ROCK & STONE

1. STONE & ROCK
SAIYYED AKABARALI MOHAMMAD
BE (CIVIL), PGPM (NICMAR)

2. STONE & ROCK
• The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines stone as 'Piece of rock of any shape.
• Detached from earth's crust and of no great size, esp. a pebble, a cobble, or a
single piece used or usable in building or road-making
• Aggregates are those stones, i.e. particles of rock which are brought together in
a bound or unbound condition to form part of the whole of an engineering
building structure

3. STONE & ROCK
The rocks may be classified on the basis of their geological formation, physical
characteristics and chemical composition.

4. STONE & ROCK
 Sedimentary rocks are formed from
sediment deposits through the process of
weathering, erosion, deposition and finally
compaction and cementation.
Examples of sedimentary rocks include
mudstone, limestone, sandstone, and
conglomerate.
1.GEOLOGICAL Rock Types:• These types of rocks are grouped into three
broad classes depending upon the its
geological formation.
1. Sedimentary rocks

5. STONE & ROCK
• Magma is found below the Earth's surface
while lava is found on top of it.
• The word Igneous derived from latin word
‘ignis’ meaning fire.
• These rock have been formed by cooling and
crystallization of a hot and molten rock.
• Igneous rock form when magma cools and
solidifies.
Examples of this rock type include basalt and
pumic
2. Igneous rocks

6. STONE & ROCK
• Metamorphic rocks are formed under the
surface of the earth from the metamorphosis
(change) that occurs due to intense heat and
pressure (squeezing).
• Examples of this rock type include gneiss and
marble
3.Metamorphic rocks

7. STONE & ROCK
2. PHYSICAL Rock Types:
These types of rocks are grouped into three broad classes depending upon the
presence or absence of layered structure and when layered, on the nature of layered
structures.
i. Unstratified (MASSIVE) Rocks:
1. These types of rocks are free from any layered
structure.
2. They form extensive masses of almost same
general structure depth-wise and area-wise.
3. Most of the igneous rocks fall in this class.

8. STONE & ROCK
1. In this rock type very easily observed layered structure is the
dominant quality.
2. The layers may be thin (1 cm or so)or thick (1 m and above) and of
same or different color and composition
3. Most of the sedimentary rocks are stratified in nature
ii. Stratified (LAYERED) Rocks:
iii. Foliated Rocks
1. In a foliated rock, the layers are easily separable as the cohesion
between the adjoining layers is least, sometimes negligible.
2. The best example of a foliated rock is Slate, Gneisses,and schist also
show foliation.

9. STONE & ROCK
3. Chemical Types of Rocks.
:
On the basis of dominant chemical composition, following three Types of Rock are commonly
recognized.
1. These rocks have silica (SiO2 > 50%) as the predominant
component.
2. Naturally, they are considered among the strongest building
stones.
3. Some igneous and metamorphic rocks like GRANITES and
GNEISSES respectively have predominantly siliceous
composition.
i. Siliceous Rocks:

10. STONE & ROCK
3. Chemical Types of Rocks.
:
ii. Calcareous Rocks:
1. In these types of rocks, the dominant component is a
CARBONATE > 50%, generally of Calcium and also of
Magnesium.
2. Best known examples of calcareous or carbonate rocks are
LIMESTONES, DOLOMITES, and MARBLES.
1. They are mostly sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
having CLAY > 50%
2. The sedimentary varieties are known as clay stones, siltstones,
and shales
iii. Argillaceous Rocks: