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Oligopoly
Oligopoly ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Collusion and Competition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Collusive agreements less likely  to succeed when  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Some oligopolistic markets operate in a    situation of  price leadership . ,[object Object]
Sweezy’s kinked demand curve  model of oligopoly ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Kinked Demand Curve quantity $ D P* Q*
MR Curve  for the top part of the Demand Curve quantity $ D MR P* Q*
Drawing MR Curve  for the bottom part of the Demand Curve quantity $ D MR P* Q*
MR Curve  for the bottom part of the Demand Curve quantity $ D MR P* Q*
The Kinked Demand Curve  and the MR Curve quantity $ D MR Q* P*
The MC curve intersects the MR curve in the vertical segment. quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC
If costs shift up slightly, but MC still intersects MR in the vertical segment, there will be no quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC MC’ change in price. This price rigidity is seen in real world oligopoly markets.
The ATC curve can be added to the graph.  To show positive profits, part of ATC curve must lie under part of the demand curve.  quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC
The ATC* value can be found on the ATC curve above Q*.  quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC*
TC = ATC  .  Q quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC*
TR = P  .  Q quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC*
Profit = TR - TC quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC* profit
To show a firm with a loss, the ATC curve must be entirely above the demand curve.  quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC* loss AVC
To show a firm breaking even, the ATC curve must be tangent to the demand curve at the kink.  quantity $ D MR Q* ATC*= P* MC ATC
Profit Possibilities for the Oligopolist  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Four-Firm Concentration Ratio ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Hertz Avis National Budget
Example ,[object Object],[object Object]
Herfindahl Index (H) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Herfindahl Index can be close to zero if there are many, very small firms in an industry. ,[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object]
Justice Department Guidelines ,[object Object],[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],For concentrated markets:  a merger would be challenged by the antitrust division of the justice department if it would increase the Herfindahl index by 100 or more.
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Three  Types  of  Mergers
Horizontal  Merger ,[object Object],[object Object]
Vertical  Merger ,[object Object],[object Object]
Conglomerate  Merger ,[object Object],[object Object]

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Oligopoly Market Structures Explained

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. The Kinked Demand Curve quantity $ D P* Q*
  • 9. MR Curve for the top part of the Demand Curve quantity $ D MR P* Q*
  • 10. Drawing MR Curve for the bottom part of the Demand Curve quantity $ D MR P* Q*
  • 11. MR Curve for the bottom part of the Demand Curve quantity $ D MR P* Q*
  • 12. The Kinked Demand Curve and the MR Curve quantity $ D MR Q* P*
  • 13. The MC curve intersects the MR curve in the vertical segment. quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC
  • 14. If costs shift up slightly, but MC still intersects MR in the vertical segment, there will be no quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC MC’ change in price. This price rigidity is seen in real world oligopoly markets.
  • 15. The ATC curve can be added to the graph. To show positive profits, part of ATC curve must lie under part of the demand curve. quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC
  • 16. The ATC* value can be found on the ATC curve above Q*. quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC*
  • 17. TC = ATC . Q quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC*
  • 18. TR = P . Q quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC*
  • 19. Profit = TR - TC quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC* profit
  • 20. To show a firm with a loss, the ATC curve must be entirely above the demand curve. quantity $ D MR Q* P* MC ATC ATC* loss AVC
  • 21. To show a firm breaking even, the ATC curve must be tangent to the demand curve at the kink. quantity $ D MR Q* ATC*= P* MC ATC
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33. Three Types of Mergers
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.