TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD BASICS OF FORMWORK AND STAGING COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD MODULAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHOD BASICS OF SLIP FORMING FOR TALL STRUCTURES BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS BRIDGES

2. CONTENT
• TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD
• BASICS OF FORMWORK AND STAGING
• COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
• MODULAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
• PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
• BASICS OF SLIP FORMING FOR TALL STRUCTURES
• BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES
• BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS BRIDGES

3. PAD FOUNDATION RAFT FOUNDATION
STRIP FOUNDATION PILED FOUNDATION
TYPES OF
FOUNDATIONS

4. PAD FOUNDATION
Foundations provide support for structures, transferring
their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing
capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. they can be used to
help to prevent settlement and other movements of structures and
can permit construction on ground that might otherwise have
insufficient bearing capacity.

5. Strip foundations are used where the soil is of good bearing capacity.
The key sizes of a strip foundation for concrete cavity wall construction and timber frame
cavity wall construction are similar.
The size and position of the strip is directly related to the overall width of the wall.
The principle design features of a strip foundation are based on the fact that the load is
transmitted at 45 degrees from the base of the wall to the soil.
The depth of a strip foundation must be equal to or greater than the overall width of the
wall.
The width of the foundation must be three times the width of the supported wall.
STRIP FOUNDATION

7. it is vital that the strip foundation is strengthened through the inclusion of steel reinforcement.
a compacted hardcore base of minimum 150mm is installed to form a platform for the subfloor
and the subsequent loads of the dwelling.
the 150mm concrete subfloor is poured on the hardcore in order to provide a strong, smooth
platform for the insulation.
a radon barrier is installed to form a continuous seal on the entire footprint of the house.
a damp proof course is installed in order to repel any rising moisture. it is vital that the dpc is
carried up into the blockwork to form a water tight seal over the entire floor area.
the dpc must run through the blockwork at a minimum of 150mm above finished ground level.

8. 100mm of rigid insulation is installed below the finished floor to ensure that there is no heat lost
through the foundation.
75mm concrete screed then provides the finished floor.

9. RAFT FOUNDATION
• The foundation consisting of a thick r.c.c slab covering the whole area of a mat is known as raft foundation.
Method of construction of raft foundation:
• In raft foundation construction the whole area is dug out to the specified depth and 30 cm more wide than the
area to be covered.
• The bed is compacted and sprinkled over with water.
• Then a layer of lime concrete or lean concrete ( 1: 8 : 16 ) is laid to a suitable thickness to act as a bottom cover.
• After this, the reinforcement is laid. the reinforcement consists of closely spaced bars placed at right angles to
one another.
• Then the cement concrete (1 : 2 : 4 ) is laid and compacted to the required thickness.
• The concrete slab so laid is then properly cured
• When loads are excessive, thick concrete beams running under the columns can also be constructed.

10. SUITABILITY
• This type of foundation is useful for
public buildings, office buildings,
school buildings, residential
quarters etc, where the ground
conditions are very poor and
bearing power of the soil is so low
that individual spread footing
cannot be provided.

11. PILE FOUNDATION
•A foundation (spread footing or grillage) supported on
piles is called a pile foundation. A pile foundation usually
consists of a base of spread footing or grillage supported
by piles at their bottom. Piles distribute the load of
structure to the soil in contact either by friction alone or
by friction combined with bearing at their ends.

12. SUITABILITY
•This type of foundation is suitable under the following situations ;
•When the soil is very soft and solid base is not available at a reasonable
depth to keep the bearing power within safe limits.
•When the grillage and raft foundation are very expansive.
•When the building is very high carrying heavy concentrated loads.
•When it is necessary to construct a building along the sea shore or river
bed.

13. FORMWORK
• It is a temporary structure which is used as a mould to pour the concrete. it is a
vertical or horizontal arrangement made to keep concrete in position until it
gains strength & shape.
• Have you seen the below mentioned shape of column of bridge in the image?
ever wondered how to bring the concrete in such a shape. this all possible by
formwork. firstly, the desired mould is prepared using steel or iron, and then
formwork is fixed in position without any gaps to pour the concrete.

14. •It is a part of formwork, or you may call it as derivative of formwork.
shuttering is a vertical temporary arrangement which is arranged to
bring concrete in a desired shape.
or
formwork which supports vertical arrangement is known as shuttering.
•In a technical point of view, formwork for columns, footings, retaining
walls is called as a shuttering.

15. CENTERING
•Centering is a temporary arrangement & part of formwork which is
arranged to support horizontal members.
or
In a technical point of view, the formwork for floor beams & slabs is called
as a centering.

16. STAGING
•Stagingisatemporarymemberwhichisusedtosupportformwork(eitheritmaybe
forcenteringorshuttering).
•Itisdonebyprops,jacks,hframes,cuplocksystem,woodenballies,etc.(referbelow
imageforclearunderstanding)

17. SCAFFOLD
• Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging is a temporary structure used to support a
work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings,
bridges and all other man-made structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get
access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to. unsafe scaffolding has
the potential to result in death or serious injury. scaffolding is also used in adapted forms
for formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, concert stages, access/viewing towers,
exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects.
• There are five main types of scaffolding used worldwide today. these are tube and
coupler (fitting) components, prefabricated modular system scaffold components, h-
frame / facade modular system scaffolds, timber scaffolds and bamboo scaffolds
(particularly in china and india).

18. COMMON BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
TRADITIONAL STICK FRAMING
This process involves a building system in which workers will assemble the main
skeleton of your home. the construction system actually begins when skeleton
items including wall studs, ceiling joists, roof trusses, rafters and then all flooring
systems are installed. these items will be installed step-by-step and then eventually
build a platform for the entire home.

19. TRADITIONAL STICK FRAMING

21. MODULAR HOMES
• Modular homes continue to use the same type of method for conventional stick
framing but they are built-in off-site conditions. this can often lead to a home
that can be built much more efficiently and then hold its value well. modules are
built entirely in a factory and then assembled on the job site. they get moved into
a place with a crane and they are constructed in some of the same measures that
a traditional stick framing method is used. the only opposing change with
traditional stick framing homes and modular homes is that these homes are
assembled in small modules and then trucked to the site.

22. MODULAR HOMES

23. •Builders will take modular homes and knit the various modules together
to create a custom-built home that follows extremely complex designs.
popular architectural features can be added into modules to produce
almost any type of home.

24. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL
• Light gauge steel is a process that involves building in a similar way as
traditional stick framing but with a light difference. instead of the wooden design
of the stick-built home, each of the components is instead made out of metal. the
big advantage here is that any of this deal will not rot, shrink or experience
damage from termites. steel can last longer than any type of wood frame and
there is less worry for things like drywall cracks, warping or shrinking.

25. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL

26. •Light gauge steel designs are often a bit more expensive for a build but
they can often be beneficial for adding rigidity to the home as well as a
longer lifespan for any type of property. light gauge steel is a common tool
for many types of commercial buildings and it’s starting to make its way
into many residential buildings as well.
•Steel studs do pose a number of challenges for plumbers and electricians.
The overall cost of steel also fluctuates far more than other building
materials in the market which can lead to costs going up substantially.

27. STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS
•A structural insulated panel is otherwise called sip. this solution is a small
sandwich of rigid foam installations that are placed between an oriented
strand board. this can create the structural panel that makes up the main
element of a home.
•SIPs often come with door openings and precut windows and they are
usually constructed with areas for electrical wiring. these building
methods are common for use in producing ceilings and walls. specifically
trained crews are required to assemble them on the job site.

29. •These types of building processes are the most common for producing
traditional timber frame, post-and-beam structures as well as self-
supporting homes. sip homes are often designed with improved insulation
and they are built to be draft-free. this can also ensure that she save
money on the cost of their electricity bills and the labor on the home as
well. because the materials take far less time and labor to assemble and
the insulation is already in place, this is an option that is less expensive for
the future of the building.

30. CONCRETE
•Concrete has also become one of the most popular materials which are
available for the foundations of homes and for a series of single-family
homes for walls too. wood framing is commonly used as part of concrete
installations and for accenting the concrete installations themselves. the
wood framing can be used with concrete forms to produce ceilings,
internal walls, and roofs.

32. CMUS
•Concrete masonry units are made using hollow concrete blocks which are
stacked on-site and then covered with a foam insulation board. the blocks
provide a thermal mass which can slow down the transfer of heat. the
inside of a home often stays cooler on a hot day and this is what makes
these products so popular throughout the southern states. cmu homes are
surprisingly affordable and they can actually be priced quite competitively
with wood framing.

