Soild waste management

SWACHHTA PAKHWADA
01-08-2019 TO 15-08-2019
Arignar Anna Govt Arts and Science College
Karaikal – 609 605

தூய்மை பதிமைந்து
Dr. K. SAMBANDAN
Department of Plant Science

Dr. K. SAMBANDAN
Department of Plant Science

• அறிவியல் , த ொழில் நுட்ப கண்டுபிடிப்புகளொல்
வொழ்க்மக எளி ொகி பபொைத ன்ைபவொ உண்மை ொன்.
• பவக, பவகைொக வளர்ந்து வரும் இன்மைய விஞ்ஞொை
உலகத்தில் எல்லொ நொடுகளுபை சந்திக்க இருக்கின்ை
'ைொதபரும் பிரச்சமை மலை ப ோல் குவியும் கழிவுகலை,
குப்ல கலை எப் டி நீக்குவது ? என்பது ொன். ‘
• எப்படியொவது சுத் ம் தசய்வது' என்பம விட
'சுகொ ொரைொை முமையில் எப்படி சுத் ம் தசய்வது' என்பது
ொன் மில்லியன் டொலர் பகள்வி.
• நொகரீகம் வளர்ந்துவிட்டது, ஆைொல் சுத் ம் சுகொ ொரம்
பற்றி நம்மிமடபய விழிப்புணர்வு இல்மல.
மில்லியன் டாலர் கேள்வி

• அப பநரத்தில் பஞ்ச பூ ங்களுபை மிரண்டு பபொகிை
அளவிற்கு "ைொஸ்" சொக ைொசுபடுவது ொன் மிரள
மவக்கின்ைது
• எங்கு பொர்த் ொலும் குப்மபயும் சுகொ ொர பகடும் நம்மை
மலகுனிய மவக்கிைது.
• தபொது இடங்களில் எச்சில் துப்புகின்ைைர். பஸ் நிமலயம்
பபொன்ை இடங்களில் நடைொடுவ ற்பக அருவருப்பொக
உள்ளது.
• 'நொம் சுத் ைொக இருக்க நிமைத் ொலும், நம்முமடய
சூழ்நிமல அ ற்கு இடம் தகொடுப்பதில்மலபய.
• இது த ொடர்பொக குந் விழிப்புணர்வு ஏற்படுத்
பவண்டும்..
சுத் ம் பசொறு பபொடும்

“ஒரு முலை உ ப ோக டுத்தி விட்டு தூக்கி எறிகிை பமலை
நோட்டு கைோசோரபம உைகின் இன்லை பூதோகரமோன மோசு
பிரச்லனக்கு மூைகோரணம் என்ைோல் தப்பில்லை ...
ஆம்.. ப ோசித்து ோருங்கள் ..இன்லைக்கு என்ன நடக்கிைது
.....தண்ணீலர குடித்துவிட்டு எறி ப் டும் ோட்டில்கள், எச்சில்
டோத ஒன யூஸ் தம்ைர்கள், பகன்கள், ோலித்தீன் கவர்கள்
ோட்டில்கள் ... சோக்கலடகள், ததருபவோரம் எங்கும்
அலவகபை இலைந்து கிடக்கின்ைன..
இந்தி ோவில் மட்டும் சரோசரி ோக ஒருவர் ஒரு நோலைக்கு
600 கிரோம் குப்ல ப ோடுவதோக புள்ளி விவரம்
ததரிவிக்கிைது ..என்ைோல், இந்தி ோவில் மட்டும் பசரும்
குப்ல களின் எலட கிட்டத்தட்ட 200 இைட்சம் டன்கள்...!!
உைகம் முழுவதும்... ???
யூஸ் அண்ட் த்பரொ

‘கழிப் லை என் து அவ்வைவு
முக்கி மோ’
நமது நாட்டில் TOILET களை விட
ககாயில்கள் அதிகம் என்றும்,
புதிதாகத் திருமணமாகும்
பெண்கள் புகுந்த வ ீட்டில்
கழிப்ெளைகள் இருக்கிைதா என்று
பதரிந்த ெிைகக திருமணத்திற்கு
சம்மதிக்க கவண்டும். - பெயராம்
ரகமஷ், முன்னாள் மத்திய
அளமச்சர்.
60% இந்தி க் குடும் ங்களில் லகப்ப சி உண்டு.
ஆனோல், 47% குடும் ங்களில்தோன் கழிப் லைகள்
உள்ைன.
உலதகங்கும் வயிற்றுப்பபொக்கொல் உயிரிழக்கும்
குழந்ம களில் சுைொர் 15 லட்சம் குழந்ம கள்
இப்படி சுகொ ொரைற்ை கழிப்பிடங்களொல் ஏற்படும்
த ொற்று பநொய் கொரணைொகபவ உயிரிழக்கிைொர்கள்!
– யூனிதசப்

