This is Draft Seminar paper which will present in my class for partial fulfillment of my Syllabus of BPH 8th semester. ''ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH RELATED MDGS IN NEPAL''

1. ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH
RELATED MDGS IN NEPAL
SAGUN PAUDEL
A HEALTH SEMINAR PAPER SUBMITTED TO FULFILL
THE PARTIAL REQUIREMENT OF BPH EIGHTH
SEMESTER
[HES 406.1 Health Seminar in Special Topics]
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
LA GRAANDEE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
POKHARA UNIVERSITY
KASKI, NEPAL
OCT, 2014

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all i would like to thank my respected Supervisor Mr. Sudarshan Subedi for
selection of the topic ‘‘Achievement and Progress towards Health Related
Millennium Development Goals in Nepal’’. I express my humbly thanks to my
respected BPH Program coordinator Mr. Nand Ram Gahatraj for giving opportunity
to prepare this seminar paper. I am fully indebted to him for expert guidance, regular
supervision, untiring encouragement, inspiration and valuable suggestion and full
support during preparation of term paper. I also remember Mr. Jeewan Poudel,
Deputy Program Coordinator of BPH and Mr. Amod dhoj Shresth, Faculty of BPH
Program for their support and Guidance.
I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to all those who were directly or indirectly
concerned with this and to all our well-wishers.
This Seminar paper is written in simple language, with every bit of necessary
information related to the topic so that studying independently also would not find
any difficulties. I think that this effort will help every individual to understand about
the information of the related topic.
i

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... ii
LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................................... iii
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. iv
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
2. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 6
2.1. General objectives ....................................................................................... 6
2.2. Specific objectives ....................................................................................... 6
3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 7
4. FINDINGS ......................................................................................................... 8
4.1 Nepal government effort in health related MDGs ......................................... 8
4.2. Current situation of health related MDGs ........................................................ 8
4.2.1. MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality ............................................................... 9
4.2.2. MDG 5: Improved maternal health ............................................................ 9
4.2.3. Goal 6: Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria, and other diseases......................... 11
4.3. Post MDG Health agenda of United Nation ................................................... 14
5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 16
6. RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................... 17
7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 18
ii

4. LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Child health indicators ................................................................................. 9
Table 2: Maternal health indicators .......................................................................... 10
Table 3: Reproductive health indicators ................................................................... 11
Table 4: HIV/AIDS control indicators ..................................................................... 12
Table 5: Malaria control indicators .......................................................................... 13
Table 6: Tuberculosis control indicators .................................................................. 14
iii

5. ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
CFC Chlorofluorocarbons
CSWs Client of Sex Workers
DoHS Department of Health Service
DOTS Directly Observed Treatment Strategy
FHD Family Health Division
FSWs Female Sex Workers
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HIV Human Immune Deficiency Virus
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MMR Maternal Mortality Ration
MoHP Ministry of Health and Population
MSM Men who have Sex with other Men
NCASC National Center for AIDS and STI Control
NCD Non-Communicable Diseases
NFHP National Family Health Program
NGOs Non-governmental Organizations
NHSP National Health Sector Program
NMR Neonatal Mortality Rate
NPC National Planning Commission
NTC National Tuberculosis Control Center
ODA Official Development Assistance
PHC Primary Health Care
PHCC Primary Health Care Center
iv

6. PPP purchasing power parity
PWIDs People Who Inject Drugs
SBA Skilled Birth Attendant
TB Tuberculosis
UN United Nation
UNCDP United Nations Committee for Development Policy
UNCT United Nations Country Team
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNV United Nations Volunteers
VCT Voluntary Testing and Counseling
WHO World Health Organization
v

7. 1. INTRODUCTION
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191
UN member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. The United
Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000 commits world leaders
to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and
discrimination against women. The MDGs are derived from this Declaration, and
all have specific targets and indicators. The Eight Millennium Development Goals
are:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
2. Achieve universal primary education;
3. Promote gender equality and empower women;
4. Reduce child mortality;
5. Improve maternal health;
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
7. Ensure environmental sustainability; and
8. Develop a global partnership for development.
The MDGs are inter-dependent; all the MDG influence health, and health influences
all the MDGs. For example, better health enables children to learn and adults to earn.
Gender equality is essential to the achievement of better health. Reducing poverty,
hunger and environmental degradation positively influences, but also depends on,
better health.1 The MDGs are an eight-point road map with measurable targets and
clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world's poorest people. World leaders
have agreed to achieve the MDGs by 2015.2 The MDGs outline major development
priorities to be achieved by 2015. Numerical targets are set for each goal and are
monitored by 48 indicator.3
Millennium Development Goals4
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1:
 Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is
1
less than $1 per day.

