information about insulne, how it is formed, how it works, if function, diabetic conditions and forms in which it is available

2. •Insulin isahormonecentral regulating
carbohydrateand fat metabolism in the
body.
•Insulin causesliver cells, musclecells
and fat tissueto takeup glucosefrom the
blood and storeit asglycogen in the
liver and muscle.

3. •Insulin isapeptidehormonecomposed of 51
amino acidsand hasamolecular weight of
5808 Da.
•Two chain polypeptide
•A chain – 21 AA ; B chain – 30 AA
•Held together by two disulfidebonds

4. • Insulin is produced and stored in the body
as a hexamer , while the active form is the
monomer.
• Hexamer is more stable then the
monomer, which is better for practical
reasons.
• Monomer is a much faster-reacting drug,
it means that insulin injections do not
have to precede mealtimes by hours.

6. •Facilitatesglucosetransport acrossthecell
membrane
•FacilitatesAA entry and synthesisof protein in
muscle
•Insulin and itsrelated proteins havebeen shown
to beproduced insidethebrain, and reduced
levelsof theseproteinsarelinked to Alzheimer’s
disease.

7. •An all-encompassing term for hyperglycemiaor excessive
blood sugar.
ClassifiCation:
•Type1/Insulin dependent diabetesmellitus(IDDM)
•Type2/Non insulin dependent diabetesmellitus(NIDDM)
•Gestational diabetes
•Impaired glucosetoleranceand prediabetes

10. •Insulin isbeing produced
biosynthetically using recombinant DNA
technology.
•Introducing thehuman insulin geneinto
plantsand in producing insulin to reduce
production costs.

11.  Thefirst insulin injection wasmadeon January 11,
1922, Leonard Thomson, a14-year-old diabetic
who lay dying at theToronto General Hospital.
 1st
dose: extract wasso impureand hesuffered a
severeallergic reaction
 2nd
dose: after12 days, asecond dose– purified
extract. Thesecond injection was
- Successful
- With no side-effects
- Completely eliminating sign of
diabetes.

12. •Beef & pork insulin – 10,000 ppm of other proteins.
•By thedirect extraction from pancreatic tissuesof pigs
and cattle.
•Disadvantage
 Immunogenicity
 Availability

15. • Therearemany formsof insulin to treat diabetes. They
areclassified by how fast they start to work and how
long their effectslast.
• types of insulin include:
1.Short-acting
2.Intermediate-acting (biphasic)
3.Long-acting
• Addition of zinc
• Addition of protein (protamine)

16. • Each typeof insulin hasan onset, apeak, and aduration time.
• Theonset ishow soon theinsulin startsto lower your blood glucose
after you takeit.
• Thepeakisthetimetheinsulin isworking thehardest to lower your
blood glucose.
• Thedurationishow long theinsulin lasts-thelength of timeit keeps
lowering your blood glucose
• Routes
Pulmonary:
- Exubera
Subcutaneous/ interamuscular
-Humulin

17. •First recombinant insulin approved in USA(2006)
•Given by pulmonary route
•To curehyperglycemiadiabetes
• Short acting insulin
•Given within 10min of mealtime
•Showsitsmax effect after 2hr of inhalation
•Activity duration 6 h
•Limitations:
- Not given to patientshaving lungsdisaeses
- Not to thesmokers

18. •Humalog (Insulin Lispro) isslow-acting insulin.
•Chemically-modified, natural insulin.
• Approved by theFDA in June, 1996
•Intramuscular route.
•Morerapid onset of action
•Earlier peak effect
•Reachesto peak 0.5-2.5 h after injection
•Injected 15 minutesbeforeameal ascompared to regular
insulin which isinjected 30-60 minutesbeforeameal.