சூரிய சக்தி உ வியுடன் இயங்கக்கூடிய உலகின்
மு ல் வைண்ட கழிப்பமையின் ைொதிரி
இந் ைொ ம் இந்தியொவில் அறிமுகப்படுத் ப்பட
உள்ளது
Minimum use of water,
Urine is collected
Separately and used as
fertilizer. Excreta and
kitchen/garden waste is
converted in to vermi-
compost. Improved Health,
More Income and
Environmental Protection.

10
• e-Toilets are unmanned toilets which
work on a sensor-based technology.
• The self-cleaning and water
conservation mechanism in the toilet
makes it unique.
• The user has to insert a coin to open
the door and its sensor-based light
system is automatically turned on
once you enter the toilet.
• It also directs the user with audio
commands.
• To conserve water, the toilets are
programmed to flush 1.5 litre of
water after three minutes of usage
and 4.5 litres if the usage is longer.
• This “smart” toilet also washes the
platform by itself after every five or
10 persons use the toilet.
e-Toilets

Rocket fuel chemical found in
water, produce - December 1, 2004
The government has found traces of a
rocket fuel chemical in organic milk in
Maryland, green leaf lettuce grown in
Arizona and bottled spring water from
Texas and California.
Sufficient amounts of perchlorate can affect
the thyroid, potentially causing delayed
development and other problems.
Environmental Protection Agency official
called for calm, "The answer is, we don't
know yet."

BBC - 10 September, 2004
UN warns of pesticide 'time-bomb’
• Stockpiles have built up as pesticide
products have been banned.
• The UN has warned that huge stockpiles of
toxic chemical waste from obsolete
pesticides are a "time bomb" for East
Europe and the developing world.
• Its Food and Agriculture Organization
has urged assistance for the disposal of
the chemicals, which it says are often
stored at unmanaged sites.
• Such stockpiles threaten the health of
rural communities, says the FAO.

• Solid or semi-solid material
(including gases and liquids in
containers) which are non
soluble in nature are solid waste.
• Solid waste includes agricultural
refuse, demolition waste,
industrial waste, mining
residues, municipal garbage,
and sewage sludge.
WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?
WASTE is a any material,
Thrown away” regarded
as useless and unwanted
(at a certain time and place)
Bio-degradable: can be degraded
paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable: cannot be
degraded plastics, bottles, old-
machines, containers and others)

History of Waste Management
• Since ancient times, domestic
wastes have been composted
for return to the soil.
• Till the 1940s, farmers
brought produce to towns,
took urban organics to fields.
• With cities growing, subsidies
for urea in the 1960s and thin
plastics appearing, urban
waste lost its value to
farmers.
• Urban waste is now dumped
just beyond city limits on
vacant land in villages or all
along highways, canals, in
low lying land.
• It breeds flies, rats, dogs
mosquitoes, Dogs thrive on
waste heaps and form
hunting packs at night,
attacking village livestock.
• Villagers feel helpless
against such officially
sanctioned pollution.
Past Present

CAUSES OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE PROBLEM

1. Residential
2. Commercial
3. Institutional
4. Construction and demolitions
5. Municipal services
6. Treatment plant sites
7. Industrial
8. Agricultural
Sources of Solid Wastes

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
• Solid waste can be classified into
different types depending on their
source:
• Household waste or municipal waste:
includes food, paper, cardboard,
plastic, textiles, leather, glass, metal,
ashes, electronics waste etc.
• Industrial waste: includes toxic
chemicals, oil, debris from construction
site, packaging waste, ashes etc.
• Biomedical waste or hospital waste:
medicine bottles, expired medicines,
syringes, medical instruments such as
scissors, blades etc.

Agricultural waste: includes
pesticides, crops, water coming from
the fields also consists of small
amount of toxic chemicals.
Nuclear waste: includes radioactive
substances coming from reactors,
fuel (uranium, thorium, plutonium
etc). Its highly dangerous and
requires proper disposal.
Hazardous waste: includes toxic
chemical, acids, corrosive, ignitable
and reactive materials, gases etc.
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Characteristics of Wastes
• Corrosive: these are
wastes that include acids
or bases that are capable of
corroding mental
containers, e.g. tanks
• Ignitability: this is waste
that can create fires under
certain condition, e.g.
waste oils and solvents
• Reactive: these are
unstable in nature, they
cause explosions, toxic
fumes when heated.
• Toxicity: waste which are
harmful or fatal when
ingested or absorb.

