Update on Neoplasm of Nervous system in Livestock and their Dignosi

SEMINAR
ON
UPDATES ON NEOPLASM OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN LIVESTOCK,
THEIR PATHOLOGICAL
DISTINCTION AND DIAGNOSIS
Presented
by
Dr. Rahul G. Kadam
Ph.D Scholar
Roll NO. P1661

“ An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of
which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of
the normal tissues and persists in the same
excessive manner even after cessation of the
stimuli that evoked the change.”
New growth composed of cells originally derived
from normal tissues, that have undergone
heritable genetic changes allowing them to
become relatively unresponsive to normal growth
controls and to expand beyond their normal
anatomical boundaries.
Cancer

5
Classification
 World Health Organization classification
– Primary tumors classified on basis of cell origin
 Most primary tumors of neuroepithelial origin
– From malignant transformation of astrocytes, ependymocytes,
and oligodendrocytes
 Gliomas most common
– Arise from astrocytes
 Metastases more likely than primary CNS tumor in patient with
known systemic malignant disease

Different type of nervous tissue tumors
 Primary Neoplasm of Neuronal cells
o Medulloblastoma
o Neuroblastomas
 Primary Neoplasm's of Neuroglial cells
o Astrocytoma
o Oligodendroglioma
o Oligoastrocytoma (Mixed Glial Tumor)
o Gliosarcoma
o Ependymoma
o Pineal tumors
 Primary Neoplasm of the Choroid Plexus
o Choroid Plexus Papilloma
o Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
 Primary Neoplasm of Mesodermal Tissue
o Meningioma
 Epitheloid form
 Psammoma form
 Fibrous form ossified m
 Angiomatoid form
 Sacomatous form

Cont..
 Primary Neoplasm of Hematopoietic system
o Lymphoma/Lymphosarcoma
o Plasma cell tumor
o Malignant Histiocytosis
o Microgliomatosis
 Other primary tumors and cyst
o Epidermoid cyst
o Hemartoma or meningio-angiomatosis
 Neoplasm of the peripheral nervous system
o Ganglioneroma
o Paraganglioma
o Periferal nerve sheath tumor
 Secondary Neoplasm or Metastatic Tumors of Central Nervous
System

Medulloblastoma
Fig. Medulloblastoma between cerebellum
and fourth ventricale with extention into
colliculus (arrow ) in cat
 Medulloblastoma, well-known in
children, is rare in animals
 Occurs in the young of several
species, mainly calves and dogs.
 This tumor of unknown parentage.
 It is currently thought to arise from
undifferentiated cells found in
neonatal life beneath the cerebellar
piamater and thought to be the
precursors of the cerebellar cortex.
 These tumors grow rapidly.

Cont..
Fig. Medulloblastoma in calf showing Pseudorosettes (A) and detailed in (B) as
circular grouping of dark tumor cell around central pale area containing neurofibrils.

Neuroblastomas
 These tumors are rare and occur in any part of the CNS.
 They are thought to arise from primitive neuroepithelial cells with
differentiation towards postmitotic neuroblasts.
 The histologic appearances consisting of masses of small rounded cells
that resemble lymphocytes, with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant
cytoplasm.
Fig. The histologic appearance of Spinal nephroblastoma showing glandular areas
intermingling with cellular areas. The glandular areas consist of rosettes and tubules, the
latter tortuous, branching and papilliferous, with infoldings reminiscent of embryonic
glomerular capsules

Astrocytoma
Fig. (B) Astrocytoma in piriform lobe in dog. Note lack of
definition but displacement of internal capsule (arrow) by the
hemogenous tumour. (E) Hemorrhagic astrocytoma of left
frontal lobe in dog
 Astrocytoma is the most common primary intracranial tumor.
 Astrocytomas are found most commonly in dogs.
 More prevalent in cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain.
 Astrocytomas have no age predilection but are more prevalent in middle-
aged or older dogs.

