through irritation of the sebaceous gland.
Steaming, scrubbing, and the use of exfoliants make acne worse. Soap-free
cleansers with pH of 5–7 are the best. Salicylic-acid-containing cleansers as gels
and foams are helpful in the early stages of treatment.
Lathering antiseptics, latherproducing gels or creams, should be discouraged as
they can irritate acne-treated skin.
Cleansing milk is better for make-up removal versus toners and astringents.

18. Adjuvants cosmetics
Cosmetics with fragrances and photosensitizers should be avoided.
Water-based foundation is safe to use.
Moisturizers
Most topical antiacne treatments lead to dryness or desquamation of
skin. Appropriate use of oil-free moisturizers should be permitted or
even encouraged. The objective is to correct dryness to be
comfortable in feeling and appearance without causing oiliness.
Exfoliators
These are the products which contain cornedolytics like salicylic acid,
glycolic acid, and resorcinol. They are available as cleansers, washes,
leave-on-gels, and scrubs. Exfoliators speed the natural renewal of
skin cells and help in the treatment of acne by alleviating comedones.

19. Formulation for Anti-acne cream
Co emulsifier:
•Stearic acid -16.22%
•Paraffin oil - 0.95%
Emollient:
•Cetyl alcohol – 0.95%
•Propylene glycol – 4.79%
•Glycerin – 1.90%
•Propyl paraben – 0.09%

20. Anti bacterial:
•Sulphur – 0.38%
•Borax – 0.76%
•Vitamin E – 0.56%
•Zinc oxide – 0.76%
•Bismuth subnitrate – 1.90%
•Extracts of aloe vera – 0.63%
•Sugar cane – 0.63%
•Fragrance – q.s.

21. Procedure for formulation of anti-acne cream
For preparing various samples the required quantity of stearic acid was melted in a
double jacketted vessel and then required quantity of paraffin oil was added to it
at a room temperature.
After mixing cetyl alcohol as whitening agent was added with continuous stirring,
triethanol amine, propylene glycol, glycerine or any combination of these agents
used were added.
In another vessel, sulphur dissolved in the essential oil, borax and required extracts
were mixed in o/w type suspension.
This suspension is added into the above oily phase mixture of stearic acid so the
contents were thoroughly homogenized.

22. Treatment in Allopathic formulations
Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide, 75 Percent, USP
BE156 | 94-36-0 | C14
H10
O4
(Anhydrous) | Spectrum Chemical
Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide, 75 Percent, USP is used to treat mild to moderate acne. All
Spectrum Chemical USP products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current
Good Manufacturing and practices
Clindamycin Hydrochloride, Monohydrate, USP
CL107 | 58207-19-5 | C18
H33
ClN2
O5
S•HCl•H2
O | Spectrum Chemical
Clindamycin Hydrochloride, Monohydrate, USP is an antibiotic used to treat infections with
anaerobic bacteria. All Spectrum Chemical USP grade products are manufactured, packaged
and exported.

23. Resorcinol, Crystalline Powder, USP
R1005 | 108-46-3 | C6
H6
O2
| Spectrum Chemical
Resorcinol, Crystalline Powder, USP is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant and aid
in treating skin diseases such as eczema. All Spectrum Chemical USP products are
manufactured, packaged and exported.
Resorcinol Monoacetate
R1723 | 102-29-4 | C8
H8
O3
| Spectrum Chemical
Resorcinol Monoacetate is an organic compound formed by the combination of
resorcinol and acetic acid. In cosmetics and personal care product formulations, it
functions as an anti-dandruff cosmetics.
13-cis-Retinoic Acid
R1469 | 4759-48-2 | C20
H28
O2
| Spectrum Chemical
13-cis-Retinoic Acid, also known as Isotretinoin, is most often used as a medicine to
treat cystic acne. Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade
suitable for removing ance problem.

24. DANDRUFF
Dandruff is a condition of the scalp that causes flakes of skin to
appear. It is often accompanied by itching.
The exact cause is unknown, but various factors increase the risk.
It is not related to poor hygiene, but it may be more visible if a
person does not wash or brush their hair often.
Dandruff can be embarrassing and hard to treat, but help is
available.

25. Fast facts on dandruff
Dandruff is a common condition, but it can be embarrassing and
difficult to treat.
It is not related to hygiene, but washing and brushing the hair can
help remove old skin flakes.
Risk factors include having certain skin or medical conditions and the
use of inappropriate hair products.
Various treatments are available over the counter, but more severe
cases should be seen by a doctor.

26. Home remedies
Treatment aims to stop the dandruff by slowing down the reproduction of skin
cells or counteracting the yeast production that might be the cause.
The strategy will depend the patient's age and the severity of the condition.
However, there are some lifestyle changes and home remedies that can help;
these include:
Managing stress: Stress can trigger dandruff in some people, so managing it
better can reduce symptoms.
Shampoo more often: If you have oily hair and scalp, washing daily can help.
Sunlight: A little exposure to sunlight can be helpful.

27. Treatment
Shampoos and scalp products are available over the counter at most stores and
pharmacies. These can control seborrheic dermatitis, but they cannot cure it.
Shampoos and scalp preparations
Before using an anti-fungal shampoo, individuals should carefully try to remove
any scaly or crusty patches on the scalp, as far as possible, This will make the
shampoo more effective.
Dandruff shampoo is available to purchase online. Products are also available to
treat dandruff in the beard.

28. Ingredients to look out for
Most anti-dandruff or anti-fungal shampoos contain at least one of the following
active ingredients:
Ketoconazole: An effective anti-fungal. Shampoos containing this ingredient
can be used at any age.
Selenium sulfide: This reduces the production of natural oils by glands in the
scalp. It is effective at treating dandruff.
Zinc pyrithione: This slows down the growth of yeast.
Coal tar: This has a natural anti-fungal agent. Dyed or treated hair may become
stained by long-term usage. Tar soaps may also make the scalp more sensitive to
sunlight, so users should wear a hat when outside. Coal tar can also be carcinogenic
in high doses.

