1. Microprocessor SystemMicroprocessor System
Engr. Shafiullah SoomroEngr. Shafiullah Soomro

2. 22
Marks DistributionMarks Distribution
TOTAL = 150 MARKSTOTAL = 150 MARKS
THEORY = 100 MarksTHEORY = 100 Marks
75 Final Exam75 Final Exam
25 Sessionals (10 = Attendance, 15 = Class Performance / Test / Assignments)25 Sessionals (10 = Attendance, 15 = Class Performance / Test / Assignments)
PRACTICAL = 50 MARKSPRACTICAL = 50 MARKS
10 Final Exam Viva Objective10 Final Exam Viva Objective
20 Viva Voice20 Viva Voice
05 Practical Attendance05 Practical Attendance
15 Practical / Practical Workbook15 Practical / Practical Workbook

3. 33
Recommended BooksRecommended Books
 Microprocessor Fundamentals By:Microprocessor Fundamentals By:
Roger TokhiemRoger Tokhiem
 Microprocessor Principles &Microprocessor Principles &
Applications By: Charles M. GilmoreApplications By: Charles M. Gilmore
 Applications of Microprocessor By:Applications of Microprocessor By:
A.P MathurA.P Mathur

4. SESSION NO.1SESSION NO.1
Basics of ComputersBasics of Computers

5. 55
IntroductionIntroduction
 What isWhat is
Computer?Computer?
Computer is an Electronic device,Computer is an Electronic device,
that takesthat takes inputinput from user,from user,
processprocess it and providesit and provides outputoutput,,
it is also capable of processingit is also capable of processing
pre-defined instructionspre-defined instructions
((programsprograms), and have ability to), and have ability to
storestore data, it can performdata, it can perform
different task efficiently anddifferent task efficiently and
more quickly then human being.more quickly then human being.

6. 66
Introduction (Cont)Introduction (Cont)
1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Storage Devices
4. Processing Devices

7. 77
Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)
1. Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse (Track Ball, Light Pen, Joy
Stick, Game Pad, Touch Pad, Touch
Screen)
Scanner
Mic (voice synthesizer)
Webcam
Character Reader/ Bar Code Reader

8. 88
Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)
2. Output Devices
Monitor / Multimedia Projector
Printer/ Plotter
Speaker/ Headphones

9. 99
Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)
3. Storage Devices

10. 1010
Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)
MEMORY
A semiconductor storage device
consisting of registers that store
binary bits
Two major categories:
1. Read/Write Memory (R/W) /
RAM (Random Access Memory)
2. Read-only-Memory (ROM)

11. 1111
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORYRANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
(RAM)(RAM)

12. 1212
RAM ONRAM ON
MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD

13. 1313
READ ONLY MEMORYREAD ONLY MEMORY
(ROM)(ROM)

14. 1414
ROM ONROM ON
MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD

15. 1515
Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)
Smallest Unit for Computer Memory is BIT, that can store one binary
digit either 1 0r 0
Processor or Virtual Storage Disk Storage
· 1 Bit = Binary Digit
· 8 Bits = 1 Byte
· 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
· 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
· 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
· 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
· 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
· 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
· 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
· 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
· 1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
· 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte
· 1 Bit = Binary Digit
· 8 Bits = 1 Byte
· 1000 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
· 1000 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
· 1000 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
· 1000 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
· 1000 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
· 1000 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
· 1000 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
· 1000 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
· 1000 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
· 1000 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte
Memory Units

16. 1616
Introduction (cont)Introduction (cont)
4. Processing Devices

17. 1717
MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD

18. 1818
MICROPROCESSOR- TOPMICROPROCESSOR- TOP
VIEWVIEW

19. 1919
MICROPROCESOSR-MICROPROCESOSR-
BOTTOM VIEWBOTTOM VIEW

20. 2020
WHERE TO INSERTWHERE TO INSERT
PROCESSOR ONPROCESSOR ON
MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD
ZIF SOCKET PROCESSOR SLOT PROCESSOR

21. 2121
GENARATIONS OFGENARATIONS OF
COMPUTERCOMPUTER

22. 2222
GENERATIONS OFGENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERCOMPUTER
 First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
 Second Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsSecond Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
 Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThird Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsFourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) ArtificialFifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial
IntelligenceIntelligence

23. 2323
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
 In electronics, a vacuum tube,In electronics, a vacuum tube,
electron tube (in Northelectron tube (in North
America), or thermionic valveAmerica), or thermionic valve
(elsewhere, especially in(elsewhere, especially in
Britain) is a device used toBritain) is a device used to
amplify, switch, otherwiseamplify, switch, otherwise
modify, or create an electricalmodify, or create an electrical
signal by controlling thesignal by controlling the
movement of electrons in amovement of electrons in a
low-pressure space.low-pressure space.

24. 2424
Second Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsSecond Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
 AA transistortransistor is ais a
semiconductor device used tosemiconductor device used to
amplify and switch electronicamplify and switch electronic
signals. It is made of a solidsignals. It is made of a solid
piece of semiconductorpiece of semiconductor
material, with at least threematerial, with at least three
terminals for connection to anterminals for connection to an
external circuit.external circuit.

25. 2525
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThird Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
 An integrated circuit (IC),An integrated circuit (IC),
sometimes called asometimes called a chipchip oror
microchip, is a semiconductormicrochip, is a semiconductor
wafer on which thousands orwafer on which thousands or
millions of tiny resistors,millions of tiny resistors,
capacitors, and transistors arecapacitors, and transistors are
fabricated. An IC can functionfabricated. An IC can function
as an amplifier, oscillator,as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer, counter, computertimer, counter, computer
memory, or microprocessor.memory, or microprocessor.