34. ICFS
• Insulated concrete forms are designed to be blocks that work like lego. there
assembled directly on-site and are often filled with steel reinforcing rods as well
as concrete for improvements in insulation. their value is much higher than most
of the wood-framed walls and they’re perfect for almost any climate. icfs are only
slightly more expensive than wood-framed homes and they deliver a similar
design. the actual price of these materials can depend on the local market but
these have become a very popular type of material for areas that face high winds
and hurricanes.

36. •No matter what type of modern building construction method that you
would want to use for your industrial, commercial or residential building,
it can be helpful to have an idea of how it will be constructed. deciding
between some of these materials could help you to prepare the best option
for your property.

37. MODULAR BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
3D Volumetric Construction
• Using this modular construction technology, 3d units are produced in controlled factory
settings using needful construction and building materials.
Finished units are transported to site in various modules, basic structural blocks or final
touched up units with all amenities installed, for assembly. blocks can be erected rapidly
at site and properties of concrete like fire retardant, sound resistivity, thermal mass etc.
are retained.

38. 3D VOLUMETRIC
CONSTRUCTION

39. PRECAST FLAT PANEL MODULES
• These are primarily wall and floor modules which are manufactured away from the
actual site and then transported to site for erection. load bearing components like
decorative cladding and insulation panels can also be produced.
Also called cross-wall construction, the technology has gained momentum due to
seamless adherence to specifications and ease as well as swiftness of construction.

40. PRECAST FLAT PANEL
MODULES

41. TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM
•With this tunnel technique, construction is paced up for cellular
structures of repetitive patterns through the building of monolithic walls
or units in a single operation per day.
Expeditious work is achieved by deploying formwork and readily mixed
concrete with the convenience and agility of factory conditions.
formworks in tunnel form are stacked and used at the site with cranes.

42. TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM

43. FLAT SLABBING TECHNOLOGY
• This technique utilizes the simplicity of contemporary formwork for quickly building flat
slabs to facilitate easy and swift placing of horizontal amenities and for partitioning.
Maximization of pre-fabricated services occurs as services can be carried out in an
uninterrupted manner in zones underneath the floor slabs.
Every top-notch building construction company is using the same as internal
layouts can be conveniently modified for accommodating alterations at a later date.
further, reinforcement needed is lesser which cuts down labour costs significantly.

44. FLAT SLABBING TECHNOLOGY

45. PRE-CAST FOUNDATION TECHNIQUE
•Foundations can be built swiftly with precast concrete units which are
produced in a factory and are high on quality quotient. strength is imparted
to foundation related building construction materials through interconnected
concrete piles.
This technique allows construction work to progress even in inclement
weather and minimizes excavation activity.

46. PRE-CAST FOUNDATION TECHNIQUE

47. HYBRID CONCRETE BUILDING
TECHNIQUE
•This technique expedites construction turnaround time by blending the
advantages of concrete pre-casting with the in-situ building. quality
improves, whereas the cost of construction plummets.
Hybrid concrete structures are easy to build, competitive in nature and
perform consistently.

48. HYBRID CONCRETE
BUILDING TECHNIQUE

49. THIN JOINT MASONRY
TECHNIQUE
• Utilization of this technique leads to the reduction of the quantum of mortar applied by
slashing it depth from 10mm to lesser than 3mm. consequently, mortar can be laid
swiftly with enhanced productivity on the longer wall panels.
• With large sized concrete blocks, higher construction efficiency along with significant
cost reduction can be achieved. within a single day, the number of mortar courses laid is
higher as curing of mortar takes place quickly without compromising on bonding
strength resulting in the elimination of floating problem.

50. THIN JOINT MASONRY
TECHNIQUE

51. INSULATING CONCRETE
FORMWORK (ICF) TECHNIQUE
•ICF technique employs polystyrene blocks that feature twin walls and can
be rapidly put together for creating building wall formwork. the formwork
is then pumped in with high quality, ready mixed, factory-made concrete.
The building construction process becomes fool-proof and the resultant
structure has a high level of sound and thermal insulation.