29. Salicylic acids: These help the scalp get rid of skin cells. They do not slow down
the reproduction of skin cells. Many "scalp scrubs" contain salicylic acids. Treatment
can sometimes leave the scalp dry and make skin flaking worse.
Tea-tree oil: Derived from the Australian Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), many
shampoos now include this ingredient. It has long been used as an anti-fungal,
an antibiotic, and an antiseptic. Some people are allergic to it.
The best strategy is to select a shampoo containing one of these ingredients and
shampoo the hair every day until the dandruff is under control.
After this, they can be used less frequently.
Alternating dandruff shampoo with regular shampoo may help. A specific shampoo
may stop being as effective after some time. At this point, it may be a good idea to
switch to one with another ingredient.

30. Causes
The exact causes of dandruff are unknown.. One theory is that it is linked to
hormone production, as it often begins around the time of puberty.
1.Not enough hair brushing
Combing or brushing the hair regularly reduces the risk of dandruff, because it aids
in the normal shedding of skin.
2. Yeast
People who are sensitive to yeast have a slightly higher chance of dandruff, so yeast
may play a part. Dandruff is often worse during the winter months and better when
the weather is warmer.
This may be because ultraviolet-A (UVA) light from the sun counteracts the yeast.
3. Dry skin
People with dry skin are more likely to have dandruff. Cold winter air combined
with overheated rooms is a common cause of itchy, flaking skin. Dandruff that
stems from dry skin tends to have smaller, non-oily flakes.

31. 4. Shampooing and skin care products
Certain hair care products can trigger a red, itchy, scaling scalp. Frequent
shampooing may cause dandruff, as it can irritate the scalp.
Some people say not shampooing enough can cause a buildup of oil and dead skin
cells, leading to dandruff, but evidence is lacking that this is true.
5. Certain skin conditions
People with psoriasis, eczema, and some other skin disorders tend to get dandruff
more frequently than others. Tinea capitis, a fungal infection also known as
scalp ringworm, can cause dandruff.
6. Medical conditions
Adults with Parkinson's disease and some other neurological illnesses are more
prone to dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.
One study found that between 30 and 83 percent of people with HIV have
seborrheic dermatitis, compared with 3 to 5 percent in the general population.
Patients who are recovering from a heart attack or a stroke and those with a weak
immune system may be more prone to dandruff.

32. 7. Diet
Not consuming enough foods that contain zinc, B vitamins, and some types
of fats may increase the risk.
8. Mental stress
There may be a link between stress and many skin problems.
9. Age
Dandruff is more likely from adolescence through middle age, although it
can be lifelong. It affects men more than women, possibly for reasons
related to hormones.

33. BAD BREATH
Bad breath, also called halitosis, is a common condition and
sometimes a distressing source of embarrassment.
Frequently, people aren’t even aware there’s a problem. While
there are many causes for bad breath, it most commonly results
from a lack of good oral hygiene.
Daily brushing and flossing and regular dental checkups and
cleanings are the best prevention for bad breath.

34. Bad breath is a common problem that can cause significant psychological distress.
There are a number of potential causes and treatments available.
Anyone can suffer from bad breath. It is estimated that 1 in 4 people have bad
breath on a regular basis.
Halitosis is the third most common reason that people seek dental care, after tooth
decay and gum disease.
Simple home remedies and lifestyle changes, such as improved dental hygiene
and quitting smoking, can often remove the issue. If bad breath persists, however,
it is advisable to visit a doctor to check for underlying causes.

35. There are other medical conditions that contribute to
mouth odor.
Beyond infections of the sinuses and lungs, there are other medical
conditions that can sometimes be detected through mouth odor.
These include diabetes, gastrointestinal disturbances and liver or
kidney ailments. If your CDA member dentist determines that your
mouth is healthy, you may be referred to your family doctor or a
specialist to determine the cause of bad breath.

36. HOW TO PREVENT AND STOP BAD BREATH
Improve oral hygiene by flossing every day / Brush and use Colgate Peroxyl mouth
wash after the three main meals each day for the next 7 days.
Use Chlorhexidine mouthwash, such as Colgate Savacol (Alcohol-Free) twice per
day at mid-morning and mid-afternoon for the next 2 weeks
Avoid onions, garlic, asparagus and eggs
Use RED plaque disclosing dye (Colgate DiscloGel) twice per week.

37. BLEEDING GUMS
Bleeding gums can happen every time you brush your teeth.
This may be an indication of underlying dental problems, or a sign of
poor oral health.
The symptoms vary from one case to another and that is why it is
better to treat the bleeding gums before it can cause other
problems.
It is also ideal to visit the dentist once bleeding occurs.The Orange
County Dental Clinic can help in the prevention,diagnosis and
treatment of oral problems.

38. Here are the most common causes of bleeding gums
Trauma accidents can lead to profuse bleeding especially when the mouth is
affected.
Also, heavy brushing with hard-tooth brushes can lead to bleeding.
It is good to recognize the ability of the gums to handle force.
There are people who can tolerate using hard brushes while others need to use
soft-bristled tooth brushes.

39. Poor oral hygiene :This is the most common cause of bleeding gums.
Gums become inflamed whenever plaques build-up on the teeth.
That is why it is very important to brush daily and floss daily as small food
particles can be trapped in-between teeth.
The food traps will then become the feeding source of bacteria causing
different oral problems.
Other causes are liver disease, long-term medications, genetics and even
cancer. Be sure to prevent bleeding gums from happening by visiting the
Orange County Dental Clinic for the correct diagnosis.

