History and Culture of these monuments I have also uploaded a ppt about the scientific theory of these monuments. The link is given below. http://www.slideshare.net/sahilyadav902/ppt-on-the-great-wall-of-china-and-temple-of-heavenscientific-theory

1. CHINA

2. Shobhit Singh
Sahil Yadav
Atharva S. K.
Amit Dogra
Shaurya Sethi
Raghav Sabra
Aryan Singh
Pushkar Tanwar
Ritesh Malik
Ankit Thakur

4. Introduction
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of
stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally
built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern
borders of China to protect the Chinese states and
empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic
groups of the Eurasian Steppe.
The Great Wall of China is one of the seven wonders. It is about
6,400km long and it was built mare than 2000 years ago.
It is also called “the longest cemetery on Earth”.
The Great Wall of China started building during 7th century B.C.

6. Idea of The Great wall of China is taken from
“The Rectangle Wall”.
Great Wall is not only one long wall but made up
of a number of Interconnecting walls.
The Four Periods of The Great Wall:-
Qin Dynasty (208 BC).
Han Dynasty (1st century BC).
Northern and Southern Dynasties (1138-1198).
Ming Dynasty (1368-1620).

7. Qin Dynasty
The Great Wall was built when seven powerful states
appeared at the same time, to defend themselves. At that
time the wall was 3,107 miles and each part of wall belonged
to different part of the states.In 221 B.C the Emperor Qin Shi
Huangdi ordered to connect the walls (built by all the states)
also he added a part of his section because he was afraid
from the northerns that were called Xiongnu. Qin wall was
formed which started from the east of today’s Liaoning
Province and ended at Lintao, Gansu Province.

8. Han DynastyThe ruler of the Han Dynasty was Han Wudi (“Martial
emperor of Han”). He said to design the project of the
Great Wall in 127 B.C. The Wall extended to the
territories to the present day Mount Yinshan of Inner
Mongolia. The main reason for contributing to this
project was to be secure from the north- from the
Gobi. This was the main reason for all of the efforts
from every Dynasty to the making of this wall.

9. Northern and Southern
Dynasties
Four dynasties built and added to The Great
Wall:-
The Northern Wei
The Eastern Wei
The Northern Qi
Northern Zhou

10. Ming Dynasty
The ruler of Ming Dynasty was Yong Le. He
built large monuments and strengthened the
Wall. The Great Wall of China was mostly
built during the Ming Dynasty. The Wall
started from the Yalu River in Liaoning
Province and ended at the eastern bank of
the Taolai River in Gansu Province.

11. PurposeThe main reason why the Chinese built the Great Wall was to prevent
troops from the north invading Chinese territory.
Another great reason is to defend China from attacking Mongols.
It was also built as a defense against ferocious nomadic tribes.
The Great Wall also embodies a great deal of protection during a
battle.
An important purpose of the Great Wall was to house troops.
Housing troops was important because, if the Great Wall was under
attack, soldiers could just
come out and defend China.

12. Construction
The Great Wall was constructed with natural materials.
Earlier, the Great Wall was mainly built from earth, stones
and wood.
Mostly bricks were used due to light weight.
Builders always tried to use local sources.
Stones from the mountains were used over mountain
ranges.
It indicates a great achievement in architecture.

14. Badaling Section
Mutianyu Section
Simatai Section
Jinshaling Section
Gubeikou Section
Jiumenkau Section
Huanghua cheng
Section
Huangyanguan
Section
Jiankou Section
Jiaoshan Section

16. Lots of beautiful legends and stories about the
Great Wall took place following along the
construction, and since that time these stories
have spread around the country. Those that
happened during construction are abundant, such
as Meng Jiangnu's story and the legend of the
Jiayuguan Pass.
Beautiful stories and legends about the Great
Wall help to keep alive Chinese history and
culture.