 Histologically, these tumors are very diverse and are classified as
 Low-grade astrocytoma (well differentiated)
 Medium-grade astrocytoma (anaplastic)
 High-grade astrocytoma (glioblastoma)
 Low-grade astrocytoma appears as an unencapsulated expansile and subtly invasive mass
that replaces pre-existing tissues and has low to moderate numbers of bland round to oval
cells. It appears as an increased population of fibrous astrocytes. It include
 Fibrillary astrocytoma (neoplastic cells have scant cytoplasm but abundant fibrillary processes
and filaments)
 Protoplasmic astrocytoma (neoplastic cells have scant cytoplasm and few short processes and
filaments)
 Gemistocytic astrocytoma (neoplastic cells have abundant acidophilic cytoplasm and eccentric
oval to round nuclei)
 Pilocytic astrocytoma (neoplastic cells are bipolar, elongated (piloid or hair-like) astrocytes
and have few Rosenthal fibers)
 Medium-grade astrocytoma, the population is denser; the nuclei are a little larger and darker
and show slight but definite variations in size and shape but no mitoses.
 High-grade astrocytoma, or glioblastoma multiforme, hemorrhage and necrosis are expected
and the adventitial and endothelial cells of the vessels proliferate forming glomeruloid blood
vessels. Neoplastic cells have a tendency for pseudopalisading around necrotic areas.
Pleomorphism, giant nuclei, and multinucleated giant cells are common. Mitotic figures are
common and atypical.
Cont..

Cont..
Fig. (A) Fibrous astrocytoma in dog (C) Gemistocytic astrocytoma in dog

Oligodendroglioma
Fig. Oligodendroglioma involving right side of brain stem and
piriform lobe in dog
 This is the easiest of the glial tumors to recognize even when growing rapidly.
 This tumor is reported in dogs especially in brachycephalic breeds and rarely in
cats.
 It usually appears well demarcated, being gray, soft, and almost fluctuating some
time hemorrhage and necrosis occur but are unusual.

Cont..
Fig. Oligodendroglioma showing densely cellular with no stroma
and nuclei are remarkably uniform and like those of normal
oligodendroglia in size and shape. The cytoplasm does not stain,
but its membrane does, so that the nucleus seems to lie in a clear
polyhedral or rounded halo

Oligodendroglioma
This glial neoplasm is composed of both neoplastic
astrocytes and oligodendroglia.
Gliosarcoma
This rare glial tumor is composed of highly anaplastic glial
cells with abundant sarcomatous components.

Ependymoma
 Ependymomas are neuroglial tumors derived from the lining epithelium of
the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.
 Most arise about the third ventricle.
 They are gray and fleshy but may be dark from hemorrhage if they project
into a ventricle.
 They are more prevalent in dogs and cats, but are reported in horses and
cattle.
Fig. Tpical Braching papillary structure in an ependymoma in a
dog, the nuclei are small, dark and regular and cytoplasm has not
distinct boundries.

Pineal tumors
 The benign variant is called pineocytoma
 the malignant variant is called pineoblastoma.
 They are described in horses, cattle, and dogs.
 The diagnosis is based on the site of the tumor and its replacement of the
pineal body.
 Other positive identifying characteristics are absent.
 Microscopically, there is a resemblance to medulloblastoma.
 The tumor may extend into midbrain and thalamus.
 Teratomatous tumors with characteristics of the gonadal teratomas are not
described in the pineal gland of animals.

Choroid plexus tumors
 These are rare, reported in cats, horses, and cattle, and occur with
higher frequency in dogs.
 They may be papillomas or carcinomas.
 They are vascular papillary growths that implant widely on the
meninges.
 The cells retain recognizable choroidal character .
 According to cellular atypia and invasiveness, these tumors can be
classified as papilloma or carcinoma.
 Internal or communicating hydrocephalus is a complication.

Cont..
Fig. Choroid pexus papilloma in
dog
Fig. Invasion into the periventricular white
matter of a dog by a Choroid pexus
carcinoma.