40. DENTAL CAVITIES
Dental caries is the scientific term for tooth decay or cavities. It is caused by specific types of
bacteria. They produce acid that destroys the tooth's enamel and the layer under it, the
dentin.
Many different types of bacteria normally live in the human mouth. They build up on the
teeth in a sticky film called plaque. This plaque also contains saliva, bits of food and other
natural substances. It forms most easily in certain places. These include:
Cracks, pits or grooves in the back teeth and Between teeth.Around dental fillings or
bridgework ,Near the gum line
The bacteria turn sugar and carbohydrates (starches) in the foods we eat into acids. The
acids dissolve minerals in the hard enamel that covers the tooth's crown (the part you can
see). The enamel erodes or develops pits. They are too small to see at first. But they get
larger over time.

41. Acid also can seep through pores in the enamel. This is how decay
begins in the softer dentin layer, the main body of the tooth. As the
dentin and enamel break down, a cavity is created.
If the decay is not removed, bacteria will continue to grow and
produce acid that eventually will get into the tooth's inner layer. This
contains the soft pulp and sensitive nerve fibers.
Tooth roots exposed by receding gums also can develop decay. The
root's outer layer, cementum, is not as thick as enamel. Acids from
plaque bacteria can dissolve it rapidly.

42. SYMPTOMS
Early caries may not have any symptoms. Later, when the decay has eaten through
the enamel, the teeth may be sensitive to sweet, hot or cold foods or drinks.
DIAGNOSIS
A dentist will look for caries at each office visit. The dentist will look at the teeth
and may probe them with a tool called an explorer to look for pits or areas of
damage. The problem with these methods is that they often do not catch cavities
when they are just forming. Occasionally, if too much force is used, an explorer can
puncture the enamel. This could allow the cavity-causing bacteria to spread to
healthy teeth.
Your dentist will take X-rays of your teeth on a set schedule, and also if a problem is
suspected. They can show newly forming decay, particularly between teeth. They
also show the more advanced decay, including whether decay has reached the pulp
and whether the tooth requires a root canal.

43. Newer devices also can help to detect tooth decay. They are useful in
some situations, and they do not spread decay. The one most
commonly used in dental offices is a liquid dye or stain. Your dentist
brushes the nontoxic dye over your teeth, then rinses it off with
water. It rinses away cleanly from healthy areas but sticks to the
decayed areas.
Some dentists also use high-tech devices such as lasers to detect
cavities. Under many conditions, these devices can detect very early
tooth decay, which can actually be reversed.

44. EXPECTED DURATION
Caries caught in the very early stages can be reversed. White spots
may indicate early caries that has not yet eroded through the
enamel.
Early caries may be reversed if acid damage is stopped and the tooth
is given a chance to repair itself naturally.
Caries that has destroyed enamel cannot be reversed. Most caries
will continue to get worse and go deeper. With time, the tooth may
decay down to the root. How long this takes will vary from person to
person. Caries can erode to a painful level within months or years.

45. PREVENTION
One way you can prevent cavities is by reducing the amount of plaque and bacteria
in your mouth. The best way to do this is by brushing and flossing daily. You also
can use antibacterial mouth rinses to reduce the levels of bacteria that cause
cavities. Other rinses neutralize the acid in your mouth to make the environment
less friendly to the growth of these bacteria.
You can reduce the amount of tooth-damaging acid in your mouth by eating sugary
or starchy foods less often during the day. Your mouth will remain acidic for several
hours after you eat. Therefore, you are more likely to prevent caries if you avoid
between-meal snacks.
Chewing gum that contains xylitol helps to decrease bacterial growth. Unlike sugar,
xylitol is not a food source for bacteria. Other products also can reduce the acid
level in your mouth. Ask your dentist about them.

46. Another way to reduce your risk of cavities is through the use of
fluoride, which strengthens teeth.
A dentist can evaluate your risk of caries and then suggest
appropriate fluoride treatments.
Fluoride in water strengthens teeth from within, as they develop,
and also on the outside.
Dentists also can paint fluoride varnish on children's primary teeth to
protect them from decay.
In adults, molars can be protected with sealants. In children, both
baby molars and permanent molars can be sealed.
Dentists also can use sealants on molars that have early signs of
tooth decay, as long as the decay has not broken through the
enamel.

47. TREATMENT
Caries is a process. In its early stages, tooth decay can be stopped. It can even be
reversed. Fluorides and other prevention methods also help a tooth in early stages
of decay to repair itself (remineralize). White spots are the last stage of early caries.
Once caries gets worse and there is a break in the enamel, only the dentist can
repair the tooth.
Then the standard treatment for a cavity is to fill the tooth. If a drill is used, the
dentist will numb the area. If a laser is used, a numbing shot is not usually required.
The decayed material in the cavity is removed and the cavity is filled.
Many fillings are made of dental amalgam or composite resin. Amalgam is a silver-
gray material made from silver, mercury, copper or other metals. Composite resin
offers a better appearance because it is tooth-colored. Newer resins are very
durable.

48. Amalgams are used in molars and premolars because the metal is not seen in the
back of the mouth. Composite and ceramic materials are used for all teeth.
If a cavity is large, the remaining tooth may not be able to support enough filling
material to repair it.
In this case, the dentist will remove the decay and cover the tooth with a ceramic
inlay, onlay or artificial crown. These may be made in the office or in a lab.
Sometimes bacteria may infect the pulp inside the tooth even if the part of the
tooth you can see remains relatively intact. In this case, the tooth will need root
canal treatment. A general dentist or an endodontist will remove the pulp and
replace it with an inert material. In most cases, the tooth will need a crown.