17. Meng Jiangnu's story
Meng Jiangnu's story is the most famous and widely spread of all
the legends. The story happened during the Qin Dynasty (221BC-
206BC). It tells of how Meng Jiangnu's bitter weeping made a
section of the wall collapse. Meng Jiangnu's husband Fan Qiliang
was caught by federal officials and sent to build the wall. Meng
Jiangnu heard nothing from him after his departure, so she set out
to look for him. Unfortunately, by the time she got there, she
discovered that her husband had already died. Hearing the bad
news, she cried her heart out. Her howl caused the collapse of a
part of the wall. This story indicates that the wall is the production
of tens of thousands of Chinese commoners.

18. Legend of the Jiayuguan Pass
Another legend about the Jiayuguan Pass tells of a workman named Yi
Kaizhan in the Ming Dynasty (1368BC-1644BC) who was proficient in
arithmetic. He calculated that it would need 99,999 bricks to build the
Jiayuguan Pass. The supervisor did not believe him and said if they
miscalculated by even one brick, then all the workmen would be punished
to do hard work for three years. After the completion of the project, one
brick was left behind the Xiwong city gate. The supervisor was happy at
the sight of the brick and ready to punish them. However Yi Kaizhan said
with deliberation that the brick was put there by a supernatural being to
fix the wall. A tiny move would cause the collapse of the wall. Therefore
the brick was kept there and never moved. It can still be found there
today on the tower of the Jiayuguan Pass.

19. What significance does The Great Wall of
China hold in the world today?
Today the Great Wall is the world’s largest heritage structure
and China’s most famous symbol. Millions of local and
international tourists visit sections of the restored Ming
dynasty walls and ‘wild walls’ outside Beijing.
The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders of the world,
was listed as a World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987. It is still
one of the most appealing attractions all around the world
owing to its architectural grandeur and historical significance

21. The Temple of Heaven, literally the Altar of Heaven, is a
medieval complex of religious buildings situated in the
southeastern part of central Beijing. The complex was
visited by the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties
for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for good
harvest.
It has been regarded as a Daoist temple, although
Chinese heaven worship, especially by the reigning
monarch of the day, predates Daoism.
Introduction

24. The temple complex was constructed from 1406 to
1420 during the reign of the Yongle Emperor, who
was also responsible for the construction of
the Forbidden City in Beijing. The complex was
extended and renamed Temple of Heaven during
the reign of the Jiajing Emperor in the 16th century.
Jiajing also built three other prominent temples in
Beijing, the Temple of Sun in the east, the Temple of
Earth in the north, and the Temple of Moon in the
west.

25. Who Made It?
The Temple of Heaven, formerly called the
Temple of Heaven and Earth, was first built in
the 18th year (1420) of the Yongle reign
under Ming (1368-1644) Emperor Chengzu,
where the emperors of Ming and Qing
dynasties (1368-1911) offered sacrifices to
the Gods of Heaven and Earth.

26. Purpose
In the 9th year (1530) of the Jiajing reign in the Ming
Dynasty, a temple was especially built to offer sacrifices
to the God of Earth in the northern suburban of Beijing,
which was named the Temple of Earth, and therefore
the Temple of Heaven and Earth, changed into the
present name, was used only to worship the Heaven
and pray for grain.

27. More History
The Temple of Heaven is located in the southeast of
Beijing downtown. In the past dynasties of ancient
China, the ceremonies of offering sacrifices to ancestors
or gods were usually held in the suburbs of the capital,
which was called Jiaosi (suburban sacrifice) in the
historical records. The Jiaosi was the most magnificent
ceremony in ancient China, and especially since the Han
and Tang dynasties, it became more and more solemn.

28. Features• The complex covers an area of 2.73 million square metres, stretching
in the east-west axis 1,700 metres and in the south-north axis 1,600
metres.
• Only a small portion of the premises is taken by halls and altars,
leaving most of the space for vegetation. The dark green foliage
decorates the compound, painting it in noble tinges.
• Architectures for rituals usually dominated in the capital cities,
representing the most advanced architecture and arts. The Temple of
Heaven serves as a best example of the ancient ritual institution.

