What is it and how it occurs and its condition.

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2. Topic:
Breast cancer and its treatment methods
Presented To:
Dr.Rehana Naseer
Presented By:
Roll # 54,61
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4. Contents
 What is cancer
 Causes of cancer
 Types of cancer
• Breast cancer
• Lungs cancer
• Skin cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Brain cancer
• Blood cancer
 Breast Cancer
 Sign & symptoms
 Causes and Risk factors
 Stages of breast cancer
 Early detection of breast
cancer
 Treatment methods
• Nutritional treatment
• Surgical
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• How to improve risk factor
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5. Cancer
A term for diseases in which abnormal cell divide without control
and can invade nearby tissues.cancer cell can also spread to
other parts of body through blood and lymph.
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6. Difference b/w normal and
cancerous cell
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7. Causes of cancer
 Smoking and
tobacco.
 Unhealthy diet and
physical activities.
 Sun and other types
of radiations.
 Viruses and other
infections.
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8. Lungs cancer Skin cancer
Ovarian cancer Breast cancer
Types of
cancer
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9. Breast cancer
 Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast. Breast cancer is breast cancer
that has spread from where it began in the breast ducts or lobules to
surrounding normal tissue. Breast cancer occurs in both men and
women, although male breast cancer is rare.
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10.  Lobules & ducts
o The breast is made up of glands called lobules that can make milk
and thin tubes called ducts that carry the milk from the lobules to
the nipple
o Adult women has 15 to 20 lobes in each breast.
o Each lobe has 20 to40 lobules.
o Small ducts are attached to the lobules. There are about ten duct
systems in each breast
o Breast tissue also contain fat,and connective tissues,lymph nodes
and blood vessels.
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11. Types of Breast cancer
 Lobular carcinoma
Another type of breast cancer
which begins in the
lobules(milk glands) of breast.
 Ductal carcinoma
The most common type of
breast cancer which begins in
the lining of milk duct.
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13. Sign & Symptoms
 Swelling of all or parts of body
 Skin irritation or dimpling
 Breast pain
 Nipple pain or nipple turning inward
 Redness,scaliness,thickening of nipple.
 A nipple discharge other than breast milk
 A lump in underarm area
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14. Causes and risk factors
 Factors that can not be
prevented
o Gender
o Aging
o Genetic risk factor(inherited)
o Family history
o Race
o Menstrual cycle
o Estrogen
 Lifestyle risk
o Oral contraceptive pills
o Not having children
o Hormone replacement
therapy
o Not breast feeding
o Alcohol use
o Obesity
o Smoking
o High fat diet
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16. Stages of breast cancer
 Stage 0-
 In this stage cancer has not
spread to other parts of
body.
 Infact,atypical cells that might
be cancerous have not
spread outside of the breast
ducts or lobules.
 It is very treatable stage of
breast cancer.
 Stage I-
 In this stage cancer is located
in the breast tissues,but not
spread to other parts of
body,including the lymph
nodes.
 The tumor in this breast
cancer stage are sized at two
centimeter.
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17. Contineuo..
 Stage II
 There are 2 categories for this
stage.
 IIA The tumor that are two
centimeter or smaller in size has
spread to three lymph
nodes.tumor could have upto
5cm in size,but no lymph nodes
are affected.
 IIA cancer tumor upto 5cm in size
and be affecting lymph nodes,or
upto 8cm without affecting lymph
nodes.
 Stage III-
 There are two catagories for this
stage….
 IIIA a tumor can be between two
and 5 cm and upto nine
underarm lymph nodes can be
affected
 IIIB cancer spread to other parts
of body such as collarbone,ribs or
muscles.
 Stage IV-
 It is most highest and serious
stage of cancer.
 Most difficuilt stage to treat.
 Cancer has spread to skeletal
musles,brain,liver or lungs
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18. Early detection of breast cancer
 Self examinanation test
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19.  Mammography
 It is an x-ray picture of breast.
 It is a specialized medical imaging that uses a low dose of x-ray
system to see inside the breast.A mammogram aids in the early
detection and diagnosis of breast diseases in women.
 Ultrasonography
 It use high frequency ultrasound waves to produce imagine of
internal organs and other tissues.
 A device called a tranducer convert electric current into sound
waves,which are sent into body tissues.
 It show either a lump is a fluid filled or solid mass.
