This document provides an overview of economic systems and the market system. It begins by defining economic systems and the key questions they must address regarding production, distribution, and change. It then describes different systems such as laissez-faire capitalism, command systems, and market systems. The characteristics of market systems are outlined, including private property, competition, and self-interest. The circular flow model is introduced to illustrate the flows between households and businesses. The document also discusses how market systems address risks through ownership structures.
2. Economic Systems
The Characteristics of the Market System
Five Fundamental Questions
The “Invisible Hand”
The Circular Flow Model
How the Market System Deals with Risk
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Chapter Contents
3. Economic Systems
• Economic systems
• Set of institutionalized arrangements
• Coordinating mechanism
• The economic system must determine
• What to produce, how to produce, and whom to
distribute.
LO2.1 2-3
4. Economic Systems
• Economic systems differ as to
• Who owns the factors of production
• Method used to motivate, coordinate, and direct
economic activity.
• Economic systems can be classified by
• Degree of decentralized use of markets and prices in
decision-making
• Degree of centralized government control
LO2.1 2-4
5. Types of Economic Systems
• Laissez-faire capitalism: minimum government
intervention
• Command system: total control by the government
• Market systems and mixed economies: mixture of
centralized government regulation and decentralized
markets
2-5
6. Laissez-Faire Capitalism
• Keep the government from interfering.
• Power of government needed to:
• Protect private property from theft.
• Provide a legal environment for contract enforcement.
• People interact in markets to buy and sell.
LO2.1 2-6
7. The Command System
• The command system is known as socialism or
communism.
• Government ownership of resources.
• Decisions made by a central planning board.
• Examples: North Korea, Cuba, Myanmar
LO2.1 2-7
8. The Market System
• The market system is a mix of decentralized decision
making with some government control.
• Systems found in much of the world.
• Private markets are dominant force.
• Private ownership of resources.
• Self-interested behavior.
LO2.1 2-8
9. Characteristics of the Market System
• Private property
• Freedom of enterprise
• Freedom of choice
• Self-interest: motivating force
• Competition: multiple buyers and sellers acting
independently and freedom to enter and exit markets
• Market: mechanism that brings buyers and sellers in
contact
LO2.2 2-9
11. Technology and Capital Goods
• In the market system, competition, freedom of
choice, self-interest, and personal reward (to private
property) provides the motivation for technological
advance.
• High reward for new product and production method
encourage innovations in the market system.
• Advanced technology and capital goods make an
economy more productive.
LO2.2 2-11
12. Specialization
• Specialization: Using resources to produce few goods
and services rather than all goods and services.
• Products will be exchanged across economics.
• Specialization makes resources more productive.
• Types of specialization
• Division of labor
• Geographic specialization
LO2.2 2-12
13. Division of Labor
• Human specialization (Division of Labor) improves
productivity of labor.
• Specialization makes use of differences in ability.
• Specialization fosters learning by doing.
• Specialization save time.
LO2.2 2-13
14. Use of Money
• Money makes trade easier.
• It is a medium of exchange.
• Without money, people would have to barter.
LO2.2 2-14
15. Active, but Limited, Government
• Government may be needed to alleviate market
failures.
• Government can increase effectiveness of a market
system.
• Possible government failure.
LO2.2 2-15
16. The Five Fundamental Questions
• Three questions about production and distribution of
goods and services:
• What goods and services will be produced?
• How will the goods and services be produced?
• Who will get the goods and services?
• Two questions about mechanism:
• How will the system accommodate change?
• How will the system promote progress?
LO2.3 2-16
17. What Will Be Produced?
• Goods and services that create a profit
• Consumer sovereignty
• “Dollar votes”
• Allow consumers to indicate which goods and services
should be produced
• Determine which products and industries survive or fail
LO2.3 2-17
18. How Will the Goods Be Produced?
• Minimize the cost per unit by using the most
efficient techniques: It depends on
• Technology
• Prices of the necessary resources
LO2.3 2-18
19. Answering the Question of How to Produce
Resource
Price per
Unit of
Resource
Units of Resource
Technique 1 Technique 2 Technique 3
Units Cost Units Cost Units Cost
Labor $2 4 $ 8 2 $ 4 1 $ 2
Land 1 1 1 3 3 4 4
Capital 3 1 3 1 3 2 6
Entrepreneurial ability 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
Total cost of $15 worth of bar soap $15 $13 $15
LO2.3 2-19
Three Techniques for Producing $15 Worth of Bar Soap
20. Who Will Get the Output?
• Consumers with the ability and willingness to pay will
get the product.
• Ability to pay depends on income.