8. 2
Indicator:
 Proportion of population below $1 (1993 PPP) per day
Target 2:
 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from
hunger.
Indicator:
 Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 3:
 Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to
 Complete a full course of primary schooling.
Indicator:
 Net enrollment ratio in primary education
 Proportion of population starting grade 1 who reach grade 5
 Literacy rate of 15-24 years old
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 4:
 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by
2005, and at all levels by 2015.
Indicator:
 Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
 Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Rate
Target 5:
 Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the Under-five mortality rate.
Indicator:

9.  Under-five mortality rate
 Infant mortality rate
 Proportion of eye year children immunized against measles.
3
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Target 6:
 Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality
ratio.
Indicator:
 Maternal mortality ratio
 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Goal 6: Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Target 7:
 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV / AIDS.
Indicator:
 HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years
 Condom use rate of contraceptive prevalence rate
 Condom use at last high- risk sex
 Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct
knowledge of HIV / AIDS
 Contraceptive prevalence rate
 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans
aged 10- 14 years
Target 8:
 Have halted by 2015 and began to reverse the incidence of malaria and other
major diseases.
Indicator:
 Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria

10.  Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria
4
prevention and
 treatment measures
 Prevalence and death rate associated with tuberculosis
 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Target 9:
 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
program; reverse loss of environmental resources
Indicator:
 Proportion of land area covered by forest
 Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area
 Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP
 Carbon dioxide emission per capita and consumption of ozone depleting CFCs
 Proportion of population using solid fuels
Target 10:
 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation
Indicator:
 Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source,
urban and rural
 Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural
Target 11:
 By 2020, to have achieved a significance improvement in the lives of at least
100 million slum-dwellers.
Indicator:
 Proportion of households with access to secure tenure.
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

11. 5
Target 12-18:
 Develop further an open, rule –based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading
and financial system. Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed
Countries. Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and
Small Island developing States.
 Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through
national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the
long term. In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to
affordable, drugs in developing countries.
 In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new
technologies, especially information and communications.
Indicator:
 Net ODA as percentage of Development Assistance Committee donor’s Gross
National Income.
 Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years, each sex and total
 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a
sustainable basis.
3 of 8 goals, 8 of 18 targets and 18 of 48 indicators of progress are health
related.

12. 6
2. OBJECTIVES
2.1.General objectives
 To Explore the Achievement and Progress of Health Related MDGs in
Nepal.
2.2.Specific objectives
 To know the effort of Nepal Government to achieve Health Related
MDGs.
 To find out the current situation of Health related MDG indicators.
 To know the Global post-MDG agenda.

13. 3. METHODOLOGY
To prepare this Seminar paper Google was used to retrieve the necessary documents.
Google Scholar advanced Google search, EndNote was used to retrieve the articles.
The articles, Publications and notes related to MDGs were downloaded and studied.
Various secondary data sources Available on internet are used for preparation of this
seminar paper.
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14. 4. FINDINGS
4.1 Nepal government effort in health related MDGs
Nepal is one of 189 countries committed to the MDGs, a pledge it has renewed in its
national development plans. The primary medium‐term strategy and implementation
plan for reaching its MDGs, the Tenth Plan; Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper;
2002/03–2006/07 incorporated the MDGs into its strategic framework. The Three-
Year Interim Plan 2006/07–2009/10 adopted after the Tenth Plan maintained the
focus on poverty reduction and growth but also stressed the need for the state to
assume a greater strategic presence in development, especially in remote areas, and
for socially marginalized groups to be included. The plan after that, the Three- Year
Plan 2010/11–2013/14, continued the call for strategic investment in areas in need of
greater focus if Nepal’s MDGs are to be achieved.5
UNDP and the other UN agencies in Nepal are actively supporting the Government in
fulfilling its commitment to the MDGs. The Local Governance and Community
Development Program, a large-scale joint program of UNDP, UNCDF, UNICEF,
UNFPA, UN Women and UNV on effective service delivery at the local level has
been in operation since 2009 which will help create enabling environment at local
level in achieving MDGs. UN agencies are also supporting the government in
implementing various programs on the ground in the area of poverty reduction
and employment.
4.2. Current situation of health related MDGs
MDGs 4; Reduce child mortality, 5; improved maternal health and 6; Combat
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other disease are directly related to Health.
Despite the political instability during the post-conflict period, Nepal has already
exceeded a few MDG targets for 2015, under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births
;attained 50 against the target of 54, maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births,
and death rate associated with TB ;per 100,000 of population.6
MDGs Progress Report 2013 points out, the Government of Nepal’s commitment to
achieving the MDGs, coupled with required policy reforms has borne fruit. Nepal is
on track and is likely to achieve most of its MDG targets, despite the prolonged
political instability. The targets for poverty reduction, maternal mortality, and boys
8

15. and girls enrollment in primary education are either achieved or likely to be achieved.
Even in areas where Nepal is lagging behind, particularly in sanitation, it has already
internalized an acceleration framework in the form of the MDG Acceleration
Framework to mobilize adequate resources to expedite progress by 2015.
4.2.1. MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Target: Reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and
2015.
Childhood mortality declined markedly over the past 20 years, between 1990 and
2011. IMR declined from 108 to 46 and the U5MR from 162 to 54 per 1,000 live
births. The NMR is proving more stubborn. While NMR did drop considerably
between 2001 and 2006, from 43 to 33 per 1,000, it did not decline any further
between 2006 and 2011.
Table 1: Child health indicators
Indicator 1990 2000b 2005 2010 2013 Target
4.2.2. MDG 5: Improved maternal health
Target 5A: Reduce maternal mortality by three-quarters between 1990 and
2015.
9
(2015)
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live
births)
108a 64 48c 46 46 (2011) 36
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000
live births)
162a 91 61c 54 54 (2011) 54
Proportion of the one-year-old children
immunized against measles (%)
42d 71 85e 88 88 (2011) >90
a- Ministry of Health ,New Era, & Macro International Inc. (1996)
b- MoHP, New Era, & Macro International Inc. (2001).
c- MoHP, New Era, & Macro International Inc. (2006).
d- d- MoHP, New Era and ICF International (2011).
e- NPC & UNCT (2005).

16. Drastic decline in MMR from 850 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to
just 281 in 2006, Nepal is well on track to meet its targets for MDG 5. In fact,
according to the maternal mortality and morbidity study carried out in eight districts
in 2009, the MMR was 229 per 100,000 live births, just slightly above the 2015 target
of 213; and, in 2012 it was estimated that Nepal’s MMR was 170 in 2010, Post-partum
hemorrhage is main cause followed by pre-eclamsia/eclampsia, abortion
complications, obstructed labor, other direct causes, and puerperal sepsis. Now day’s
women deliver with the help of a SBA has increased.
Table 2: Maternal health indicators
Indicator 1990 2000 2005c 2010 2013 Target(2015)
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live
850a 415b 281d 229 170e 213
births)
TARGET 5B: Target 5B: Achieve Universal access to reproductive health by
2015.
Nepal considers family planning services as an integral part of maternal health. The
large reduction in the MMR between 1990 and 2006 has, in part, been attributed to
the increased use of family planning services. Under NHSP-II, the government
increased its investment in family planning and developed a strong policy framework
so that it could meet the MDG targets of 67 percent contraceptive prevalence and total
fertility 2.5 by 2015.
10
Proportion of births attended by skilled birth
attendant (%)
7f 11g 19h 36 50i 60
Sources
a- UNDP (1992).
b- NPC (2002).
c- MoHP, New Era, & Macro International Inc. (2006).
d- FHD (2009).
e- WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA & The World Bank (2012).
f- NFHP (1995).
g- MoHP, New Era & Macro International Inc. (2001).
h- MoHP, New Era & ICF International (2011).
i- FHD (2013).

17. Table 3: Reproductive health indicators
Indicator 1990 2000b 2005c 2010f 2013d Target (2015)
Contraceptive prevalence rate (modern
24a 35.4 44.2 - 43.2 67
methods) (%)
11
Adolescent birth rate (births per 1,000
women aged 15-19 years)
n/a 110 98e n/a 81 70
Antenatal care coverage
At least one visit (%) n/a 48.5 73.7 89.9 85g 100
At least four visits (%) n/a 14 29.4 50.2 50.1 80
Unmet need for family planning (%) n/a 26.5 24.6 - 27 15
Sources:
a- MoHP (1992)
b- MoHP, New Era & Macro International Inc. (2001)
c- MoHP, New Era, & Macro International Inc. (2006)
d- MoHP, New Era, & ICF International (2011)
e- MoHP (2010)
f- DoHS (2010)
g- DoHS (2011)
4.2.3. Goal 6: Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Target 6A: Have halted and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015
Target 6B: Achieve universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who
need it by 2010
HIV infection continues to be confined within certain population groups. It is a
‘concentrated epidemic’ with PWIDs, MSM, and FSWs, in these groups that have the
highest rates of infection. In 80 percent of cases, the infection is transmitted sexually.
Males who migrate to India for work and visit FSWs are the bridging populations that
transmit HIV to low-risk populations, primarily rural women. Effective interventions
to stop the spread of HIV through preventive measures have been implemented,
particularly among key high-risk population groups such as PWID, MSM, FSWs, and
CSWs.

