Minimally invasive surgery for head and neck cancer at world class hospitals in india

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Head and Neck Cancer
at World Class Hospitals in India
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Head and Neck Cancers
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Cancers that are known collectively as head and
neck cancers usually begin in the squamous cells
that line the moist, mucosal surfaces inside the
head and neck (for example, inside the mouth, the
nose, and the throat). These squamous cell cancers
are often referred to as squamous cell carcinomas of
the head and neck. Head and neck cancers can also
begin in the salivary glands, but salivary gland
cancers are relatively uncommon. Salivary glands
contain many different types of cells that can
become cancerous, so there are many different
types of salivary gland cancer.
Cancers of the head and neck are further categorized by the area of the head or neck in which
they begin. These areas are described below and labeled in the image of head and neck cancer
regions.

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Oral cavity: Includes the lips, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the gums, the lining inside
the cheeks and lips, the floor of the mouth under the tongue, the hard palate, and the small
area of the gum behind the wisdom teeth.
Pharynx: The pharynx (throat) is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose
and leads to the esophagus. It has three parts: the nasopharynx (the upper part of the
pharynx, behind the nose); the oropharynx (the middle part of the pharynx, including the
soft palate [the back of the mouth], the base of the tongue, and the tonsils); the hypopharynx
Larynx: The larynx, also called the voicebox, is a short passageway formed by cartilage just
below the pharynx in the neck. The larynx contains the vocal cords. It also has a small piece of
tissue, called the epiglottis, which moves to cover the larynx to prevent food from entering the
air passages.
Salivary glands: The major salivary glands are in the floor of the mouth and near the
jawbone. The salivary glands produce saliva.
Cancers of the head and neck are further categorized by the area of the head or
neck in which they begin. These areas are described below and labeled in the
image of head and neck cancer regions.

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How are Head and Neck Cancers Diagnosed
Endoscopy is the use of a thin, lighted tube called an
endoscope to examine areas inside the body. The type of
endoscope the doctor uses depends on the area being examined.
Laboratory tests examine samples of blood, urine, or other
substances from the body.
X-rays create images of areas inside the head and neck on
film.
CT (or CAT) Scan is a series of detailed pictures of areas
inside the head and neck created by a computer linked to an x-
ray machine.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or MRI) uses a powerful
magnet linked to a computer to create detailed pictures of areas
inside the head and neck.
PET Scan uses sugar that is modified in a specific way so it is absorbed by cancer cells and
appears as dark areas on the scan
Biopsy is the removal of tissue. A pathologist studies the tissue under a microscope to
make a diagnosis. A biopsy is the only sure way to tell whether a person has cancer

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Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer at World
Class Hospitals in India
Surgery: During surgery, the goal is to remove the cancerous tissue and some of the healthy
tissue around it . A surgical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer using surgery.
Types of surgery for head and neck cancer include:
Excision. This is an operation to remove the cancerous tissue and the margin around it.
Laser Technology. This may be used to treat early-stage tumors, especially in larynx cancer.
Lymph Node Dissection. If the doctor suspects that the cancer has spread, the doctor may
remove lymph nodes in the neck, possibly causing stiffness in the shoulders afterward. This may
be done at the same time as an excision.
Reconstructive (Plastic) Surgery. This type of operation is aimed at restoring a person’s
appearance and function of the affected area. If the surgery requires major tissue removal (for
example, removing the jaw, skin, pharynx, or tongue), reconstructive or plastic surgery may be
done to replace the missing tissue.

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Head and Neck
Cancer in India
Endoscopic Laser Surgery: This technique may be used to
remove tumors in the larynx (voice box) or pharynx (throat)
while preserving the structures involved in speech and
swallowing. The surgeon inserts a thin, lighted tube called an
endoscope through the patient's mouth and into the throat.
Surgeons remove the tumor using a special laser that is attached to
the endoscope. Endoscopic laser surgery is often performed on an
outpatient basis with a safe, fast-acting anesthetic that wears off
quickly after the procedure.
Minimally invasive surgical techniques are used when possible to remove tumors that are located
near structures involved in sensory and physical functioning. In many cases, patients can recover
more quickly when treated with minimally invasive surgery compared with traditional, open
surgery.
Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Thyroidectomy (MIVAT): A tiny video camera that is
attached to an endoscope is used to remove thyroid tumors through a small incision.
Robotic Surgery: Tumors of the tongue and tonsils can be removed with the aid of small robotic
arms that are placed in the mouth, avoiding the need to make a large incision or to split the jawbone.
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Minimally invasive surgery for head and neck cancer at world class hospitals in india

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Minimally invasive surgery for head and neck cancer at world class hospitals in india