Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in South Africa. He became actively involved in politics opposing apartheid in the late 1940s. Mandela co-founded the African National Congress Youth League and later became president of South Africa from 1994-1999, being the first Black president elected in a fully representative democratic election. During his presidency, Mandela oversaw the introduction of policies aimed at reducing inequality and establishing universal healthcare, education, electricity, water access and more for all South African citizens.

1. Biography of
Nelson Mandela
Sara C ruz Sierra 2ºB

2. * Summary of his life.
* E arly life.
* Political activity.
* Presidency of South A frica.
* Marriage and family.
* Tributes to Nelson Mandela.

3. * Summary of his life
N e l s o n M a n d e l a wa s b o r n 1 8 j u ly o f
1 9 1 8 in M v e z o ,S o u t h Af r ic a .
S e r v e d As P r e s e n t o f S o u t h Af r ic a
f r o m 1 9 9 4 t o 1 9 9 9 a n d wa s t h e f ir s t
S o u t h Af r ic a n p r e s id e n t t o b e
e l e c t e d in a f u l ly r e p r e s e n tat iv e
d e m o c r at ic e l e c t io n .
M a n d e l a s e r v e d 2 7 y e a r s in p r is o n ,
s p e n d in g m a n y o f t h e s e y e a r s o n
R o b b e n Is l a n d . F o l l o w in g h is
r e l e a s e f r o m p r is o n o n 1 1 F e b r u a r y
1 9 9 0 , M a n d e l a l e d h is p a r t y in t h e
n e g o t iat io n s t h at l e d t o m u lt i-r a c ia l
d e m o c r a c y in 1 9 9 4 . As p r e s id e n t, h e
f r e q u e n t ly g av e p r io r it y t o
r e c o n c il iat io n , w h il e in t r o d u c in g
p o l ic ie s a im e d at c o m b at in g p o v e r t y
a n d in e q u a l it y in S o u t h Af r ic a .
In S o u t h Af r ic a , M a n d e l a is o f t e n k n o w n a s M a d ib a , h is fat h e r c l a n
n a m e . M a n d e l a h a s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n 2 5 0 awa r d s o v e r f o u r
d e c a d e s , in c l u d in g t h e 1 9 9 3 N o b e l P e a c e P r iz e .

4. * E arly life
N e l s o n Ma n d e l a b e l o n g s t o a c a d e t
b r a n c h o f t h e T h e m b u d y n a s t y,
w h ic h r e ig n s in t h e T r a n s k e i R e g io n o f
S o u t h Af r ic a 's E a s t e r n C a p e P r o v in c e .H e
wa s b o r n in M v e z o , a s m a l l v il l a g e l o c at e d
in t h e d is t r ic t o f U m tata .
M a n d e l a 's fat h e r ,G a d l a H e n r y
M p h a k a n y is wa , s e r v e d a s c h ie f o f t h e t o w n
o f M v e z o .H e m o v e d h is fa m ily t o Q u n u .
M a n d e l a 's fat h e r h a d f o u r w iv e s , w it h
w h o m h e fat h e r e d t h ir t e e n c h il d r e n (f o u r
b o y s a n d n in e g ir l s ).M a n d e l a wa s b o r n t o
h is t h ir d w if e , N o s e k e n i Fa n n y.M a n d e l a
s p e n t m u c h o f h is c h il d h o o d .
R o l ih l a h l a M a n d e l a b e c a m e t h e f ir s t m e m b e r o f h is fa m ily t o at t e n d
a s c h o o l , w h e r e h is t e a c h e r M is s M d in g a n e g av e h im t h e E n g l is h
n a m e "N e l s o n ".

5. W h e n M a n d e l a wa s n in e , h is fat h e r d ie d o f t u b e r c u l o s is , a n d
t h e r e g e n t , Jo n g in ta b a , b e c a m e h is g u a r d ia n .M a n d e l a
at t e n d e d a W e s l e ya n m is s io n s c h o o l l o c at e d n e x t t o t h e
p a l a c e o f t h e r e g e n t. F o l l o w in g T h e m b u c u s t o m , h e wa s in it iat e d
at a g e s ix t e e n , a n d at t e n d e d C l a r k e b u r y B o a r d in g
In s t it u t e .M a n d e l a c o m p l e t e d h is Ju n io r C e r t if ic at e in t w o
y e a r s , in s t e a d o f t h e u s u a l t h r e e .D e s ig n at e d t o in h e r it h is
fat h e r 's p o s it io n a s a p r iv y c o u n c il l o r , in 1 9 3 7 M a n d e l a m o v e d
t o H e a l d t o w n ,t h e W e s l e ya n c o l l e g e in F o r t B e a u f o r t w h ic h
m o s t T h e m b u r o ya lt y at t e n d e d .A n in e t e e n , h e t o o k a n
t
in t e r e s t in b o x in g a n d r u n n in g at t h e s c h o o l .
Af t e r e n r o l l in g , M a n d e l a b e g a n t o s t u d y f o r a B a c h e l o r o f
Ar t s at t h e F o r t H a r e U n iv e r s it y, w h e r e h e m e t O l iv e r
Ta m b o .Ta m b o a n d M a n d e l a b e c a m e l if e l o n g f r ie n d s a n d
c o lleag u es .