18. Access to basic HIV-related services such as VCT for HIV and other STIs should be
expanded through integration with reproductive health and PHC services and the TB
control program. Effective VCT services should be provided at every PHCC
throughout the country to maximize access. NGOs and community based organization
can provide services to high-risk groups, labor migrants and populations residing in
remote areas, so their role should be expanded in coordination with government line
agencies and other stakeholders.
Table 4: HIV/AIDS control indicators
Indicator 1990 2000 2005a 2010 2013 Target (2015)
HIV prevalence among men and
n/a n/a 0.15 n/a 0.12b Halt and
women aged 15–24 years (%)
TARGET 6C. Have halted and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and
other major diseases by 2015.
According to DoHS report 2011, Malaria is almost exclusively confined within 13
high-risk and 18 moderate-risk districts though an additional 34 districts report
12
reverse the
trend
Condom use at last high-risk
sexual encounter: youth 15–24
years
n/a n/a 71.2 Males
aged 15-49
years
n/a 65.8c -
Percentage of population aged
15–24 years with comprehensive
knowledge of HIV/AIDS
n/a n/a 35.6 n/a 29.8c -
Proportion of population with
advanced HIV infection
receiving antiretroviral
combination therapy (%)
n/a n/a n/a 21d 28.7e 80
Sources
a- NCASC (2006)
b- NCASC (2011)
c- MoHP, New Era & ICF International (2011)
d- NCASC Fact Sheet (2009)
e- NCASC (2012)

19. minimal rates of transmission. Ten districts have no risk. In 2011/12, the overall
national clinical malaria incidence and annual parasite incidence rates per 1,000
people were 3.28 and 0.08 respectively. The CMI rate has fluctuated over the last five
years, while the API rate has declined markedly over the past ten years.
Table 5: Malaria control indicators
Indicator 1990 2000 2005 2010b 2013 2015 target
Clinical malaria incidence (per 1,000
people)
n/a n/a 3.3a 5.67 3.23c Halt and reverse
13
the trend
Annual parasite incidence (per 1,000
people)
n/a 0.55
d
0.28a 0.11 0.08e 0.06
Death rate Associated with malaria (per
100,000 people at risk)
n/a n/a 0.05f 0.04 0.00e Halt and reverse
the trend
Percentage of children under five with
fever who are treated with appropriate
anti-malarial drugs
n/a n/a 3.23f 2.85 n/a 2.5
Percentage of children under five who
sleep under a long-lasting insecticide-treated
bed net
n/a n/a 48.2f 94.2g 96.8h 100
Sources:
a- DoHS (2007).
b- DoHS, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) (2010).
c- DoHS; 2011.
d- DoHS; 2001.
e- DoHS, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division; 2012a.
f- DoHS, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division; 2006.
g- PSI TraC Study conducted in 13 high–risk districts; 2010.
h- DoHS, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division; 2012b.
According to DoHS 2011, about 45 percent of the total population is infected with
TB, and of them 60 percent are adult. Every year, 40,000 people develop active TB,
and of them half are infectious and could spread the disease. The prevalence and
death rates associated with TB per 100,000 people declined markedly between 1990
and 2011, from 460 to 238 and 43 to 21 respectively and the proportion of TB cases
detected increased slightly, from 70 in 2001 to 73 in 2011. The proportion of TB