In India
 In 35 cities of over 1-million population, “dry” waste levels
are approaching Western levels (over 1kg per capita per
day).
 Women (and children) form a large percentage of the
waste-pickers.
India’s Population = 1027 Million
As per 2001 Census
Urban Population = 285 Million
Urban Areas = 5161 Nos.
(Cities / Towns)
TREND OF URBANIZATION Year Year Year Year
1951 1991 2001 2021
Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 --
Agglomerations / Towns
Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0
(in million)
As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41%
Population

• Per capita waste generation
increasing by 1.3% per annum
• With urban population increasing
between 3 – 3.5% per annum
• Yearly increase in waste generation is
around 5% annually India produces
42.0 million tons of municipal solid
waste annually at present.
• Per capita generation of waste varies
from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita /
day.
• Collection efficiency ranges between
50% to 90% of the solid waste
generated.
MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM

• Urban Local Bodies spend
around Rs.500/- to Rs.1500/-
per ton on solid waste
management .
• 60-70% of the amount is on
collection alone.
• 20% - 30% on transportation
• Hardly any fund is spent on
treatment and disposal of
waste
• Crude dumping of waste in
most of the cities
Waste Expenditure in India

• 30% - 55% Compostable / Bio-
degradable Matter
(can be converted into manure)
• 40% - 45% Inert material
(to go to landfill)
• 5% - 10% Recyclable materials
(Recycling)
• These percentages vary from
city to city depending on food
habits
Municipal Solid Waste in India

Zurich - Switzerland reduced waste 41%

The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF)
Best Use For MSW

Xing Feng LFS - China
Landfill gas power station

HAZARDOUS WASTE
REACTIVE WASTES
– Unstable, tend to react vigorously
with air, water, etc.
– Reaction causes explosions, form
toxic vapour and fumes
IGNITABLE WASTE
– Organic solvents – benzene,
toluene
– Burn at relatively low temperatures
– Present an immediate fire hazard
CORROSIVE
– Strong alkaline and acidic
substances
– Destroy materials and living
tissues by chemical reaction

HAZARDOUS WASTE
INFECTIOUS
– Biological waste material
– Human tissue from surgery, used
bandages and hypodermic needles,
microbial materials
– Waste from hospitals and biological
research centers
RADIOACTIVE
– Ionizing radiation harms living
organisms
– Persist in the environment for
thousands of years before decay
appreciably
– Separated from other wastes

What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home?
What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home?
Cleaning
• Disinfectants
• Drain, toilet, and
window cleaners
• Spot removers
• Septic tank, cleaners
Paint
• Latex and oil-based paints
• Paint thinners, solvents,
and strippers
• Stains, varnishes,
and lacquers
• Wood preservatives
• Artist paints and inks
General
• Dry cell batteries
(mercury and cadmium)
• Glues and cements
Gardening
• Pesticides
• Weed killers
• Ant and rodent killers
• Flea powders
Automotive
• Gasoline
• Used motor oil
• Antifreeze
• Battery acid
• Solvents
• Brake and transmission
fluid
• Rust inhibitor and
rust remover

EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
• When hazardous wastes are
released in the air, water, or on
the land, they can spread or
contaminate our environment.
• When rain falls on soil at a
waste site, it can carry
hazardous waste deeper into the
ground and the can pollute
groundwater.
• Every year, major health
problems result from hazardous
waste like cancer, repertory
condition, heart diseases etc, so
it required proper disposal.

Hazardous Waste Disposal:
Surface Impoundment or Deep-well disposal

HOSPITAL WASTES
Non Infectious Infectious
Non Sharps Sharps
Solids Liquids
Incinerable Non Incinerable
(Autoclave, Microwave)
Biodegradable Non Biodegradable

COLOUR CODING
COLOUR
CODING
TYPE OF
CONTAINER
WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT OPTIONS
as per Schedule I
Yellow Plastic Bag Cat.. 1, 2, 3
and 6
Incineration / deep
burial
Red Disinfected
container /
Plastic Bag
Cat. 3, 6, and 7 Autoclaving /
Microwaving / Chemical
Treatment
Blue / White
Translucent
Plastic Bag /
puncture proof
container
Cat. 4, Cat. 7 Autoclaving /
Microwaving / Chemical
treatment and
destruction shredding
Black Plastic Bag Cat. 5, 9 and
10 (Solid)
Disposal in secured
landfill

Electronic Waste: A Growing Problem
 E-waste consists of
toxic and hazardous
waste such as PVC,
lead, mercury, and
cadmium.
 The U.S. produces
almost half of the
world's e-waste but
only recycles about
10% of it.