Meningioma
 Meningioma is the most common type of intracranial tumor in the cat
and it is one of the commonest of the intracranial and intraspinal tumors
in man, and is relatively common in dogs and rare in cattle.
 These tumors are otherwise known as arachnoid-fibroblastomas as they
arise from the arachnoid fibroblasts of the brain and spinal chord.
 Meningioma occurs singly and by expanasion causes presure on brain.
 Grossly the tumor appears as white lobulated and encapsulated.
 Histologically, meningioma consist of spindle shaped cells of uniform
size and shape. They have elongated oval nuclei and the cells are
arranged in whorls.

Histologic Varieties of Meningiomas
1. Epitheloid form:- In this type, cell resembling epithelial cells (polyhedral cells)
are found in sheets or pseudo alveoli amidst vascular connective tissue.
2. Psammoma form :- In this form of growth, bluish calcified bodies,
calicospherules suggestive of grains of sand are dispersed in the substance of
the tumor.
3. Fibrous form :- In this variety dense fibro-collagenous tissue with or without
whorl formation or sand grains is found.
4. Ossified form :- In some part of tumor , ossification with haematopoietic
marrow may be seen.
5. Angiomatoid form :- In these tumors, a rich supply of blood vessels are there
and these blood vessels are thin walled.
6. Sacomatous form :- It is highly cellular and anaplastic without whorl
formation.

Cont..
Fig.Meningioma attached to dura and calvaria
(left) and leaving an indentation in left parietal
cerebral cortex of a cat.
Fig. Pasammomatous meningioma showing
arrangement of cells in whorls. In the center of
a whorl, lamellar hyaline tissue forms, derived
possibly from cells, stroma, or a blood vessel.

Lymphoma/ Lymphosarcoma
 Primary CNS lymphomas are reported mainly in dogs and cats
and sporadically in ruminants.
 They are mostly intraparenchymal and have an angiocentric
(perivascular) pattern in contrast to lymphosarcomas metastatic
from extraneural areas that are usually arranged diffusely in the
meninges.
 Most primary CNS lymphomas are of T-cell type.
Plasma cell tumor
 A primary intracerebral intraparenchymal plasma cell tumor
has been reported in a dog.

Malignant histiocytosis
 Primary neural malignant histiocytosis was reported in the right
parieto-occipital lobe of a miniature Schnauzer as a poorly
demarcated mass composed microscopically of histiocytic cells
with many binucleate and multinucleate giant cells.
Microgliomatosis
 The histogenic origin of the neoplastic cell in this rare neoplasm is
controversial.
 The neoplasm diffusely infiltrates the cerebral white matter and brain
stem with cells reminiscent of microglial cells.
 The infiltration in some cases can be limited to meninges or can be
perivascular.

 Epidermoid cysts in the brain are confined to the fourth
ventricle and environs.
 They are rare, probably represent surface ectoderm
misplaced at the period of closure of the neural groove, and
are described only in humans, dogs, and a horse.
 The cystic structure is lined by squamous epithelium, and the
cavities contain keratinaceous debris.
 They occur in young dogs and may develop to several
centimeters in diameter.
 The clinical signs are determined by the location of the
tumor.
Epidermoid cysts

 Hamartoma or meningio-angiomatosis is a rare
benign lesion, best regarded as a malformation or
hamartoma producing circumscribed plaques on the
surface of the brain.
 Blood vessels are in excess in the lesions and are
cuffed by proliferating cells that are considered to be
meningothelial.
 The lesion does extend into the underlying neural
substance, which shows mixed degenerative and
reactive changes.
Hemartoma or meningio-angiomatosis

Ganglioneuroma
 These rare tumors originate from the cranial and spinal ganglia and
from sympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system.
 They have been reported in cats, pigs, cattle, dogs, and horses.
 They can be solitary or multicentric.
 Ganglioneuroma is composed of ganglion cells and glial cells.
 Ganglioneuroblastoma is composed of poorly to fairly well
differentiated ganglion cells with more atypia and high nuclear to
cytoplasmic ratio.
 The degree of differentiation of these tumors varies considerably, and
they are a mixture of ganglion cells, Schwann cells, and nerve fibers.
 The ganglion cells show different degrees of differentiation from
primitive neuroblasts to some that are remarkably mature.
 The adrenal medullary ganglioneuromas and ganglioblastomas are
probably better regarded as hamartomatous malformations rather
than as neoplasms.