49. PROGNOSIS
If caries is not treated, it likely will cause the tooth to decay significantly. Eventually,
uncontrolled decay may destroy the tooth.
Having caries increases your risk of more caries for several reasons:
Caries is caused by bacteria. The more decay you have, the more bacteria exist in
your mouth.
The same oral care and dietary habits that led to the decay of your teeth will cause
more decay.
Bacteria tend to stick to fillings and other restorations more than to smooth teeth,
so those areas will be more likely to have new caries.
Cracks or gaps in the fillings may allow bacteria and food to enter the tooth, leading
to decay from beneath the filling.

50. NAME USES
Neem Used to clean teeth.Considered good for dental caries and
Gum infection.
Kashmal Peeled stem considered good for scouving teeth.
Haldi Powdered rhizomes mixed with and mustard oil is applied on
gums for pyorrhea.
Guava Leaves and stem for Scouving teeth.
FORMULATION IN COSMETICS OF BAD BREATH

51. TOOTH SENSITIVITY
Tooth sensitivity is a common dental problem that involves
discomfort or pain in teeth when encountering certain substances
and temperatures. At least 40 million adults suffer from sensitive
teeth in the United States, according to the Academy of General
Dentistry.
The pain is often sharp and sudden, but it is temporary. According to
the Cleveland Clinic, the pain may shoot into the tooth's nerve
endings. Fortunately, sensitive teeth can be treated and the
condition can improve.

52. CAUSES OF TOOTH SENSITIVITY
There are no at-risk groups for tooth sensitivity. It can happen to anyone, according
to Dr. Margaret Culotta-Norton, a dentist in Washington, D.C., and former president
of the D.C. Dental Society.
"The most common symptom is a sudden, sharp flash of pain when teeth are
exposed to air, cold, sweet, acidic or hot foods," she told Live Science. Some people
may experience tooth sensitivity from brushing or flossing their teeth.
In healthy teeth, enamel protects the underlying layer of dentin, which is softer
than enamel. The tooth roots are protected by gums. But if the enamel is worn
down or if the gum line has receded, then the dentin becomes exposed. "Cavities,
cracked teeth, gum recession, enamel and root erosion all cause dentin to be
exposed," Culotta-Norton said. "Dentin is connected to the nerve that triggers pain
in sensitive teeth."

53. Dentin contains thousands of microscopic tubules, or channels, leading to the
tooth's pulp, according to the Academy of General Dentistry. When exposed to the
elements, these dentinal tubules allow heat, cold, acidic or even sticky substances
to reach the nerves inside the tooth, causing pain.
According to the Cleveland Clinic, some factors that contribute to sensitive teeth
may include:
Brushing too hard or using a hard-bristled toothbrush. This can wear down enamel,
causing dentin to become exposed, or encourage gum recession.
Gum recession. This often happens in people suffering from periodontal disease,
and it exposes the dentin.
Gingivitis. Inflamed and sore gum tissue can result in exposure of the tooth's root.
Cracked teeth. These can become filled with bacteria from plaque and cause
inflammation in the pulp of the tooth. In more severe cases, it may lead to abscess
and infection.

54. Long-term use of mouthwash. Some over-the-counter mouthwashes contain acids.
If dentin is exposed dentin, the acids can make existing tooth sensitivity worse and
also further damage the dentin layer. There are neutral fluoride mouthwashes
available that might be a better option.
Acidic foods. These can encourage enamel reduction.
Dental procedures. Teeth may be sensitive after professional cleaning, root planing,
crown replacement and other tooth restoration procedures. Usually the pain will
disappear in four to six weeks.

55. TOOTH SENSITIVITY AFTER FILLING
Some people may experience tooth sensitivity after having a cavity filled or a filling
replaced, according to the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine. The
tooth decay that causes cavities irritates the tooth, and the filling procedure, while
necessary, can lead to further sensitivity. Fortunately, tooth sensitivity after a filling
should improve on its own within a few weeks. It may last longer, as much as a few
months, but as long as the tooth sensitivity shows gradual improvement, there
should be nothing to worry about. Persistent tooth sensitivity, however, may
indicate that a root canal is needed.
Sometimes after a filling, teeth become sensitive when biting down. This can be
fixed with a simple bite adjustment. Additionally, the filling may be too high,
according to Columbia University. In this case, the dentist could lower the filling.

56. TOOTH SENSITIVITY AFTER WHITENING TREATMENTS
Teeth-whitening treatments done either in a dentist's office or using an over-the-
counter product contain harsh chemicals that remove stains, but they can also
remove the enamel, leading to tooth sensitivity. Several studies have investigated
ways to lessen pain after in-office teeth-whitening treatments.
A 2018 study in Operative Dentistry found that patients taking acetomeniphin
/codeine before treatment did not reduce pain, so more dramatic measures are
likely needed.
A 2016 study in Lasers in Medical Science found that irradiating teeth with a low-
level red laser with an infrared diode after a whitening treatment reduced pain
levels significantly. A 2018 study published in The Journal of the American Dental
Association found that applying a densitizing gel before whitening significantly
reduced tooth sensitivity after treatment.

57. SENSITIVE TEETH TREATMENT
"Sensitive teeth never completely disappear," Culotta-Norton said. "Symptoms
may be less or even seem to go away for a while but unless the reasons why a
person's teeth become sensitive are completely eliminated the sensitivity will
come and go."
There are several types of treatment available, and each dentist has his or her
favorites that they are most likely to recommend, according to Culotta-Norton.
She stressed that there is no single treatment option that works for everyone.
"Proper diagnosis of the reason for the sensitivity is essential in treating
sensitivity. If the reason for the sensitivity is addressed, the treatment chosen will
be more successful in decreasing pain. If the dentist just treats sensitivity without
addressing the reason for it the problem will continue and get worse," she said.