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20. Treatment method
1) Natural method
2) Chemotherapy
3) Surgical method
4) Radio therapy
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21. Natural treatment
 Natural treatment means to treat by usings anti-cancer diet
like fruits and vegetables that are enrichd with antioxidant.
 The following foods are considered part of a healthful
diet in general, and they may help to prevent the
development or progression of breast cancer:
 a wide variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.
 foods rich in fiber, such as whole grains, beans, and
legumes.
 low-fat milk and dairy products.
 soybean-based products.
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23. Chemotherapy
 The treatment that use drugs to stop the growth of cancer cell
either by killing the cell or by stopping them from dividing.
 When it is done..
 If breast cancer has spread to other parts of body then surgery
is not option,chemotherapy can be used a primary treatment.
 The main goal of chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer is
generally to improve quality and length of life rather than to
cure the disease.
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24. Side effects
 Short term side effects
 In the process of targeting fast-growing cancer cells, chemotherapy
drugs can also damage other fast-growing healthy cells, such as
those in the hair follicles, bone marrow and digestive tract.
 Several chemotherapy drugs can affect nerve endings in your hands
and feet, leading to numbness, pain, burning or tingling, sensitivity
to cold or heat, or weakness in your extremities.
 "Chemo brain," "chemo fog" and "chemo memory" are terms
used to describe controversial and little-understood short-term
memory and concentration problems that may occur after
chemotherapy. In most cases, these problems go away within a year
of completion of the chemotherapy.
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25. Long term side effects
 Certain chemotherapy drugs for breast cancer can cause long-term side
effects, including:
 Infertility.
 Ovaries become damaged.
 Menstrual cycle irregular or stop.
 Osteopenia and osteoporosis
 Herat damage
 Leukemia
 Rarely, chemotherapy for breast cancer can trigger a secondary cancer,
such as cancer of the blood cells (leukemia), several years after the
chemotherapy was completed.
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26. Radiotherapy
 Radiation therapy is treatment with high-energy rays (such
as x-rays) or particles that destroy cancer cells. Two main
types of radiation therapy can be used to treat breast
cancer.
 Types
1) External beam radiation
Radiation from external source is applied on targeted area.
2) Internal beam radiation
Radioactive tubes' that are put into area where the cancer is.
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27. When is radiation appropriate
 it may be appropriate the people with stage 0 through
stage III breast cancer after lumpectomy or mastectomy.
 Lumpectomy
It is the removal of breast tumor (lump) and some of normal
tissues that surrounds it.it is a form of” breast conserving” or
“breast preservation surgery”
 Mastectomy
It is a surgical procedure to remove one or more breasts,
usually to treat breast cancer and sometimes to prevent a
recurrence.
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28. Side effects
 Head and neck
i. Dry mouth.
ii. Mouth and gum sores.
iii. Difficuilty swallowing.
iv. Stiffness' in the jaws.
v. Nausea.
 Chest
i. Shortness of breast.
ii. Breast soreness.
iii. Shoulder stiffness.
 Sexual problem
i. Menstrual changes.
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29. surgery
 The treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or
manipulation, especially with instruments.
Types of surgery
 Lumpectomy
A surgery in which only the part of the breast containing the
cancer is removed. How much of the breast is removed depends on the
size and location of the tumor and other factors.
 Mastectomy
A surgery in which the entire breast is removed, including all of the
breast tissue and sometimes other nearby tissues. There are several
different types of mastectomies. Some women may also get a double
mastectomy, in which both breasts are removed.
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30.  Side effects of cancer surgery may include
the following:
• Pain. It is common to have some pain after any surgery. ...
• Fatigue. ...
• Appetite loss. ...
• Swelling around the site of surgery. ...
• Drainage from the site of surgery. ...
• Bruising around the site of surgery. ...
• Numbness. ...
• Bleeding.
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31. How to improve the risk of
breast cancer
 Control your body weight, take regular exercise and maintain a
healthy diet
 Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol intake
 Using Vitamin E
 Used Omega-3 fatty acids
 Used Whole grains, lentils, pears, and other foods high in fiber
 Drink excess of Water
 Breast feeding
 Avoid exposure to radiations and Environmental pollution
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32. Home remedies
Intake of garlic improve
immunity against
cancer
Regular exercise reduce
risk of breast cancer
Broccoli and wheatgrass
help to eliminate
cancerous cell
Grapes reduce the
production of estrogen
Food enrich in vitamin
D and lignans lower risk
of breast cancer
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