Paraganglioma
This rare neuroendocrine tumor originates
from extra-adrenal paraganglion chief cells
associated with autonomic nervous system
ganglia.

Peripheral nerve sheath tumor
 These include the benign form (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or the
malignant form (malignant schwannoma, neurofibrosarcoma)
Schwannoma
 Sehwannomas may be largely solitary infiltrating lesions at any site on a nerve
trunk.
 Those distant from the CNS are not encapsulated or well defined, are difficult to
dissect cleanly, and have an ordinary fibrous appearance and texture.
 Schwannomas of nerve roots tend to be well-defined fusiform tumors.
 They probably arise from a single nerve and extend proximally and distally in
conjunction with the nerve but external to it.
 In this way they may extend through the intervertebral foraminae and extend
also to involve other nerves that have a plexus arrangement such as the brachial
plexus.
 They may arise within and remain within the dura mater, and such tumors may
be globose rather than fusiform and soft and discolored from hemorrhage.
 Expansive intradural growth may be slow and compress the brain or cord, but
some of these tumors are malignant and invasive and metastasize particularly to
the lung.

Cont..
Fig. Acostic schwannoma at
cerebellopontine angle and filling the
fourth ventricle of a dog .
Fig. Acostic schwannoma showing
closely packed cells with oval or
elongate nuclei.

Neurofibromatosis
 Neurofibromatosis of cattle is a well-recognized Schwannoma.
 It is common in abattoir material from old animals but has been observed in very
young calves.
 The skin may be affected, but the lesions are usually restricted to deeper nerves of
the thoracic wall and viscera.
 The brachial plexus, intercostal nerves, hepatic autonomic plexus, epicardial plexus,
and autonomic nerves of the mediastinum are those most frequently affected in
various collective patterns.
 Sympathetic ganglia, especially the stellate and others of the thorax, are also
frequently involved.
 Affected nerves are thickened, firm, and gray, and may bear yellow-gray nodules.
 Affected ganglia may be enlarged to several centimeters and appear lobulated on
section.

Secondary Neoplasm or Metastatic Tumors of
Central Nervous System
 Secondary tumors can metastasize from extraneural tissue
to the CNS.
 They are mostly observed in the cerebral hemispreres and
are multiple which indicates their metastatic nature.
 The majority of this metastatic tumors have their primary
site in the lung.
 The most common examples include canine
hemangiosarcoma, malignant histiocytosis,
lymphosarcoma, and malignant melanoma of dogs and
rarely other species.

Cancer diagnosis comprises of
.involves evaluation of the patient’s history,
 clinical examinations
paraneoplastic disorder
 review of laboratory test results
 radiological data, (X-ray.CT scan ,MRI. Ultrasound imaging)
 Biopsy
 Cancer staging
Molecular marker.(PCR and RT PCR based technique.)
Diagnostic approaches of tumor.

IMAGING
 Malignancy is based on imaging information ,later confirmed on
histology
 Ultrasound (kondyo et al.,2008)
Computed topography,(Drosot et al.,1996)
Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)(kaiser et al 1992)
Metabolic and functional Imaging
Molecular imaging with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.(MRS)
Position emission topography,(PET)(Grahek D et al 2004)

• computed tomography (CT)-scans
• magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI).
• Neoplasms will often show as
differently colored masses (also
referred to as processes) in CT or
MRI results.
IMAGING

Benign brain tumors often
show up as hypodense
(darker than brain tissue)
mass lesions on cranial CT-
scans.
On MRI, they appear either
hypo- (darker than brain
tissue) or isointense (same
intensity as brain tissue) on
T1-weighted scans, or
hyperintense (brighter than
brain tissue) on T2-weighted
MRI, although the
appearance is variable.
Cont..

