2. What is Phosphorylation?
 It is when energy is put in to link phosphate (P) to
ADP to form ATP

3. Energy in Food
 Average human beings need 2,500 kilocalories.
 One gram of sugar is equal to 3811 calories (not
kilo)

4. Types of Respiration
 Aerobic Respiration
- Occurs in Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
- C6 H12 O6 -----> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O

5. Types of Respiration
 Anaerobic
- Occurs in cytoplasm
- C6 + H12 + O6  2 ATP + CO2 + Alcohol
- C6 + H12 + O6  2 ATP + Lactic Acid
- Fermentation pathways make little ATP

6. Facultive vs. Obligate
 Facultive- Can do aerobic or anaerobic
 Obligate- Must do only one
This is Greg and Kavan’s child
and Greg wanna fight? Kavan
probably just laughed 

7. Glycolysis
 Occurs in Cytoplasm
 Splits Glucose into 2 pyruvate
 Requires 2 ATP but later gains a net of 2 ATP
 Phosphoglyceraldehide- 3 carbons attached two a
phosphate group (This later becomes pyruvate)

8. NAD+ and FAD
 Both carry electrons by carrying H
 When they are reduced: NAD -> NADH

9. Fermentation
 When no O2 is present fermentation occurs
 2 Types- Lactic (Humans) and Alcoholic
 Quick burst of energy (low ATP)
 Causes muscle fatigue (lactic acid)

10. Cellular Respiration
 ALWAYS has O2 present
 Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
 Yields 36-38 ATP
 3 stages- 1) Glycolysis, 2) Citric/Krebs cycle, and 3)
Electron Transport System

11. Mitochondria
 In the mitochondria the transition reaction, the Krebs
cycle, and ETC occur.
 The cristae is the inner folds, this is were ETC
happens.
 The matrix is the fluid (gel like), Krebs and transition
occur there.

12. Transition Reaction
 Is in between glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
 Changes pyruvate to 2 carbon attached to an
coenzyme called coenzyme A.
 A carbon is lost during this!

13. Transportation Reaction

14. Citric Acid Cycle
 Occurs in Matrix.
 Four CO2 is taken away, and two ATP is gained, six
Hydrogen is taken using NADH, and 2 FADH.
 Also called Krebs Cycle

15. Electron Transport Chain
 Happens in the cristae of the mitochondria
 Also called oxidative phosphorylation
 O2 combines with the H to form water
 Per glucose there are 10 NADH and 2 FADH
 H+ Ions flow from high to low
 Addition of 32 ATP

16. NAD, FAD and ATP
 1 NAD= 3 ATP
 1 FAD= 2 ATP
* Remember LEO loss electrons OXIDATION and GER
gain of electrons reduction

17. What is being Oxidized
and Reduced?

18. Respiration of Protiens
 During respiration the amino group must be
removed (NH2) This is called deamination!

19. Respiration of Protiens
 When the group is removed it attaches to a H and
becomes AMONIA. This substance is very toxic and
is used to clean (A substance which Jonny cleans
his bathroom with)
 This mixes with water and becomes URINE (Kavan
and Greg drink this)

20. Respiration of Fats
 Fats could be two categories Glycerol or Fatty Acids
 Fats yield to most ATP but take long to respirate (to
remember this think about Jonny he is fat, so he
takes a long time to get up, but the amount of
energy ATP he uses to get is a lot)

21. Respiration vs. Cellular
Respiration
 Breathing rate is determined by the level of CO2. It
forces us to breath faster.
 Respiration Burning
Little to no light Light
Low heat High heat
ENZYMES No enzymes

22. Respiration vs. Cellular
Respiration
Series of reactions Single reaction
RESPIRATION IS MORE EFFICENT

23. Production Chart
Glycolysis Trans Krebs ETC
ATP 2 0 2 34
CO2 0 2 4 0
H2O 0 0 0 6
NADH 4 2 6 0
FADH 0 0 2 0

24. Question
 During fermentation is pyruvate being oxidized or
reduced?

25. Answer
 REDUCED

26. Question
Catabolic Anabolic
Digestion Synthetic
Hydrolysis
Degradive
Which terms best describe cellular respiration?

27. Answer
 ALL of them, due to the fact that respiration is a
catabolic and anabolic process.

28. Question
 How many waters are produced during cellular
respiration?

29. Answer
 6 H2O

30. Question
 How many times is fermentation less efficient than
respiration?

31. Answer
 18x or 18 times less efficient

32. Question
 What is the “summary equation” for cellular
respiration?

33. Answer

34. Question
 What is the role of O2 in cellular respiration?

35. Answer
 FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

36. Question
 What are the intermediate electrons acceptors? (2)

37. Answer
 FAD and NAD

38. Question
 Gram for gram, sugars are not as god as fats as a
source of energy for cellular respiration because
sugars
A) Produce toxic amino groups when broken down
B) Contain more hydrogen
C) Are not as easily reduced
D) Contain fewer Hydrogen atoms and electrons

39. Answer
 D

40. Questions
Order the following in terms of potential energy (high to
low).
Glucose, ATP, NADH, FAD

41. Answer
 1) Glucose (36-38 ATP)
 2) NADH (3 ATP)
 3) FAD (2 ATP)
 4) ATP (1 ATP)

42. Question
 What do all of the following have in common? What
is the name for this process?
Oxygen, NAD+, FAD

43. Answer
 All of them accept/carry electrons. The process of
carrying electrons is called reduction.

44. Question
 What gets oxidized in respiration? (5 things)

45. Answer
 Glucose, pyruvic acid, Acetyl CoA, FADH, NADH

46. Question
 What kind of reaction is respiration?

47. Answer
 Respiration is a redox reaction.
 It is also anabolic and catabolic.

48. Question
 Highlight in red what is being oxidized and bold what
is being reduced in this:
C6 H12 O6 + O2  CO2 + H20

49. Answer
 C6 H12 O6 + O2  CO2 + H20

50. Question
 Who is the most handsome kid in Bio period 1
honors?
A) Zain (OF COURSE)
B) Kavan (he is pretty hot but not as great as Zain)
C) Jonny (hes hot too)
D) Greg (NOPE)

51. Answer
 ZAIN OF COURSE CHOICE A

52. Need more help?
Glycolysis-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE2jfTXAJHg
Citric Acid Cycle-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw
Electron Transport Chain-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfgCcFXUZRk