Aquaculture has been practiced for over 2500 years and originated in China, Egypt, India or other countries. It is defined as the production of fish through farming or rearing in confined waters. Major classifications of aquaculture include based on habitat, water flow, culture organism, culture method, culture system, and purpose. Trends in India include freshwater aquaculture of crustaceans, fish, and ornamental fish as well as saltwater aquaculture of shrimp and crabs. Global fish consumption has nearly doubled in the last 45 years from 9.01 kg/capita in 1961 to 17.1 kg/capita in 2007, driven by population growth and preferences for fish as an affordable source of protein

1. Aquaculture – An Overview
Dr.J.Stephen Sampath Kumar, MFSc., PhDDr.J.Stephen Sampath Kumar, MFSc., PhD (Aqua)(Aqua)
Professor (Aquaculture)Professor (Aquaculture)
Fisheries College & Research InstituteFisheries College & Research Institute
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Tuticorin – 628008Tuticorin – 628008
E-mail:E-mail: jstephenkumar@gmail.comjstephenkumar@gmail.com ,, stephensskumar@rediffmail.comstephensskumar@rediffmail.com

2. Aquaculture – An Introduction
• It is an ancient
farming enterprise
• Practised for more
than 2500 years
• It originated at…..
– China?
– Egypt?
– India?
– Any other country?
Definition:
It is the production of fish
through farming or rearing
in confined waters
following prescribed
procedures to yield higher
returns in terms of
numbers and weight
through definite
management practices
and control over the stock

3. The development process
• The ever first attempt
was for hobby
• Later the nutritional
advantages were felt
• Changed life style of
human being
• Population growth
• Need for alternative
food for man
Reasons for development
• Civilization - demanded
more nutritious food
• Agriculture –
development of allied
fields
• Resources utilization
• Health conscience and
• Employment and earning

4. Major classification of aquaculture
Based on the type of habitat (water)
Freshwater aquaculture
Saltwater aquaculture
Brackish water aquaculture
Wastewater aquaculture
Based on the water flow characteristics
Running water
Standing water

5. Major classification of aquaculture, cont’d
Based on the type of culture organism
Fin fish culture
Crustacean farming
Molluscan farming
Seaweed farming
Live-feed culture
Algal culture

6. Major classification of aquaculture, cont’d
Based on the type of culture method
Extensive
Improved extensive
Semi-intensive
Intensive
Super-intensive
Four methods are found in India

7. Major classification of aquaculture, cont’d
Based on the type of culture system
1. Pond culture
2. Tank culture
3. Open water culture –lakes and reservoirs
4. Race ways culture
5. Cage and pen culture
6. Recirculation system
Based on the purpose of culture
1. Food fish culture
2. Recreation fish farming – aquarium
3. Bio-treatment or biological control

8. Major classification of aquaculture, cont’d
Based on the region / geographical feature
Warm water aquaculture
Cold water aquaculture
Sub-tropical aquaculture
Heated water aquaculture
Based on the people involved
Low level / Marginal aquaculture
Corporate / Entrepreneurial farming

9. Trends of aqua farming seen in India
1. Freshwater Aquaculture
Crustaceans
Fish
Ornamental fish farming
Algae/Spirulina

10. Aqua farming in India… Types
2. Salt water Aquaculture
Shrimps
Crabs
Live food

11. 05/06/14 11
Recent trends and status ofRecent trends and status of
freshwater fishculturefreshwater fishculture
technology in Indiatechnology in India

12. 05/06/14 12
Facts about fisheries
Fish has been a food for human beings
for more than 4000 years
About 20000 species are present
More than 200 species have been
consumed by man
Many by-products from fishes and other
aquatic organisms are used for medical
purposes
Average Indian consumption 5-6 kg/yr

13. 05/06/14 13
Indian freshwater fisheries
Riverine fisheries
Reservoir fisheries
Tank based fisheries
Canal based fisheries
Other minor water bodies

14. 05/06/14 14
Technology scenario
Ten standardised technology are
available
Suitable for rural as well as urban
adoption
Ensures food production and/or income
Provides employment also

15. 05/06/14 15
Available technology
Composite fishculture
Polyculture
Ornamental fish farming
Freshwater crustacean farming
Integrated farming
Air-breathing fish farming
Cage culture in reservoirs

16. 05/06/14 16
Available technology
Cold water fishculture
Wastewater aquaculture
Freshwater pearl culture

17. 05/06/14 17
The production processes

18. 05/06/14 18
Composite fish culture
Many species in one pond
Utilization of all niches
Developed form monoculture
Six species combination - good
Culture period 6 - 8 months
Yield 5 - 10 tons/ha/crop
Suitable for all areas
Easy to do and assured production

19. 05/06/14 19
Polyculture
Fishes and other organisms together
Compatible animals in one pond
More production
Useful for all areas
Production up to 5 tons of fishes and
another 2 to 3 tons of other organisms

20. 05/06/14 20
Crustacean farming
Macrobrachium spp in India for
freshwater
Shrimps for salt water
Higher profit
Technically challenging and assured
profit

21. 05/06/14 21
Ornamental fish farming
Ornamental fishes for hobby and
pleasure – not for food
Easy farming methods
Simple to operate and manage
Higher returns
All areas, particularly urban areas

22. 05/06/14 22
Integrated farming
Unified farming
Combining other husbandry practices
Higher combined yield
Rural farming sector
Cattle, ducks, poultry, goats, piggery etc

23. 05/06/14 23
Air-breathing fish culture
Murrels, catfishes - breathe air
Air breathing fishes are cultured
Higher density stocking
Higher market prices
More profit at lesser cost of production

24. 05/06/14 24
Cold water fish culture
Adopted in hill areas (Nilgiris,etc)
Salmon, trout, etc.. Suitable species
Less production
Mainly as sport fishery
Recreation purposes

25. 05/06/14 25
Cage culture in reservoirs
Cages established in reservoirs
Utilization of natural waters
More per unit area production
Less cost of production
More production per unit area

26. 05/06/14 26
Wastewater aquaculture
Utilisation of wastewater for profit
Sewage fed fish culture
Higher yield at lower cost
Efficient resource utilisation

27. 05/06/14 27
Freshwater pearl culture
In its infancy
Success attained
Commercial production to be started
Promising technology

28. fl;yh
nts;spf;nfz;il
NuhF
kpHfhy;

29. mnkhpf;f ,why;
rhjhf;nfz;il
thp ,why;
Tpuhy;

30. ed;dPH ,why; rptg;G jpNyg;gpah
nfSj;jp kPd;

31. 05/06/14 31

32. 05/06/14 32

33. 05/06/14 33

34. Trends in fish consumption and its impact
on the fish production

35. Introduction
• Fish and fishery products are generally used
for food and non-food purposes.
• The non-food uses include, animal feed,
industrial uses (confectioneries), etc.
• Per capita supply of fish for human
consumption is governed by three factors, viz.,
total production, imports and non-food uses.
• Maldives per capita consumption was the
highest in 2007 (144.1kg/yr) due to low human
population.

36. Introduction
• Japan’s per capita consumption is higher
(56.1kg/yr) due to marginally higher
production and imports
• Fish continues to be the preferred protein for
the human consumption around the world.
• Cheap protein supplier next to eggs.
• Designer meat qualities are possible through
feed and breeding

37. Availability of fish and fishery products
• Available in different forms – fresh, whole,
piece, frozen, processed, dried, value added
and cooked.
• In all forms, perhaps the cost does not
influence the preference.
• Available at affordable cost for varied sections
of people.
• Available through capture from wild and
culture in the captivity

39. Status of fish and fishery production
• Oceans are continued to be the major source of
fish and other aquatic animals for human
consumption
• Inland wild waters are although production
points for aquatic animals, their share is
meager.
• People along the coasts have fish as their
primary or only source of protein.
• People in inland regions may have the fish as
their secondary or subsequent choices

40. Factors influencing the consumption
• Availability
• Quality of the available material
• Quantity of the available material thereby the
price
• Socio-economic status of the consumers
• Health conscience (support / allergy)
• Availability of substitutes
• Sentimental or religious reasons
(vegetarianism)
• Regional preferences (geographic choices)

41. Trends in fish consumption
• Near 100% increase over 4.5 decades (1962 –
2007)
• Increasing rate: approximately 2.3% per year
(non-cumulative)
• Non-food uses also showed an upward trend
(11.0 to 27.0 mt in 45 years)
• While Mozambique had the lowest per capita
supply (4.5 kg/yr) Maldives had the highest per
capita consumption (140kg/yr) in 2007.

42. Trends in fish consumption
• Fish’s contribution to the total protein supply
varied from 2.6 to 40.4% among 66 countries
• Non-food uses were the highest in China (6.8
mt) and lowest in many countries (near 0 in
some countries like Cambodia, Ghana, etc).
• Nearness to fish and traditional food habits are
found to be the factors deciding the fish’s
contribution to total protein intake in the
country.

43. Population growth & food fish supply
• World population in 1961 – 3072.7 million
• Total fisheries production – 39.1 million tonnes
• For food consumption -- 27.69 million tonnes
• Per capita consumption -- 9.01 kg/ yr
• World population in 2007 – 6670.8 million
• Total fisheries production – 140.45 million tonnes
• For food consumption -- 114.03 million tonnes
• Per capita consumption -- 17.1 kg/ yr