LO2.3 2-20
21. How Will the System Change?
• Changes in consumer tastes
• Changes in technology
• Changes in resource prices
LO2.4 2-21
22. How Will the System Progress?
• Technological advance
• Creative destruction: The hypothesis that the creation of
new products and production methods destroys the
market power of existing monopolies.
• Capital accumulation
LO2.4 2-22
23. The Invisible Hand
• Invisible Hand: The tendency of competition to cause
individuals and firms to unintentionally but effectively
promote the interests of society even when each individual
firm only attempts to pursue its own interests.
• 1776 Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
• Unity of private and social interest
• Virtues of the market system
• Efficiency
• Incentives
• Freedom
LO2.4 2-23
24. The Demise of Command Systems
• Command systems fail to deliver adequate amounts
of goods and services.
• Examples: Soviet Union, North Korea, and pre-
reform China
• The coordination problem: Must correctly set output
targets for all goods and services.
• The incentive problem: No adjustments for surplus
or shortage.
LO2.4 2-24
25. The Circular Flow Model
• The circular flow diagram illustrates flows of goods
and services among private close economy’s decision-
makers.
• Two decision-makers: Households & Businesses
• Two markets: Product market & Resource market
• The real (goods) flow and the money (payments) flow
(in opposite direction)
LO2.5 2-25
27. Three forms of Businesses
• Sole proprietorship
• Partnership
• Corporation
LO2.5 2-27
28. How the System Deals with Risk (1 of 2)
• Business owners and investors face risk:
• Losses due to input shortages
• Changes in consumer tastes
• Natural disasters that affect the supply chain
• Employees and suppliers have security:
• Paid whether the firm makes a profit or not
LO2.6 2-28
29. How the System Deals with Risk (2 of 2)
• Business risks are restricted to owners.
• Attracts needed inputs: Inputs easier to obtain since
many dislike risk.
• Focuses attention:
• Owners personally responsible for outcome.
• Will encourage prudent decisions.
• Manage risk well and the owners will prosper.
LO2.6 2-29
Notes de l'éditeur
This chapter begins with a brief comparison of command and laissez-faire systems, then transitions to a discussion of the characteristics of a market system. The five fundamental questions faced by every economy are presented along with how a market economy answers each one. A discussion of Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” leads into an explanation of why command systems have failed. The circular flow model provides an overview of how resources and goods move through a market system. The chapter includes a discussion of how a market system deals with risk. The Last Word provides a look at the vast number of ways resources could be arranged and why this doesn’t result in randomness.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LO2.1 Define and explain laissez-faire capitalism, the command system, and the market system.
LO2.2 List the main characteristics of the market system.
LO2.3 Explain how the market system answers the five fundamental questions of what to produce, how to produce, who obtains the output, how to adjust to change, and how to promote progress.
LO2.4 Explain the operation of the “invisible hand.”
LO2.5 Describe the mechanics of the circular flow model.
LO2.6 Explain how the market system deals with risk.
Economic systems are a set of institutional arrangements and a coordinating mechanism to solve economic problems. Economic systems differ in how much decentralized decision-making is enjoyed in the country versus how much centralized government command and control is used to direct economic activity in that country.
LO2.1 Define and explain laissez-faire capitalism, the command system, and the market system.
Economic systems are a set of institutional arrangements and a coordinating mechanism to solve economic problems. Economic systems differ in how much decentralized decision-making is enjoyed in the country versus how much centralized government command and control is used to direct economic activity in that country.
LO2.1 Define and explain laissez-faire capitalism, the command system, and the market system.
Laissez-faire capitalism is the ideal economic system as envisioned by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations. There is no need for government interference in markets because the system is a self-correcting one. In laissez-faire systems, the role of government is limited to providing a legal environment for protection of private property and to enforcement of private contracts.
LO2.1 Define and explain laissez-faire capitalism, the command system, and the market system.
Resources are owned by the government and economic activity is coordinated by a central planning board. This means that what is produced, how much is produced, and the prices that are charged for the output are determined by the central planning board. Many countries formerly under communist or socialist control have begun reducing their reliance on central planning and implementing more market-oriented systems. However, there are still some mainly communist countries like North Korea, Cuba, and Myanmar.
LO2.1 Define and explain laissez-faire capitalism, the command system, and the market system.
With a market system, resources are owned by private individuals and institutions. Markets and prices coordinate and direct economic activity. Each participant acts in his or her own self-interest. Monetary rewards are possible but not without some degree of financial risk. In the U.S. version of capitalism, the government plays a substantial role.
LO2.1 Define and explain laissez-faire capitalism, the command system, and the market system.
Private individuals and firms own most of the private property resources of land and capital.