52. INSULATING CONCRETE
FORMWORK (ICF) TECHNIQUE

53. PRECAST CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
•Precast concrete is an alternative to cast-in-situ concrete. While cast-in-
situ concrete is cast in its actual location, precast concrete is cast at
another location, either at the building site or in a factory, and is then
lifted to its final resting place and fixed securely. this means that unlike
cast-in-situ construction, which is monolithic or continuous, precast
concrete buildings are made of separate pieces that are bolted or
connected together.

54. ADVANTAGES OF PRECAST
CONSTRUCTION
• The construction is done on the ground rather than at a height.
• It can be done inside a climate-controlled structure, eliminating problems of rain, dust, cold,
or heat.
• Specialised formwork (moulds) can be built for doing many repetitions of the same
component.
• Specialised equipment can be used to make, move, and pour the liquid concrete.
• Curing of the concrete can be done in a controlled environment.

55. DISADVANTAGES OF
PRECASTING
•Since each piece is made separately, the structural frame or system is not
monolithic or continuous like regular concrete construction. The joints
between pieces create structural discontinuity. The forces of the building
will pass through these joints, so they have to be designed to transfer
these forces safely and properly. Note that precast concrete can be used
for non-structural members too.
•Again, as the building is made of discrete components, the joints between
adjacent members have to be sealed with special sealants to make them
waterproof.

56. •Each precast component is usually large and heavy. This means that
cranes are required to lift them in position; these cranes are required to
operate over the entire building volume. Since there will only be a few
cranes at site, the time taken by the cranes to pick up a piece and shift it to
its final position becomes critical in determining the building schedule.

57. HOW AND WHERE PRECASTING
IS USED
•Reinforced concrete is a material usually used for structural systems due
to its strength, durability, and affordability. Precast concrete is used in the
following ways : to make beams, columns, floor slabs, foundations, and
other structural members for buildings
•To make wall or cladding panels for buildings.
•To make precast pre-stressed elements for buildings.

58. •To make components for infrastructure projects: elements such as bridge
spans, or metro line viaducts are often precast in a casting yard
•To make products for sale: precast water tanks, septic tanks, drainage
chambers, railway sleepers, floor beams, boundary walls, water pipes are
all available
•Since it can be moulded into any shape, it can also be used to create one-
off unusual forms such as boats, sculptures and suchlike..

59. BASICS OF SLIP FORMING FOR
TALL STRUCTURE
• The slipform construction method has undoubtedly become one of the most popular and
commonly used construction techniques. Simply put, slipforming is a method in which
concrete is poured into a formwork that is in a state of continuous motion. In nature and
application, slipform can be considered similar to climbing form or jump form. What
distinguishes the techniques is mainly how the formwork is moved. In climbing / jump
form the formwork is regularly dismantled and re-assembled at the next casting position.
In slipforming, on the other hand, the formwork is already moving while casting takes
place.

60. WHY USE SLIPFORM
•Slipform is undoubtedly the fastest and most economical construction
method available for high-rise concrete structures. the technique offers a
construction rate of 4m-8m per 24h (about 5-7 times faster compared
with conventional methods).
•Slipform is also a very safe construction method since there is no need for
continuous dismantling and re-assembly of formwork by crane during the
construction phase– the complete set-up is assembled only once at
ground level before “take-off”. during an entire construction project, this
also saves a lot of time.

61. BENEFITS OF SLIPFORMING
•The main reason why the slipform technique has become commonplace in
construction projects worldwide, is because of its numerous advantages.
as mentioned, the construction speed with slipform is many times faster
than other methods. Slipforming is also known for its high rate of output.
However, the process requires careful planning and execution because
there is little scope for change once the continuous concretin commences.

62. BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS
FOR STEEL STRUCTURES
The priority during the construction is to minimise on-site construction and
provide extensive prefabrication. Proper planning during design stage is
required, with consideration of column and beam spacing for the following:
•Unpropped metal deck during concreting .
• Hoisting of precast facade panel for external walls .
• Ensure the steel member sizes are easy to hoist, manage and install on
site.