30. Heaven Worship Culture
Starting from Emperor Yongle of the Ming
Dynasty (1368-1644), every year the emperor
would come to the Temple of Heaven to hold
ceremonies to worship the Heaven. Especially
when encountering a year of draught, the
emperor would go to the Circular Mound Altar to
pray for rain.

31. Preparation WorkIn order to safeguard the "divine right of emperor" and show the divine authority, the
ancient worshipping ceremony was highly emphasized with extremely strict precepts.
Any error would be severely punished. A great deal of preparation work was needed. All
the roads and buildings in the Temple of Heaven had to be renewed on a large scale.
Five days before the ceremony, princes demanded that all the livestock to be sacrificed
during the ceremony be carefully checked; three days before the ceremony, the
emperor began to fast; two days before, prayer words should be written; on the last
day, livestock should be slaughtered; sacrifices should be made and the ceremonial
articles should be established. On the last day, the emperor must read the prayer, give a
ritual at the Imperial Vault of Heaven, watch the divine tablets at the Circular Mound
Alter, check the ceremonial articles in the Divine Storeroom, see the sacrifices at the
Divine Kitchen, and then go back to the Palace of Abstinence for fasting; on the eve
officers must straighten out the tablets, the ceremonial articles as well as the sacrifices.
Besides all this, the music should be ready. Lastly, the officials of Ritual Department
would perform an overall check.

32. Worshipping Site
The Circular Mound Altar was dedicated to the heaven worship
ceremony. The upper layer of the Heaven Heart Stone was set with the
main tablet, the Tablet of Heaven Great. The eastern and western sides
of the second layer had subsidiary tablets including tablets of the Gods
of Sun, Moon, Stars, Cloud, Rain God, Wind and Thunder. A large
number of offerings, such as jade, silk, cow, sheep, hog, wine, fruit and
dishes were dedicated to the tablets. The eastern and western sides of
the southern stairs of the Circular Mound Altar displayed 60 kinds of
Shao music instruments, such as chimes, bells, etc. which were
arranged in neat rows, solemn and magnificent.

33. Worshipping Time
Seven Ke (a “Ke” in the Qing Dynasty refers
to 15 minutes) before sunrise was the
starting time. At this moment, the Bell of
Supreme Harmony in the Palace of
Abstinence was sounded, the emperor
started off to the Circular Mound Altar.

34. Procedures① Welcome the Heaven Great: The emperor first changed into worshipping
clothes at the Dressing Terrace, and then headed to the Circular Mound Altar
and kneeled on the middle layer of the Altar. When the ceremonial music
started, the emperor kneeled down at the main tablet and then at the
subsidiary tablets subsequently. Lastly, gave rituals in front of the ancestral
tablets.
② Lay jade and silk: The emperor laid jades and silk in front of the tablets.
③ Offer up sacrifices: The emperor offered sacrifices in front of the tablets.
④ Give the first ritual: The emperor made the first libation to the Tablet of
Heaven Great. At this time, special chapters of music and dance were played.
The prayer words were read, and then the emperor kneeled three times and
kowtowed for nine times before the tablet.

35. ⑤ Give the second ritual: The emperor made a libation to the tablets for
various gods. Special music and dance were performed at that time.
⑥ Give the final ritual: The emperor made a final libation to all the
sacred tablets, and kneeled down for three times and bowed for nine
times.
⑦ Withdraw the sacrifices: All the offerings were taken down the altar,
and the “Xiping” chapter of music was played.
⑧ Sent the Heaven Great: The emperor kneeled down for three times
and bowed for nine times, and then went to the Firewood Stove. All the
offerings, ceremonial placards and silk scrolls were respectfully transferred
to the stove and put inside to be burned.
⑨ Watch the burning: The emperor watched the burning of offerings,
and then left the Temple of Heaven and went back to the Forbidden City.
The ceremony was over.

36. Worship Music and Dance
The music played on the ceremony is the Zhonghe
Shaoyue music which was divided into nine
chapters, and the dance is the “Wugong Dance”
consisting of eight independent parts. The music
and dance made the ceremony grand and
spectacular.