58. The following are some at-home treatments suggested by
the Cleveland Cosmetic Clinic:
Desensitizing toothpaste. There are several brands of toothpaste for
sensitive teeth available. Your dentist may recommend one or you
may have to try different brands until you find the product that works
for you. Be sure to use fluoridated toothpaste for sensitive teeth, not
tartar-control toothpaste. Try spreading a thin layer of the
desensitizing toothpaste on the exposed tooth roots before bed.
Use a soft-bristled toothbrush.
Avoid highly acidic foods.
Use a fluoridated mouthwash daily.
Avoid teeth grinding. Consider getting a mouth guard.

59. The following are some dental procedures that may reduce tooth
sensitivity, according to the American Dental Association;
Bonding, crowns or inlays. These may fix a tooth flaw or decay that
is causing sensitivity.
Fluoride gel or varnish.
Surgical gum graft. This will protect the root and reduce sensitivity if
the gum tissue has eroded from the root.
Root canal. This is a last-resort treatment for severe tooth
sensitivity that has not been helped by other methods

60. BODY ODOR
When a body gives off a scent others may find unpleasant, it is known as body
odor.
Body odor usually becomes evident if measures are not taken when a human
reaches puberty. People who are obese, those who regularly eat spicy foods, as
well as individuals with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, are more
susceptible to having body odor.
People who sweat too much, such as those with hyperhidrosis ,may also be
susceptible to body odor. However, often the salt level of their sweat is too high
for the bacteria to break down. It depends on where the excess sweating is
occurring and which type of sweat glands are involved.

61. Body odor is most likely to occur in the following places:
•feet
•groin
•armpits
•genitals
•pubic hair and other hair
•belly button
•anus.
•behind the ears
•the rest of the skin, to a lesser extent.

62. CAUSES
Body odor is caused by bacteria breaking down sweat and is largely linked to the
apocrine glands. Most body odor comes from these.
These glands are found in the breasts, genital area, eyelids, armpits, and ear. In the
breasts, they secrete fat droplets into breast milk. In the ear, they help
form earwax. Apocrine glands in the skin and the eyelids are sweat glands.
Most of the apocrine glands in the skin are located in the groin, armpits, and
around the nipples. In the skin, they usually have an odor. They are scent glands.
The apocrine glands are mainly responsible for body odor because the sweat they
produce is high in protein, which bacteria can break down easily.

63. PREVENTION
A large concentration of apocrine glands is present in the armpits, making that
area susceptible to the rapid development of body odor.
The following steps may help control armpit odor:
Keep the armpits clean: Wash them regularly using anti-bacterial soap, and the
number of bacteria will be kept low, resulting in less body odor.
Hair: When armpits have hair, it slows down the evaporation of sweat, giving the
bacteria more time to break it down into smelly substances. Shaving the armpits
regularly has been found to help body odor control in that area. Reusable razors
are available to purchase online.
Deodorant or antiperspirant: Deodorants make the skin more acidic, making it
more difficult for bacteria to thrive. An antiperspirant blocks the sweating action
of the glands, resulting in less sweating. Some studies, however, have indicated
that antiperspirants may be linked to breast cancer or prostate cancer risk.

64. Formulation of Antiperspirants
1) Almunium chlorhydride --- 3.5% (active ingredients)
•Isopropyl myristate --- 6% (suspending oils)
•Cab –o- sil ---o.3% --- (suspending agents)
•Perfume --- 0.2%
•Propellant --- 90%
2) Almunium chlorhydroxide --- 3.5%
•Talc ---- 1%
•Suspending oil --- 1.5%
•Cab-o-sil --- 0.3%
•Perfume --- 0.2%
•Propellant --- 90%

65. 3) Glyceryl monostearate ---- 15%
•Mineral oil ----5%
•Petroleum jelly ----2.5%
•Glycerine ----5%
•Almunium chlorhydrate ---6%
•Water ----100%
•Perfume and preservatives ---- q.s

66. Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation
Cosmeceutical are topical cosmetic pharmaceutical hybrids that‑
enhance the beauty through constituents that provide additional
health related benefit.‑
Cosmeceuticals are commonly used for hyperpigmentation.
These disorders are generally difficult to treat, hence the need for
skin lightening agents including, cosmeceuticals.
These agents selectively target hyperplastic melanocytes and inhibit
key regulatory steps in melanin synthesis.

67. Pigmentation disorders
Pigmentation means coloring. Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your
skin. Your skin gets its color from a pigment called melanin. Special cells in the skin
make melanin. When these cells become damaged or unhealthy, it affects melanin
production. Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. Others affect
your entire body.If your body makes too much melanin, your skin gets darker.
Pregnancy, Addison's disease, and sun exposure all can make your skin darker. If
your body makes too little melanin, your skin gets lighter.
Vitiligo is a condition that causes patches of light skin.
Albinism is a genetic condition affecting a person's skin. A person with albinism may
have no color, lighter than normal skin color, or patchy missing skin color.
Infections, blisters and burns can also cause lighter skin

68. Treatments
Many people use topical treatments to treat hyperpigmentation. Topical treatments
will include ingredients that lighten the skin, such as:
•azelaic acid
•corticosteroids
•hydroquinone
•kojic acid
•retinoids, such as tretinoin
•vitamin C

69. Formulation of hyperpigmentation cream
•Paraffin oil and cocunut oil
•Cetomacrogol 1000
•Cetostearyl alcohol
•Glycerine
•Lemon oil
•Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra

70. Procedure
Preparation of Base
W/O cream was prepared by the addition of aqueous phase to the oily phase with
continuous agitation.
To prepare base: Oily phase that consisted of paraffin oil , beeswax , cocunut oil ,
surfactants , is heated upto 75 +_ 1c .Aq. Phase consisting of glycerine and water is
heated to same temperature.
Preparation of formulation
The formulation was also prepared by same method; The only difference is the
addition of glycyrrhiza glabra extract (active drug) that is added in aqueous phase
consisting of glycerin and water.
Each formulation consists of preserved water (propyl paraben 0.02% w/w and
methyl paraben 0.1% w/w to 100g.The formulations were nuetralized by
triethanolamine to pH 5.5.