63. Other site constraints such as accessibility and limitations of hoisting equipment need to be considered.
these constraints may subsequently affect the sequence of construction for the development.
SEQUENCE OF INSTALLATION
• Figure 3.1 erection of steel column and beams - temporary bracing was Required to ensure verticality of
steel columns when bolt connections from beams to columns were tightened

64. Figure 3.2 bolted connection for column to beam with laying of metal decking
for second storey and deck.

65. Figure 3.3 Installation of precast facade walls to beams

66. •FIGURE 3.4 FASTENING OF CONNECTION

67. BEAM BRIDGES
•Beam bridges are either simple beam or cantilever structures generally
constructed from steel truss or pre-stressed concrete units. The simple
beam bridge is horizontally self-supporting and transmits loads vertically
through piers or abutments. The cantilever bridge transmits loads
through piers central to the beam.

69. CONSTRUCTION OF BEAM BRIDGES
• There are a very wide range of construction methods available, however, bridge foundations
constructed in water will usually involve the use of cofferdams or caissons. Foundations on land
may be piled, often capped off to receive a pier foundation.
• Piers will generally be constructed above the foundations, and then beams or girders lifted on to
them by crane which can either be erected on false work around the pier or from ground level.
After the main girders have been placed, the bridge deck can be positioned or cast in situ.
Decking to steel bridges:
Steel trough filled with concrete.
Steel beams encased with concrete.
Reinforced concrete slab on steel beams.
Steel deck on steel beams.

70. • Decking to concrete bridges
Integral bridge deck with polystyrene formers.
Beam and slab deck.
• If the bridge is to span water, barges or pontoons may be used to float materials out to
the lifting position. A temporary system of trestles may be used as a means of placing the
beams or girders. For bridges spanning high drops, plate-girders or trussed-girders may
be hauled across the opening using rollers. Alternatively, cantilever launching may be
used, where the beam is launched from one bank, with sufficient ballast to counteract the
overturning force, and hauled across the span using a winch

71. ARCH BRIDGE
• Arch bridges consist of a load-bearing arch in a state of compression, the
strength and stability of which allows them to carry greater loads than
beam bridges. The arch can support the horizontal deck of the bridge
either from above or below

73. CONSTRUCTION
METHODS FOR ARCH BRIDGES
The construction methods for arch bridges typically include:
• Supporting the arch using trestles until construction is complete. This is suitable for
low arch bridges.
• Cantilevering the ribs out from the sides of the span. This is suitable for bridges over
high drops which cannot be spanned with trestles.
Where the spans are very large, the arch may be cantilevered in sections using a
creeping crane that is mounted on top of the arch. The crane lifts rib sections from barges
or pontoons below. The bridge deck is then constructed from both ends, meeting in the
middle.

74. SUSPENSION BRIDGES
•Suspension bridges consist of towers secured by cables that suspend the
central structural span or deck. The tower foundations may be
constructed using caisson or cofferdam techniques, whilst the cable
anchorages can be secured through anchorage tunnels to suitable ground
on either end of the bridge.

76. • From these three basic options, a very wide range of designs are possible. The choice of bridge
design will be determined by the height, ground conditions and the clear span required.
• Traditionally, steel construction has been most commonly used for very long spans, however,
concrete arches are now also being used for big bridges. For large single-spans bridges,
suspension bridges are the most common, with the high-tensile strength of the steel cables
providing a design solution that is very economical compared to other support options.
• Where there are suitable support points available, multi-span bridges may be used to create
long bridges, and these may include combinations of beam, arch and suspension spans.
• Moveable bridges are moveable variations of the three basic forms, generally used in
situations where greater headroom under the bridge is sometimes necessary, for example to
allow the passage of a ship underneath. The most common types of moveable bridge are:
Swing: the structure pivots on a central pier.
Bascule or pivoted cantilever: 'drawbridges' which use a counter-weight behind the pivot point
to raise and lower the deck.
Vertical lift: simple beams or girders that are raised by cables from towers.

77. CONSTRUCTION OF SUSPENSION
BRIDGES
• The anchorage foundations are usually constructed deep into a hillside on both banks.
The towers are typically constructed using steel or in situ concrete, built on large
concrete bases. Cable housings generally take the form of massive concrete blocks either
positioned in water at either bank or cast deep into the bank itself.
• Multi-strands of high tensile wire are used to build up the suspension cables, which are
then carried between anchorage points by means of a grooved wheel.
• The deck can may be erected either by lifting sections from pontoons below or by
cantilevering sections out from each end.