57. Mucosal abnormality, mucosal folds thicken in malabsorption, oedema, hemorrhage in the bowel wall, and when inflamed or infiltrated.
58. Narrowing, normal narrowing is caused by peristalsis, they are smooth, concentric, transient with normal mucosal folds. When there is stricture, it’s caused by crohn’s disease, TB, lymphoma, they don’t contain normal mucosal folds and bowel dilates proximally.
59. Ulceration, may appear shallow or deep. Ulceration is seen in Crohn’s disease, TB, lymphoma... Cobble stone appearance may be seen due to ulceration and mucosal oedema.
111. Villous polyps: benign, sessile tumors, having sponge-like appearance, frequently mistaken for feces, mostly found in the rectum and cecum, having high incidence to change to Carcinoma.
181. Atrophy: is non specific sign as it occurs in elderly and distal to CA... Maybe focal or general.
182.
183. If large amount of fluid are present, fluid will be seen throughout the peritoneal cavity and stomach or ………… may be seen floating in the ascites.
184. At CT scan, ascites is of lower density than liver, spleen and kidney.
185. One of the easiest site to see ascites is near the liver, a uniform band of low density can identify with liver and diaphragm
186. Ascites cannot collect posterior to the upper part of liver because of the peritoneal reflection forming the so called bare area.
187. When loculated ascites is seen as discrete collection of fluid. Loculated lesion may not be distinguishable from fluid in abscess because the density of infected and uninfected fluid can be identical.
194. The abscess has slightly irregular walls and may contain internal echoes due to septation or debris. these internal echoes are not specific for infection.
195.
196. Gas within the abscess seen in ½ of patients. It is very useful sign to distinguish infected and non infected fluid loculation.
197. The gas may take the form of multiple small streaks or bubbles, or may collect as one large bubble.
198. Air fluid level may be present within the larger collection.
199. The wall of the abscess show enhancement following IV contrast administration.
210. There is usually fat containing space to left of aorta which is a good area to look for Lymphadenopathy. The only structure other than LN to be seen in this space is left renal vein.
234. Non functional adenoma larger than 3cm are rare, may be due to metastasis or primary adrenal carcinoma. The common malignant adrenal tumor is neuroblastoma.
235.
236.
237. At angiography the outline of aortic lumen seen this is due to thrombus and not the wall that form the outline.
238. Aortography is of limited use in assessing the diameter although it is a good technique for the aorta above the aneurism.