71. DRY SKIN
Dry skin also is called xerosis.Complex factors contribute to dry,
flaky skin, and several of these change with age.
Environmental factors such as ambient dryness, irritants, or bathing
habits may be involved, as well as individual characteristics related
to medical conditions, genetics, or aging.
As the biochemistry of dry skin becomes better understood, we are
better able to treat this problem.

72. THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF DRY SKIN
The structure of the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, and the stratum
corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, are of greatest importance in
determining who develops dry skin and when it develops.
The epidermis is composed of 4 layers.
The cells of the inner layer migrate upward from the basal layer to the granular
layer, until they reach the outer layer of the stratum corneum. Through this
migration, the cells change, losing their nuclei (the inner portion containing DNA)
and becoming keratinized,
Thus forming the outer protective keratin layer of the stratum corneum.
This outer layer provides a barrier function.
It keeps important substances, such as cellular fluids and blood, within the body.

73. TREATMENT FOR DRY SKIN
The best treatment for dry skin is daily lubrication with an emollient (a substance
that inhibits the evaporation of water). Because most dry skin is due to external
causes, external treatments like creams and lotions can be applied and effectively
control the skin problem.
Often, dry skin can be improved by applying a bland over-the-counter moisturizer.
Once other causes of dry skin have been ruled out, the main goals of treatments
are to stop the itching, prevent loss of water, and restore skin hydration.

74. Topical steroid creams include
•hydrocortisone 1% cream (mild strength),
•Pramosone 2.5% Light moisturizing lotions for mild dry skin
•Cetaphil lotion
•Lubriderm lotion
•Curel lotion
•Highly moisturizing products (that characteristically do not flow out of the jar
when inverted) for severe dry skin
•Vaseline
•Aquaphor
•cream (mild strength),
•triamcinolone 0.1% cream (medium strength),
•fluocinonide 0.05% cream (strong strength).

75. Itch
Dry skin itches. However, itch is a poorly understood component of dry skin.
We know from animal studies that itching relates to individual and genetic
differences in the spinal cord and in chemicals that transmit nerve impulses.
Animals with genetic defects that spontaneously itch also have a stratum cornea
with weakened barrier function.
Environmental Factors
Dry skin tends to worsen during the winter season. As mentioned earlier, there are
differences in ceramide synthesis during winter, with a relative deficiency in the
long-chain, more protective ceramides.
The low humidity of a dry environment, either in the winter or at other times,
encourages itch by increasing mast cell, number and histamine content in the skin,
both of which contribute to itching.

76. TREATMENT OF DRY SKIN
•Doctors have very inconsistent prescribing practices in treating dry
skin.
•Patients often receive conflicting and confusing advice, which causes
difficulty in following a therapeutic regimen.
•In Great Britain, the “ABC dry skin and eczema management
programme” has been developed, with a simple set of guidelines for
treating dry skin.
•However, many substances helpful to dry skin have been described
only fairly recently in the research lab and are unknown by many
clinicians.Some of the agents that are known to help this problem are
described above:-

77. Glycerol
•Glycerol helps with moisturization.
•It does so by helping desmosome bridges between stratum corneum cells to
degrade,
•So the cells can be shed appropriately.
•Glycerol also helps the lipid molecules between cells provide a better barrier
to water.
•Urea-containing creams also have been found to moisturize, although they
have a higher incidence of irritation associated with them than glycerol.

78. Enzymes
Some topical enzymes help the desmosome connections between cells break
down, so the cells can come apart and be shed.
The pancreatic enzyme chymotrypsin and papain, found in pineapple, both work in
this way.
Enzymes from a bacterium called Bacillus licheniformis also are being studied in
the research lab.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C increases ceramide synthesis in the skin and causes more of the
beneficial long-chain ceramides to be made.
Both of these effects help with dry skin.

79. HERBAL COSMETICS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF SKIN
FOR DRY SKIN
Examples of Herbs:-
•Rubia Cardifolia(Manjista)
•Triphla
•Tulsi
•Glycirrhiza glabra in sesame oil.
•Fruit face Mask:- Banana as avocado pulp.
FOR SENSITIVE SKIN
Examples of Herbs:-
•Curcuma longa
•Triphala
•Azadirachta Indica Mustaka
•Nimba in Cocunut oil.
•Fruit face mask:- Banana or Pineapple pulp.

80. FOR OILY SKIN
Examples of Herbs:-
•Tulsi
•Indora
•Nimba
•Jati Phata
•Triphla
•Curcuma longa
•Mustakha in mustard oil
•Milk
•Sour milk
•Cream and butter milk are used are general natured cleaner
•Fruit Face Mask:- Strawberry or papaya pulp.

81. Formulation of Creams
a) Moisturising cream
This medication is used as a moisturizer to treat or prevent dry, rough, scaly, itchy
skin and minor skin irritations (e.g., diaper rash, skin burns from radiation therapy).
Emollients are substances that soften and moisturize the skin and
decrease itching and flaking. Some products (e.g., zinc oxide, white petrolatum) are
used mostly to protect the skin against irritation (e.g., from wetness).

82. Cold cream
It is an emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various
scent agents, designed to smooth skin and remove makeup.
The emulsion is of a "water in oil" type unlike the "oil in water" type emulsion
of vanishing cream, so-called because it seems to disappear when applied on skin.
The name "cold cream" derives from the cooling feeling that the cream leaves on
the skin. Variations of the product have been used for nearly 2000 years.
Cold cream is mainly used for skin treatment (such as a facial mask or lip balm), due
to its moisturizing properties. It can also be used to remove makeup and as shaving
cream.