Agricultural Solid Wastes
Field Wastes
Weeds
Straws
Animal Wastes
Animal Dung
Dead Bodies
Agro-Industrial Wastes
Sugar cane: Molasses, Peals

Agro-Wastes
Management of agro-wastes
Meat
Leather
Industries
Bio-fertilizer
Biogas
Pulp and
Paper
Phosphorus
and calcium
Alcohol
production
Fuel

Biogas Production
Animal Dung Biogas plant
Fuel
Light
Biofertilizer

Electrical and/or
thermal energy
Biofertilizer
Organic
wastes Anaerobic
digestion
Biogas
Solar energy
Animal husbandry
Crop harvesting
Industrial processing
Human consumption
Photosynthesis
H2O
CO2
Biogas Cycle
Energy
crops

Bio-fertilizers production
Agro-wastes
Biogas
Bio-Fertilizers
Vermiculture
Dugging with various
microorganisms
Cyanobacteria and other
nitrogen fixating MO

Leather and Meat Industry
Old animals
Leather
Slaughtering
Slaughtering
Meat

Bone utilization
Old animals Bones Bone Powder
Animal Feed
Drugs
Phosphorus and
calcium extraction
Fertilizers

Sugarcane – Source of Green Energy
JUICE
BAGASSE
LEAVES & TOPS
SUGAR
CO-GENERATION
OF ELECTRICITY
Ethanol

Pulp and Paper Production
Straws and peals
Paper
Wood/ Ply
Pulp

Drawbacks of Improper Agro-Waste Management
Global warming Field filling
Mosquito generated diseases

Methods of Waste Disposal
• Landfills
• Incineration
• Source reduction
• Composting
• Recycling

Land filling
• Most municipal solid waste in
India is deposited in landfills
• It is the most traditional method
of waste disposal
• Source of groundwater pollution
• Waste is directly dumped into
disused quarries, mining voids
or borrow pits.
• It is generally used for domestic
waste

Sanitary Landfills: Trade-offs

Incineration
 Prior to 1940, incineration was common in North
America and western Europe.
 Many incinerators were eliminated because of foul
odors and gritty smoke
 Currently, about 15% of municipal solid waste is
incinerated.

INCINERATION PLANT OBERHAUSEN, GERMANY

Mass-Burn Garbage
Incinerator
Mass-Burn Garbage
Incinerator

Incineration
Pros:
– Reduce volume 90%,
weight 75%
– Heat from burning
converted to electricity
Cons:
• Create air pollution
• Concentrates toxins in ash
• More costly than landfills,
as long as space available

• Mass burn incineration
• Air pollution
• Waste to energy
Burning Wastes

Composting
• Harnessing natural decomposition to
transform organic material into compost
• Materials such as plants, food scraps,
and paper products can be
decomposed into the organic matter.
• The organic matter that is produced
from recycling can be agricultural uses.
• Usually this method of recycling is done
by putting the materials in a container
and let to stay there until it
decomposes.

• Ocean dumping is the dumping
or placing of materials in the
ocean, often on the continental
shelf.
• A wide range of materials is
involved, including carbage
construction and demolition
debris, sewage sludge, dredge
material, waste chemicals, and
nuclear waste.
• Sometime hazardous and
nuclear waste are also disposed
but these are highly dangerous
for aquatic life and human life
also.
OCEAN DUMPING

ADVANTAGES
• Convenient
• Inexpensive
• Source of nutrients for
fishes and marine
mammals.
• Vast amount of space
is available.
• All type of wastes are
disposed.
DISADVANTAGES
• There are three main direct
public health risks from
ocean dumping:
• Occupational accidents,
injuries and exposures
• exposure of the public to
hazardous or toxic materials
washed up on beach sand.
• human consumption of
marine organisms that have
been contaminated by ocean
disposal.
• Highly dangerous for aquatic
life.