Private property, coupled with the freedom to negotiate binding legal contracts, enables individuals and businesses to obtain, control, use, and dispose of this property. Private property rights encourage investment, innovation, exchange of assets, maintenance of property, and economic growth. Property rights extend to intellectual property through patents, copyrights, and trademarks.
Freedom of enterprise means that entrepreneurs and businesses have the freedom to obtain and use resources, to produce products of their choice, and to sell these products in the markets of their preference.
Freedom of choice means that owners of property and money resources can use resources as they choose, workers can choose the training, occupations, and job of their choice, consumers are free to spend their income in such a way as to best satisfy their wants.
Self interest is one of the driving forces in a market system. Entrepreneurs try to maximize profits or minimize losses; resource suppliers try to maximize income; consumers maximize satisfaction. As each tries to maximize profits, income, and satisfaction, the economy will benefit if competition is present.
Competition requires two or more independently acting buyers and sellers. This serves to decentralize economic power. Also, it requires freedom to enter or leave the markets.
Markets and prices is the characteristic that reflects the decisions made on each side of the market and determines the set of product and resource prices that guide owners, entrepreneurs, and consumers as they all make choices based on their respective self-interests.
LO2.2 List the main characteristics of the market system.
The Index of Economic Freedom measures economic freedom using 10 economic freedoms such as trade policy, property rights, and government intervention. The index then ranked 180 economies according to their degree of economic freedom. A few selected rankings for 2019 are listed here.
LO2.2 List the main characteristics of the market system.
Market systems reward individuals and businesses for development of new technologies thereby encouraging their development and implementation. Specialization allows economies to take better advantage of their resources and their capabilities. Division of labor or human specialization increases productivity by making use of differences in abilities, fostering learning by doing, and saving time. Geographic specialization can be regional or it can be international.
LO2.2 List the main characteristics of the market system.
Market systems reward individuals and businesses for development of new technologies thereby encouraging their development and implementation. Specialization allows economies to take better advantage of their resources and their capabilities. Division of labor or human specialization increases productivity by making use of differences in abilities, fostering learning by doing, and saving time. Geographic specialization can be regional or it can be international.
LO2.2 List the main characteristics of the market system.
Market systems reward individuals and businesses for development of new technologies thereby encouraging their development and implementation. Specialization allows economies to take better advantage of their resources and their capabilities. Division of labor or human specialization increases productivity by making use of differences in abilities, fostering learning by doing, and saving time. Geographic specialization can be regional or it can be international.
LO2.2 List the main characteristics of the market system.
It is much easier to sell what you produce for money and then buy what you want. Otherwise, you would have to barter for what you want which means that you not only have to find someone that has what you want, but also wants what you have. Money is socially defined; whatever society accepts as a medium of exchange is money.
It is much easier to sell what you produce for money and then buy what you want. Otherwise, you would have to barter for what you want which means that you not only have to find someone that has what you want, but also wants what you have. Money is socially defined, whatever society accepts as a medium of exchange is money.
LO2.2 List the main characteristics of the market system.
Although the market system promotes efficiency, it has certain shortcomings. There can be an over production of goods that have social costs and an underproduction of goods that have social benefits. There are tendencies for businesses to increase monopoly power. Governments also have shortcomings that lead to misallocation of resources.
LO2.2 List the main characteristics of the market system.
These five questions highlight the economic choices underlying the production possibilities model. All economies whether a market system, or otherwise, must address these questions.
LO2.3 Explain how the market system answers the five fundamental questions of what to produce, how to produce, who obtains the output, how to adjust to change, and how to promote progress.
Profit is the difference in total revenues and total costs. In a market system, consumers ultimately decide what will be produced through their dollar votes for a product. If there are not enough “votes” for a product, the firm will cease production of that product. Businesses must match their production choices with consumer choices or else face losses and bankruptcy.
LO2.3 Explain how the market system answers the five fundamental questions of what to produce, how to produce, who obtains the output, how to adjust to change, and how to promote progress.
When firms face competition, the market forces the producers to use the most efficient production techniques, otherwise they will be driven out of business. The combination of technology and the prices of the required resources determines the most efficient production technique.
LO2.3 Explain how the market system answers the five fundamental questions of what to produce, how to produce, who obtains the output, how to adjust to change, and how to promote progress.
The producer will rationally choose the least costly method because it is this method that leads to the greatest profit (or to loss minimization).
Total Revenue - Total Cost = Economic Profit or Loss. Here $15 - $13 = $2 economic profit.
LO2.3 Explain how the market system answers the five fundamental questions of what to produce, how to produce, who obtains the output, how to adjust to change, and how to promote progress.
A market system is based on the willingness to pay principle which means if the consumer is willing and able to pay, the consumer gets the product. The ability to pay depends on income which depends on the amount of resources the person has and the price those resources obtain in the market.