83. Formula
For Moisturising cream
•Stearic acid (fats):- 4%
•Mineral oil :- 8%
•Lanolin :- 1%
•Glyceryl monostearate :- 3%
For Cold cream
•White bees wax :- 10gm
•Liquid paraffin :- 30gm
•Borax :- 0.5gm
•Rose oil :- 0.1ml
•Water :- 10ml

84. Procedure for preparation of Cold cream
•Weigh the beeswax, melt it with the liquid paraffin and raise the temperature to
70°C.
•Dissolve the borax in the water and heat up the solution to 70°C.
•Gradually add the solution to the melted mixture and stir preferably mechanically
until the Cream has set.
•Stirring should be rapid initially but care should be taken enough to avoid
excessive aeration as the preparation starts to thicken.

85. Prickly Heat
Prickly heat, heat rash or summer rash is caused by sweat becoming blocked in the
epidermis and causes an itching or burning sensation with little blisters on the
surface of the skin or deeper red lumps.
It is not contagious, and it has no connection to skin cancer or malignant
melanoma.
It can affect anyone at any age, but is most common in women between the ages of
20-40 with lighter skin tones.
It is thought that 10% of the population experience heat rash or photosensitivity,
and that well over half the population experience some level of itching, skin
prickling or discomfort when they are exposed to sunlight.

86. Prickly heat usually affects parts of the body covered by clothes,such
as the back, abdomen,neck,upper chest,groin or armpits.
Predominantly caused by exposure to sun, heat and humidity,
Prickly heat can be also be triggered by any number of reasons
including:
• An increase in strenuous activity which leads to perspiration which
can irritate the skin.
•Clothing that traps sweat next to your body, such as synthetic
fabrics and tight clothing.
•Your diet – things like red wine, coffee and spicy foods.

87. Types of Prickly Heat
Miliaria Crystalline
A mild form of prickly heat causing small bubbles on the skin about 1-2mm in
size, usually without skin redness or pain and itching.
Forming when sweat ducts get clogged in the upper most layer of the skin, this
type of heat rash is common in new babies, but can occur in adults where it
usually appears on the forehead, neck, back and chest.
Miliaria Rubra
Characterised by an itchy and prickly sensation and red bumps on the skin, this
heat rash affects the middle layers of the skin.
It can occur in adults exposed to heat and humidity and also in babies up to
three or four weeks of age.

88. Miliaria Profunda
An uncommon form of heat rash that usually occurs in adults who have
recurring Miliaria Rubra.
It affects the deeper layers of the skin and can cause flesh coloured skin lesions
around 1-3mm in size on the body, arms and legs.Sufferers may also experience
nausea, increased pulse rate and dizziness.
Polymorphic Light Eruption (PMLE)
Often occurring at the first signs of sun in the spring, or in the first couple of
days on a holiday in a new climate, Polymorphic light eruption (PMLE) is a skin
rash that occurs as a result of exposure to the sun.
It is not harmful or contagious, but it can be uncomfortable and embarrassing.

89. Tips For Preventing
Tips for preventing Prickly Heat, Heat Rash and Polymorphic Light Eruption:
• Avoid tight clothing that can irritate the skin. Ideally wear light, loose-fitting
cotton clothing.
• In hot temperatures, stay in the shade or air-conditioned areas, or use a fan to
circulate the air.
• Keep your sleeping area cool and well ventilated.
• Bathe with cold water using products that do not contain soap, fragrances or
dyes which can all dry your skin.
• Avoid using heavy creams or oils as they can block pores and exacerbate
symptoms.

90. Formulation of prickly heat
Calamine lotion , Hydrocortisone cream , Topical steroids.
Calamine lotion
•Calamine : 150gm --- used as for mild astringent action
•Zinc oxide : 50gm --- mild antiseptic and astringent
•Bentonite : 30gm --- suspending agent
•Sodium citrate : 5gm ---cooling and soothing effect on skin
Preservative :-
•Liquid paraffin : 5ml --- for symptomatic releif of itching
•Glycerine : 50ml
•Rose water : 1000ml

91. Wrinkles
•The skin is well known to be the first element influencing human socio-cultural
relationship.
•The skin is where emotions take place and the expression of health and wellness
status.
•The wrinkle is a furrow on the skin surface.
•It is due to a progressive collagen loss, causing a low elasticity of the tissue and to
a lower cellular reproduction (Draelos and Pugliese, 2011).
•It appears during the natural life course as a phenomenon known as ageing.
•Skin ageing is due to intrinsic and extrinsic processes.The formers are due to the
individual genetic background, are inevitable and not subject to the influence of
the human behavior.

92. CAUSES
Wrinkles are caused by a combination of factors — some you can control, others
you can't:
Age. As you get older, your skin naturally becomes less elastic and more fragile.
Decreased production of natural oils dries your skin and makes it appear more
wrinkled.
Fat in the deeper layers of your skin diminishes. This causes loose, saggy skin and
more-pronounced lines and crevices.
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Ultraviolet radiation, which speeds the
natural aging process, is the primary cause of early wrinkling. Exposure to UV light
breaks down your skin's connective tissue — collagen and elastin fibers, which lie in
the deeper layer of skin (dermis).
Without the supportive connective tissue, your skin loses strength and flexibility.
Skin then begins to sag and wrinkle prematurely.

93. Smoking. Smoking can accelerate the normal aging process of your skin,
contributing to wrinkles. This may be due to changes in the blood supply to your
skin.
Repeated facial expressions. Facial movements and expressions, such as
squinting or smiling, lead to fine lines and wrinkles. Each time you use a facial
muscle, a groove forms beneath the surface of the skin. And as skin ages, it loses its
flexibility and is no longer able to spring back in place. These grooves then become
permanent features on your face.