26. 2626
Scaling of ICsScaling of ICs
 SSI (small-scale integration): Up to 100 electronic components per chip
 MSI (medium-scale integration): From 100 to 3,000 electronic
components per chip
 LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic
components per chip
 VLSI (very large-scale integration): From 100,000 to 1,000,000
electronic components per chip
 ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic
components per chip

27. 2727
Fourth Generation (1971-Present)Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors
 A group of electronic circuitsA group of electronic circuits
fabricated on a semiconductorfabricated on a semiconductor
chip that can read binarychip that can read binary
instructions written ininstructions written in
memory and process binarymemory and process binary
data according to thosedata according to those
instructionsinstructions
 CPU and MPUCPU and MPU

28. 2828
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) ArtificialFifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial
IntelligenceIntelligence
Computers are now pocket size
Speech Reorganization Software
Expert Systems AI Robots

29. 2929
APPLICATIONS OFAPPLICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR
Signal Processing:Signal Processing:
 Signal processing is anSignal processing is an
area that demands higharea that demands high
performance fromperformance from
microprocessor to performmicroprocessor to perform
complex mathematicalcomplex mathematical
tasks.tasks.
 An example of a signalAn example of a signal
processing application isprocessing application is
the decoding of digitalthe decoding of digital
television and radiotelevision and radio
signalssignals

30. 3030
APPLICATIONS. . .APPLICATIONS. . .
Real Time Application:Real Time Application:
 Some tasks need to beSome tasks need to be
performed so quickly that evenperformed so quickly that even
the slightest delay can bethe slightest delay can be
harmful.harmful.
 These applications are known asThese applications are known as
"real time systems", and timing is"real time systems", and timing is
of the up most importance.of the up most importance.
 An example of a real-timeAn example of a real-time
system is the anti-lock brakingsystem is the anti-lock braking
system (ABS) controller insystem (ABS) controller in
modern automobiles.modern automobiles.
 Some real time applications are:Some real time applications are:
video conferencing, onlinevideo conferencing, online
gamming, e-commerce, chatting,gamming, e-commerce, chatting,
etc.etc.

31. 3131
APPLICATIONS. . .APPLICATIONS. . .
Routing:Routing:
 Throughput and routing is theThroughput and routing is the
use of a processor where data isuse of a processor where data is
moved from one place to anothermoved from one place to another
place.place.
 An example is an Internet router,An example is an Internet router,
that reads in data packets andthat reads in data packets and
sends them out on a differentsends them out on a different
port.port.

32. 3232
APPLICATIONS. . .APPLICATIONS. . .
Sensor Monitoring:Sensor Monitoring:
 AA sensorsensor is a device thatis a device that
measures a physical quantity andmeasures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which canconverts it into a signal which can
be read by an observer or by anbe read by an observer or by an
instrument.instrument.
 Many processors are used toMany processors are used to
monitor sensors.monitor sensors.
 The microprocessor will eitherThe microprocessor will either
digitize and filter the sensordigitize and filter the sensor
signals, or it will read the signalssignals, or it will read the signals
and produce status outputs.and produce status outputs.
 An example of a sensorAn example of a sensor
monitoring processor is themonitoring processor is the
processor inside an antilockprocessor inside an antilock
brake system: This processorbrake system: This processor
reads the brake sensor toreads the brake sensor to
determine when the brakes havedetermine when the brakes have
locked up, and then outputs alocked up, and then outputs a
control signal to activate the restcontrol signal to activate the rest
of the system.of the system.

33. 3333
APPLICATION . . .APPLICATION . . .
General Computing:General Computing:
 A general purposeA general purpose
processor is like the kind ofprocessor is like the kind of
processor that is typicallyprocessor that is typically
found inside a desktop PC.found inside a desktop PC.
 Names such as Intel andNames such as Intel and
AMD are typicallyAMD are typically
associated with this type ofassociated with this type of
processor, and this is alsoprocessor, and this is also
the kind of processor thatthe kind of processor that
the public is most familiarthe public is most familiar
with.with.

34. 3434
APPLICATIONS . . .APPLICATIONS . . .
Graphics:Graphics:
 Processing of digital graphicsProcessing of digital graphics
is an area where specializedis an area where specialized
processor units are frequentlyprocessor units are frequently
employed. With the advent ofemployed. With the advent of
digital television, graphicsdigital television, graphics
processors are becomingprocessors are becoming
more common.more common.
 Graphics processors need toGraphics processors need to
be able to perform multiplebe able to perform multiple
simultaneous operations.simultaneous operations.
 In digital video, for instance, aIn digital video, for instance, a
million pixels or more will needmillion pixels or more will need
to be processed for everyto be processed for every
single frame, and a particularsingle frame, and a particular
signal may have 60 frames persignal may have 60 frames per
second.second.

35. 3535
APPLICATIONS . . .APPLICATIONS . . .
Process Control:Process Control:
 One of the application areas ofOne of the application areas of
MP is process control. In aMP is process control. In a
typical process controltypical process control
application, the MP continuouslyapplication, the MP continuously
monitors one or more processmonitors one or more process
variables and generates outputsvariables and generates outputs
to electro-mechanical elements.to electro-mechanical elements.
 For example in temperatureFor example in temperature
monitoring systems, one of themonitoring systems, one of the
process variable is “temperature”process variable is “temperature”
which will be monitored andwhich will be monitored and
displayed continuously.displayed continuously.
 The systems has facility to inputThe systems has facility to input
lower and upper limits oflower and upper limits of
temperature being monitored. Iftemperature being monitored. If
at any moment these limits areat any moment these limits are
violated, alarms must be set.violated, alarms must be set.

36. 3636
APPLICATIONS . . . (ProcessAPPLICATIONS . . . (Process
control)control)

37. End of Session No.1End of Session No.1
Objective TestObjective Test