LO2.3 Explain how the market system answers the five fundamental questions of what to produce, how to produce, who obtains the output, how to adjust to change, and how to promote progress.
A market system is a dynamic environment and is able to quickly adapt to changes in consumer tastes and preferences.
The business firm will find it in its best interest to make the changes reflected in the consumer choices.
The market system acts like a giant communications system. The consumers communicate their preferences through their dollar votes, the business then responds to this by producing more, or less, or none of the product. This will soon be reflected in the demand for the resources employed in the production of the product.
When technology and resource prices change, this affects the costs the producer faces when producing the good, changing the amount of the good that will be produced and the price of the good.
LO2.4 Explain the operation of the “invisible hand.”
The market system promotes technological improvements and capital accumulation. An entrepreneur or firm that introduces a popular new product will be rewarded with increased revenue and profits. New technologies that reduce production costs, and thus product price, will spread rapidly throughout the industry as a result of competition. Creative destruction occurs when new products and production methods destroy the market positions of firms that are not able or willing to adjust.
The market system leads to even greater capital accumulation as it provides the resources necessary to produce more capital goods through the increased dollar votes for capital goods. The entrepreneurs and business owners are able to purchase more capital goods as they become more and more profitable.
LO2.4 Explain the operation of the “invisible hand.”
Adam Smith is often referred to as the “father of economics.” His emphasis on the role of self‑interest in motivating economic activity is especially important. Self-interested behavior of both the business and the suppliers of resources result in the greatest amount of economic efficiency possible. The market system guides resources into the production of the goods and services most desired by society. It enforces use of the most efficient production techniques while encouraging new production techniques. The market system encourages skill acquisition and hard work because you will be rewarded for your efforts. Entrepreneurs and workers are free to make choices based on their own self-interest.
LO2.4 Explain the operation of the “invisible hand.”
Failures along the supply chain were common because one factory’s output was another factory’s input. A failure at any step along the way would cause a chain reaction. This became more difficult as the economies grew.
There were no indicators of success like in a market system where we have profit or loss to indicate how successful the business firm is. There were no price signals to indicate more or less of a product was desired resulting in surpluses and shortages.
LO2.4 Explain the operation of the “invisible hand.”
The circular flow diagram is a simple economic model showing a private closed economy in which there is only a private sector consisting of households and businesses who interact with each other in the markets. The real flow consists of resources flowing from households and used in producing products that flow from businesses. The money flow facilitates the workings of the economic system.
Households are housing units occupied by one or more persons. Businesses combine resources and attempt to earn profits for the owners by offering goods and services for sale. Businesses are generally one of three basic types. The sole proprietorship is a business owned and managed by a single person.
A partnership is a business owned and managed by two or more persons, and a corporation is an independent legal entity that can engage in any legal business activity.
LO2.5 Describe the mechanics of the circular flow model.
A simplified dynamic economy of continuous flows of goods and services, resources, and money. This simple economy consists of households and businesses, and there is no government.
Households are the owners of the resources (selling their resources in the resource market) and income flows into the households. Households are the ones who buy the goods and services in the product market. The prices that are paid in the product market are determined by supply and demand.
Businesses buy the resources, thereby providing income to the households. Businesses buy the resources to produce goods and services that are then sold in the product market to households. When firms sell their products, the money that they receive is called revenue. The counterclockwise flow of economic resources and finished products that is illustrated by the red arrows is paid for by the clockwise flow of money income and consumption expenditures illustrated by the blue arrows.
LO2.5 Describe the mechanics of the circular flow model.
The circular flow diagram is a simple economic model showing a private closed economy in which there is only a private sector consisting of households and businesses who interact with each other in the markets. The real flow consists of resources flowing from households and used in producing products that flow from businesses. The money flow facilitates the workings of the economic system.
Households are housing units occupied by one or more persons. Businesses combine resources and attempt to earn profits for the owners by offering goods and services for sale. Businesses are generally one of three basic types. The sole proprietorship is a business owned and managed by a single person.
A partnership is a business owned and managed by two or more persons, and a corporation is an independent legal entity that can engage in any legal business activity.
LO2.5 Describe the mechanics of the circular flow model.
In a market system, businesses all face risks. Profitability of the firm will depend on how well risk is managed. Profits flow to the owners as their reward for bearing the risk of losses. On the other hand, employees and suppliers to the firm do not face any risk, they get paid regardless of how well the firm is doing.
LO2.6 Explain how the market system deals with risk.
The market system will experience better economic outcomes over time since owners bear responsibility for their own management decisions. Compare this to the command and control system where no one bears any responsibility for bad management or loses any money if they make bad decisions. They receive the same salary regardless.
LO2.6 Explain how the market system deals with risk.
