the topic discusses the introduction, type of biomedical instrument, and basic functions of them

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Credit: 3 Hrs/week
Course conducted by:
Md. Mahmudul Haque Milu
Lecturer
Dept. of Biomedical Engineering,
Jashore University of Science and Technology
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3. BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
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 Biomedical instrumentation is a sub branch of biomedical engineering
which focuses on how electronics equipment can measure
physiological parameters of patient and improve medical care. It
involves diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in human.

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Transducer

5. GENERALIZED MEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
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 Measurand:
Physical quantity, property, or condition that is being measured by the
system.
Accessibility:
- internal (blood pressure), on body surface (ECG, EEG)
- emanate from the body (infra-red radiation)
- derived from a tissue sample (blood or biopsy)
 Transducer:
Transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. The
sensor (part of a transducer) only senses the form of energy presence in the
body. Many transducer have a primary sensing element such as diaphragm
which converts pressure to displacement. Strain gauge that converts
displacement to electric voltage.

6. GENERALIZED MEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
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 Signal conditioning:
Usually the sensor output can not directly drive the display, therefore
signal processing or conditioning is required.
Examples of signal processing:
1. Impedance matching
2. Amplification
3. Filtering
4. Mathematical mapping
5. Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)
6. Signal averaging to reduce noise
7. Transformation (time domain to frequency domain)

7. GENERALIZED MEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
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 Output display:
Examples of output displays:
1. Numerical
2. Graphical
3. Discrete
4. Continuous
5. Permanent or temporary
• Most displays rely on our vision, but auditory sense is also sometimes used.

8. GENERALIZED MEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
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 Auxiliary elements:
*Calibration signal with the properties of the measurand should be applied to
the sensor input or as early in the signal processing chain as possible
**Many forms of feedback (automatic or manual) may be required to elicit the
measurand, to adjust the sensor and signal conditioner and to direct the flow
of output (display, storage, transmission)
***Data storage for signal conditioning or examination of alarm conditions or
implementation of different processing algorithms
**** Data communication transmission of patient data to remote display at
nurse’s station and medical center.

9. APPLICATIONS OF
BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
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 Diagnostic purpose: ECG, EMG, EEG
 Therapeutic purpose: Pacemaker, Defibrillator, Incubator
 Clinical lab instruments: Gas analyzer, Spectrophotometer, Chemical
analyzer.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF
BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
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 Based on the quantity that is sensed: pressure, flow, temperature, etc.
 Based on the principle of transduction: resistive, inductive, capacitive,
ultrasonic, electrochemical, etc.
 Based on the organ system: cardiovascular, pulmonary, nervous, endocrine,
etc.
 Based on the clinical medicine specialties: pediatrics, obstetrics, cardiology,
radiology instruments etc.

11. GENERALIZED STATIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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 Accuracy:
Accuracy is the measure of the total error.
True or reference value varies with the normal range and frequency of inputs.
It is expressed by %.
 Precision:
Number of distinguishable alternatives from which a given result is selected.
High precision does not necessarily implies high accuracy.
For example, a meter shows 2.432 V is higher precise than a meter which
shows 2.43 V.

12. GENERALIZED STATIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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 Resolution
Smallest incremental quantity that can be measured with certainty.
Resolution expresses the degree to which nearly equal two values of a
quantity can be discriminated.

13. GENERALIZED STATIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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 Reproducibility or repeatability
Ability to give the same output for equal inputs applied over some period of
time
 Calibration
Calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device
under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy.
The outcome of the comparison can result in one of the following:
• no significant error being noted on the device under test
• a significant error being noted but no adjustment made
• an adjustment made to correct the error to an acceptable level

14. GENERALIZED DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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15. GENERALIZED DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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16. GENERALIZED DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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17. GENERALIZED DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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18. GENERALIZED DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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19. GENERALIZED DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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20. GENERALIZED DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
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21. COMMERCIAL MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
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25. REGULATIONS FOR
BIOMEDICAL DEVICES
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Classes of medical devices

26. REGULATIONS FOR
BIOMEDICAL DEVICES
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27. REGULATIONS FOR
BIOMEDICAL DEVICES
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Most class I and some class II devices are exempt from review if they are extremely low
risk or very similar to existing devices. These exempt devices still must comply with
manufacturing and quality control standards.
Class II devices usually undergo a 510(k) review, which focuses on determining whether
the new device is “substantially equivalent” to an existing device. 510(k) reviews usually
do not require clinical trials to demonstrate substantial equivalence.
Manufacturers of class III devices submit a premarket approval (PMA) application. In
reviewing the application, FDA experts decide whether the new device is safe and
effective for treating a specific disease or condition. The PMA process must include
results from clinical studies, though the specific study design varies depending on the
device. For minor changes to existing class III devices, PMA supplements are submitted
instead of a full PMA. The use of PMA supplements for cardiac implantable electronic
devices is described in an article in the January 22/29, 2014, issue of JAMA.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1817798
https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/overview-device-regulation/classify-your-medical-device

28. REGULATIONS FOR
BIOMEDICAL DEVICES
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510(k) Clearances
Section 510(k) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act requires device
manufacturers who must register, to notify FDA of their intent to market a
medical device at least 90 days in advance. This is known as Premarket
Notification - also called PMN or 510(k). This allows FDA to determine whether
the device is equivalent to a device already placed into one of the three
classification categories. Thus, "new" devices (not in commercial distribution
prior to May 28, 1976) that have not been classified can be properly identified.
Specifically, medical device manufacturers are required to submit a premarket
notification if they intend to introduce a device into commercial distribution for
the first time or reintroduce a device that will be significantly changed or
modified to the extent that its safety or effectiveness could be affected. Such
change or modification could relate to the design, material, chemical
composition, energy source, manufacturing process, or intended use.
https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/device-approvals-denials-and-clearances/510k-clearances

29. REGULATIONS FOR
BIOMEDICAL DEVICES
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Premarket Approval (PMA)
Premarket approval (PMA) is the FDA process of scientific and regulatory
review to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Class III medical devices.
Class III devices are those that support or sustain human life, are of substantial
importance in preventing impairment of human health, or which present a
potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Due to the level of risk
associated with Class III devices, FDA has determined that general and special
controls alone are insufficient to assure the safety and effectiveness of Class III
devices. Therefore, these devices require a premarket approval (PMA)
application under section 515 of the FD&C Act in order to obtain marketing
approval.
https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/premarket-submissions-selecting-and-preparing-correct-submission/premarket-approval-pma

30. REGULATIONS FOR
BIOMEDICAL DEVICES
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The PMA applicant is usually the person who owns the rights, or otherwise has
authorized access, to the data and other information to be submitted in support
of FDA approval. This person may be an individual, partnership, corporation,
association, scientific or academic establishment, government agency or
organizational unit, or other legal entity. The applicant is often the
inventor/developer and ultimately the manufacturer.
The regulation governing premarket approval is located in Title 21 Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 814, Premarket Approval of Medical Devices. A
Class III device that fails to meet PMA requirements is considered to be
adulterated under section 501(f) of the FD&C Act and may not be marketed.