Cytology and Histopathological Technique
1. Still a gold standard for diagnosis of tumour.
Recent technique
 Imaging
IHC
PCR
Flow cytometary
 FISH
MICROARRAY
NANOTECHNOLOGY

The definitive diagnosis of brain tumor
can only be confirmed by
 Histological examination of tumor tissue samples obtained either
by means of brain biopsy or open surgery.
 This examination, performed by a pathologist, typically has three
stages:
 Interoperative examination of fresh tissue,
 Preliminary microscopic examination of prepared tissues,
 Follow up examination of prepared tissues after immuno
histochemical staining or genetic analysis.

• What is tumor marker?
 Tumor markers are glycoproteins
produced by tumor cells or by other
body cells in response to cancer or
other conditions.
 As tumor cells multiply, spreads
& tissue is damaged TMs increase
in concentration.
• How it produced?
Tumor Markers
• Where do the TMs found?
 These substances can be found
in the blood (plasma, serum),
urine, saliva, tissue fluid, in the
tumor tissue or in other tissues.

• Ag –Ab based Techniques :
i) ELISA
ii) Radio-immunoassay
iii) Flow Cytometry
iv) Immunohistochemistry
• Molecular Genetic Techniques :
i) PCR / RT PCR
ii) Fluorescence in situ Hybridization ((FISH)
iii) Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)
• Other Techniques :
i) Spectophotometry
Tumor Markers detection Methods

According to the US National Cancer Institute (OTIR, 2006)
“Nanotechnology willchange the very foundations of cancer diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention”
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CANCER

. Nanotechnology will make possible to run test without physically
altering the cells or tissue

Cancer nanotechnology is emerging as a new ﬁeld of interdisciplinary
research, cutting across the disciplines of biology, chemistry,
engineering, and medicine, and is expected to lead to major advances
in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment .(Menon U, Jacobs IJ.
2000, Ferrari M. 2005.)
Schematic diagram showing nanotechnology applications in cancer through
molecular tumor imaging, early detection, molecular diagnosis, targeted therapy,
and cancer bioinformatics

Nanodevices Are
Small Enough to Enter Cells
Cell
White
blood cell
Water
molecule
Nanodevices
Nanodevices

Nanodevices Can Improve Cancer
Detection and Diagnosis
ImagingNanotechnology Physical Exam,
Symptoms

Nanodevices Can Improve Sensitivity
and determine
which cells are
cancerous or
precancerous.
Precancerous cells
Normal cells
Nanodevices
could potentially
enter cells
Precancerous cells
Normal cells

Nanodevices Can
Preserve Patients’ Samples
Cells from patient
Cells preserved
Active state preserved
Cells altered
Active state lost
Additional tests
Cells from patient
Nanotechnology Tests
Traditional Tests

Nanodevices Can Make Cancer Tests
Faster and More Efficient
Patient A Patient B

Conclusion
1.Histopathology remains the standard conventional
method.
2. Recent technique such as imaging ,ICH ,PCR ,flow
cytometry ,FISH, CSH ,and microarry, nanotechnalogy
contribute a major break through in diagnosis prognosis of
cancer.
3.In future a multimodal imaging approach will evolve,
enhancing diagnostic accuracy thus minimizing loss of
lives due to cancer.

Update on Neoplasm of Nervous system in Livestock and their Dignosi

Update on Neoplasm of Nervous system in Livestock and their Dignosi

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Similaire à Update on Neoplasm of Nervous system in Livestock and their Dignosi

Similaire à Update on Neoplasm of Nervous system in Livestock and their Dignosi (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Update on Neoplasm of Nervous system in Livestock and their Dignosi