94. PREVENTION
Here are ways to make the most of your skin's appearance:
Protect your skin from the sun. Protect your skin — and prevent future wrinkles —
by limiting the time you spend in the sun and always wearing protective clothing,
such as wide-brimmed hats, long-sleeved shirts and sunglasses. Also, use
sunscreen when outdoors, even during winter.
The American Academy of Dermatology recommends using a broad-spectrum
sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or more. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply
every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or perspiring.
Use products with built-in sunscreen. When selecting skin care products, choose
those with a built-in broad-spectrum sunscreen — meaning it blocks both UVA and
UVB rays.
Use moisturizers. Dry skin shrivels plump skin cells, which can lead to premature
fine lines and wrinkles. Though moisturizers can't prevent wrinkles, they may
temporarily mask tiny lines and creases.

95. Don't smoke. Even if you've smoked for years or smoked heavily, you can still
improve your skin tone and texture and prevent future wrinkles by quitting
smoking.
Eat a healthy diet.There is some evidence that certain vitamins in your diet
help protect your skin. More study is needed on the role of nutrition, but it's good
to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.

96. Wrinkles classification
The wrinkles are distinguished in (Kligman et al., 1985):
•Texture
The skin, even the infants’ one, show on its surface a texture composed by
depressions or groves, which intersecting form small rhomboid area.
•Expressional
These are those lines forming on the face where skin has to adapt to the facial
muscles movements.
Indeed, the facial muscles find their insertion beneath the skin. Consequently, the
skin moves together with them.
These cranes are visible at the age of 30, but they do not increase in number during
the years; instead, they become deeper.
Their direction is perpendicular to the muscular fibers direction.

97. Treatments and cosmeceutics molecules in skin
The continuous increase of length of life depicts the necessity to
maintain a healthy and young aspect.
So the population look at the aesthetic medicine.
When plastic surgery is not necessary, so-called “noninvasive”
treatments are available .These options are:
•filler
•peeling
•botulin toxin
•lasers

98. The fillers
The filler is a biological or syntactical mean to inject in hypoderm or in
derma tissue, so to implement or enhance a limited area of body
(usually face) for aesthetic purpose (Kusin and Lippitz, 2009).
The currently available injectable skin fillers can be divided into three
categories:
those that function to replace tissue lost by the aging process and
temporary duration (collagen, hyaluronic acid, and biologic fillers);
those that stimulate endogenous connective tissue growth (poly-L
lactic acid and calciumhydroxyapatite);
And permanent fillers (polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, and
hydroxyethylmethacrylate) .

99. Peelings
Peeling is a medical treatment consisting in a microabrasion of
epidermis or the superficial and medium derma, by means of
chemical or physical agents.
This kind of treatments aim to the revitalizing and rejuvenating
the skin (Fischer et al., 2007; Sánchez Carpintero et al. 2010.

100. CONT…
The chemical agents can be distinguished in: -
Superficial peels, affecting the epidermidis and stimulating the
papillary derma.
The peels used in these treatments are pyruvic acid, salicylic acid,
retinoic acid, tricloroacetic acid (T.C.A.) at 10%-20%;
-Intermedium peels, affecting the superficial derma. They are T.C.A.
at 25%, T.C.A. 35%, glycolic acid and T.C.A. 35%
-Deep peels, affecting the intermedium derma. These peels are TCA
50% and fenolic based solution

101. Botulinum toxin
Botulinum toxin injection for treatment of facial wrinkles is one of the most
common entry procedures for clinicians seeking to incorporate aesthetic
treatments into their practice.
Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits release of acetylcholine
at the neuromuscular junction.
Injection of small quantities of this molecule into overactive muscles
determines a localized relaxation that smooths the overlying skin and
consequently reduces wrinkles.
The effects take two weeks to fully develop and last three to four months.
Treatment of frown lines and crow’s feet, which are the cosmetic indications
approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and horizontal forehead
lines.

102. Lasers
•The cosmetic use of the laser represents a valid noninvasive intervention for the
aged skin.
•The used lasers are the CO2 laser and the Er-Yag.
•They are indicated for treatments of aesthetic lesions, for resurfacing, for non-
ablative rejuvenating and for hair removal.
•These lasers usually are implemented for face rejuvenating and in acneic
patients.
•The goal is to vaporize the superficial layers of the skin (epidermidis and
papillary derma) to smooth the external skin.
•The side effect of this treatment is the longtime of healing (Camargo Cristina et
al., 2014; Humphreys, 2006; Sharad, 2013).

103. Formulation of wrinkles
Extracted seed oil of Moringa oleifera : 2%
•Stearic acid : 6%
•Cetyl alcohol : 6.6%
•Liquid paraffin : 3%
•Glycerol : 3%
•Methyl paraben : 0.02%
•Propylene glycol : 30%
•Water q.s : 100%

104. Procedure
O/W type emulsion based cream was formulated. The emulsifier (Stearic acid) and
other soluble oil components (cetyl alcohol , liquid paraffin) were dissolved in the oil
phase (part A) and heated to 75c.
The preservatives and other water sol. Components (Methyl paraben , glycerol ,
propylene glycol , ethanol extract of moringa oliefera seeds were dissolved in the
aqueous phase (part B) and heated to same temperature.
After heating the aqueous phase was added in portions to the oil phase with
continuous stirring until cooling of emulsifier took place.

105. References
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. Allen, C., Havlíˇcek, J., and Roberts, S. C. (2015). Effect of fragrance use on
discrimination of individual body odour. Front. Psychol. 6:1115. doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01115.
. Dureja H, Kaushik D, Gupta M, Kumar V, Lather V. Cosmeceuticals: An
emerging concept. Indian J Pharmacol 2014;37:155 9 .‑
. Grace R. Cosmeceuticals: Functional food for the skin. Natural Foods Merch
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Seyfarth, S Schliemann, D Antonov, P Elsner; ClinDermatol. 2015 Jan-
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doi:10.1002/path.2098. THANK YOU

106. THANK YOU