20. cases cured under DOTS was 90 percent in 2011, a level that, commendably, it has
maintained for the last decade. Given that even the number of multi-drug resistant
cases, which are more difficult to eradicate, is constant, Nepal is on track to achieve
the MDG of 91 percent.
The NTC developed a comprehensive national strategy for the period from 2010 to
2015, the National Tuberculosis Plan that builds on the previous one and outlines an
enhanced and more focused commitment to tackling the TB epidemic, consistent with
Nepal’s MDGs and Stop TB Partnership targets.
Table 6: Tuberculosis control indicators
Indicator 1990a 2000 2005 2010 2013 2015 target
Prevalence rate associated with TB (per
460 310b 280c 244d 238e Halt and
100,000 people)
14
reverse the
trend
Death rate associated with TB (per 100,000
people)
43 23b 22c 22d 21e Halt and
reverse the
trend
Proportion of TB cases detected (%) n/a 70f 70g 76h 73i 85
Proportion of TB case cured under DOTS (%) 40 89f 89g 90h 90i 91
Sources:
1- DoHS (2007).
2- DoHS, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) (2010).
3- DoHS (2011).
4- DoHS (2001).
5- DoHS, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) (2012a).
6- DoHS, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) (2005/06).
7- PSI TraC Study conducted in 13 high–risk districts (2010).
8- DoHS, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) (2012b).
4.3. Post MDG Health agenda of United Nation
There is wide debate as to what development goals the global community should set
next. The United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has appointed a High-level
Panel to advice on the global development agenda beyond 2015. In January 2012, the
UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda was established.

21. The United Nations Development Group is leading efforts to catalyze a “global
conversation” on the post-2015 agenda through a series of global thematic
consultations and more than 50 national consultations. The post-2015 development
framework is likely to have the best development impact if it emerges from an
inclusive, open and transparent process with multi-stakeholder participation.7
Health priorities in the post-2015 era should include accelerating progress on the
present health MDGs, advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights, reducing
NCDs and their risk factors, and improving mental health. Many contributors argue
that the new agenda needs to make people the priority in global health, not diseases. A
two-pronged approach is needed: tackling the underlying determinants that cause or
contribute to ill health, and creating health systems that are proactive, preventive, and
can provide care throughout an individual’s life, with ongoing management for all
health issues, including public health. Health goals and indicators in the next
development agenda should encourage countries to address both these aims, by
measuring not only health outcomes but also the creation of conditions that promote
good health. Alongside the MDGs the post-2015 agenda offers an opportunity to
harness new resources with which to tackle all health challenges in an integrated and
sustainable manner.8
15

22. 5. CONCLUSION
Health is the central part of sustainable development. If we achieve health related
targets of MDGs we can develop our nation progressively. MDGs are interrelated if
we can work better in health goals there is a positive progression on other MDGs
achievement. Nepal has made significant progress in achieving its MDGs. In fact,
given the difficult context; a decade-long armed conflict, political instability, and
unfinished national political agenda regarding peace-building, constitution writing
and state-restructuring its achievements should be considered remarkable.
16

23. 17
6. RECOMMENDATION
 Nepal has a good progress on achieving MDGs the effort should be continue
to achieve remaining targets of MDGS.
 Those targets which are already achieved must be kept in same manner and
sustain it and the programs, efforts shouldn’t discontinue.
 The resources for MDGs must be increases i.e. financial resource, human
resources and other resources.
 Need to integrate health system to community and local governance system in
large scale to achieve sustainable development.
 After MDGs continue the basic 8 goals with some addition new goals of Post-
2015 Global agenda.
 Create healthy environment for United Agencies for their support, investment
for development.

24. 7. REFERENCES
1. WHO, Millennium Development Goals
http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/about/en/
2. United, N. thematic areas/ Millenium development goals.
http://www.un.org.np/thematicareas/mdg
3. Umesh, G. Millennium Development Goals in Nepal
http://umeshg.com.np/millennium-development-goals-in-nepal/
4. NRB (2006) Achieving Millennium Development Goals: Challenges for
Nepal.
http://red.nrb.org.np/publications/special_publication/Special_Publications--
Achieving%20Millennium%20Development%20Goals-
%20Challenges%20for%20Nepal.pdf
5. NPC, G. o. N. (2013) Nepal Millennium Development Goals Progress Report
2013.
http://www.np.undp.org/content/dam/nepal/docs/reports/millennium%20deve
lopment%20goals/UNDP_NP_MDG_Report_2013.pdf
6. GON, N. (2010) MDGs progress report
http://www.npc.gov.np/new/uploadedFiles/allFiles/mdg_2011.pdf
7. United, N. (2011) Accelerating progress towards the Millennium
Development Goals: options for sustained and inclusive growth and issues for
advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015, Annual
report of the Secretary http://daccess-dds-ny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/410/40/PDF/N1141040.pdf
8. Want, t. w. w. (2013) Health in the post-2015 Agenda, Report of the Global
Thematic Consultation on Health. the world we want,
http://www.worldwewant2015.org/bitcache/aa5345b4af0fae1615b108c3e392
a2ca781ce2ec?vid=366802&disposition=attachment&op=download
THANKYOU!
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