Recycling
• It is basically processing or
conversion of a waste item
into usable forms.
• Recyclable materials include
many kinds of glass, paper,
metal, plastic, textiles, and
electronics.
• But recycling is not a solution
to managing every kind of
waste material.
• For many items like plastic
bags, plastic wrap, yogurt
cups, margarine container etc.
recycling technologies are
unavailable or unsafe.

Recycling
Benefits
 Saves money, raw materials, and
land.
 Encourages individual responsibility.
 Reduces pressure on disposal
systems.
 Japan recycles about half of all
household and commercial wastes.
 Lowers demand for raw resources.
 Reduces energy consumption and
air pollution.

SAVING THROUGH RECYCLING
• When aluminum is recycled - considerable saving in cost.
• Making paper from waste saves 50% energy.
• Every tone of recycled glass saves energy equivalent to
100 liters of oil.
• Recycling about 54 kg of newspaper will save one tree.
• Plastics are recyclable, but technology differs from plastic
to plastic.
• Demand for products must keep pace with growing supply

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

87
REDUCE - Producing Less Waste
• The best way to reduce our waste stream is to produce
less waste
• Excess packaging of food and consumer products is
one of our greatest sources of unnecessary waste.
• Photodegradable plastics break down when exposed to
UV rays.
• Biodegradable plastics can be decomposed by
microorganisms.
• There are problems with photodegradable and
biodegradable plastics, eg,
– don’t degrade completely,
– littering is considered ok with these degradable
products ???

Recycling Benefits, Incentives
• Recycling saves money, energy,
raw materials, and land space,
while also reducing pollution.
• Recycling encourages individual
awareness and responsibility.
• Japan - probably the most
successful recycling program in the
world
• Creating incentives for recycling -
public policies, consumer demand
• Some make a living by gathering
up recyclables!!

Bioremediation
use of biological organisms to remove pollution or restore environmental quality

Phytostabilization
Plants such as willow
trees and poplars can
absorb chemicals and
keep them from
reaching groundwater
or nearby surface
water.
Rhizofiltration
Roots of plants such as
sunflowers with dangling
roots on ponds or in green-
houses can absorb pollutants
such as radioactive strontium-
90 and cesium-137 and various
organic chemicals.
Phytoextraction
Roots of plants such as Indian
mustard and brake ferns can
absorb toxic metals such as
lead, arsenic, and others and
store them in their leaves.
Plants can then be recycled
or harvested and incinerated.
Phytodegradation
Plants such as poplars
can absorb toxic organic
chemicals and break
them down into less
harmful compounds
which they store or
release slowly into the air.
Inorganic
metal contaminants
Organic
contaminants
Radioactive
contaminants
Brake fernPoplar tree
Indian mustardWillow treeSunflower
Oil
spill
Landfill
Groundwater
Soil
Polluted
leachateDecontaminated
water out
Polluted
groundwater
in
Groundwater
Soil

• 1980s: Delhi Incinerator ran only 6
days!
• 2004: Biometh promoters “ran
away” after investing US$ 18.7
million for 5MW, generating only
0.5 MW over past year.
• 17 MoUs, 15 withdrew after 3 to 7
yr wait.
• 2 RDF “successes” actually run
on 70 % to 90 % paddy husk, on
city’s free land meant for urban
waste management !
LONG HISTORY OF MANY WTE FAILURES

92
West Point Wastewater Treatment Plant
92
Renton Wastewater Treatment Plant

India is a “Soft State”
• It has excellent environmental
laws, but politics and / or
corruption prevent their effective
implementation.
• The result has been disastrous
for our environment and hence
for the economy too, as we are
now seeing.

MAIN ISSUES
• ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE
• LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND
APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
• UNWILLINGNESS TO INTRODUCE PROPER
COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION
AND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
• INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS
WASTE MANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS
• LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS

மனித வளர்ச்சிக்ோேவும்,
ஏழ்மமமயக் குமைப்பதற்ோேவும் பசியின்
கோடுமமமய கபாக்குவதற்ோேவும் விமலயில்லா
உணவு தானியமும்,
குமைந்த விமல உணவேமும் நடத்தும் அரசு,
கபாது சுோதாரத்மத கமம்படுத்த ேழிப்பமைப்
பயன்பாட்மட அதிேரிக்ே உடனடியாே ஒரு
ேவர்ச்சிேரமான திட்டத்மத கசயல்படுத்தினால், அது
மற்றுகமாரு புரட்சியாே மாறும் என்பதில்
சந்கதேமில்மல!

Soild waste management

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