6. * Political activity
Af t e r t h e 1 9 4 8 e l e c t io n v ic t o r y o f t h e Af r ik a n e r -d o m in at e d
N at io n a l Pa r t y, w h ic h s u p p o r t e d t h e a p a r t h e id p o l ic y o f r a c ia l
s e g r e g at io n ,M a n d e l a b e g a n a c t iv e ly p a r t ic ip at in g in
p o l it ic s .D u r in g t h is t im e , M a n d e l a a n d f e l l o w l aw y e r O l iv e r Ta m b o
o p e r at e d t h e l aw f ir m o f M a n d e l a a n d Ta m b o .
M a h at m a G a n d h i in f l u e n c e d M a n d e l a 's a p p r o a c h , a n d
s u b s e q u e n t ly t h e m e t h o d s o f s u c c e e d in g g e n e r at io n s o f S o u t h
Af r ic a n a n t i-a p a r t h e id a c t iv is t s .M a n d e l a l at e r t o o k p a r t in t h e
2 9 – 3 0 Ja n u a r y 2 0 0 7 c o n f e r e n c e in N e w D e l h i m a r k in g t h e 1 0 0 t h
a n n iv e r s a r y o f G a n d h i's in t r o d u c t io n o f s at ya g r a h a in S o u t h
Af r ic a .
In it ia l ly c o m m it t e d t o n o n v io l e n t r e s is ta n c e , M a n d e l a a n d 1 5 0
o t h e r s w e r e a r r e s t e d o n 5 D e c e m b e r 1 9 5 6 a n d c h a r g e d w it h
t r e a s o n . F r o m 1 9 5 2 – 1 9 5 9 , a n e w c l a s s o f b l a c k a c t iv is t s k n o w n
a s t h e Af r ic a n is t s d is r u p t e d AN C a c t iv it ie s in t h e t o w n s h ip s .

7. T h e Af r ic a n is t s r id ic u l e d t h e
1 9 5 5 Fr e e d o m Ch a r t e r
K l ip t o w n C o n f e r e n c e f o r t h e
c o n c e s s io n o f t h e 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 -
s t r o n g AN C t o j u s t a s in g l e
v o t e in a C o n g r e s s io n a l
a l l ia n c e . In 1 9 5 9 , t h e AN C l o s t
it s m o s t m il ita n t s u p p o r t w h e n
m o s t o f t h e Af r ic a n is t s , w it h
f in a n c ia l s u p p o r t f r o m G h a n a
a n d s ig n if ic a n t p o l it ic a l
s u p p o r t f r o m t h e T r a n s va a l -
b a s e d B a s o t h o , b r o k e away t o
Af r ic a n is t C o n g r e s s (PAC )u n d e r t h e d ir feo r m t hoef Paon b e r t S o b u k w e a n d
c t io n R
Po t l a k o Le b a l l o .

8. * Presidency of South A frica.
S o u t h Af r ic a 's f ir s t m u lt i-r a c ia l
e l e c t io n s in w h ic h f u l l
e n f r a n c h is e m e n t wa s g r a n t e d w e r e
h e l d o n 2 7 Ap r il 1 9 9 4 . T h e AN C w o n
6 2 % o f t h e v o t e s in t h e e l e c t io n .
D u r in g t h e c o u r s e o f h is p r e s id e n c y,
a w id e r a n g e o f p r o g r e s s iv e s o c ia l
r e f o r m s w e r e e n a c t e d b y M a n d e l a 's
g o v e r n m e n t, a im e d at r e d u c in g l o n g
e n t r e n c h e d s o c ia l a n d e c o n o m ic
in e q u a l it ie s in S o u t h Af r ic a . Am o n g s t
t h e m e a s u r e s c a r r ie d o u t b y
M a n d e l a a n d t h is a r e s o m e m in is t e r s
in c l u d e d :
*T h e in t r o d u c t io n o f f r e e h e a lt h
care.
*T h e in thr eo l a ucn c hninogf op f t h e in g r a n t s .
*T d u t io a r it y
R e c o e x p a n s io io n f n e pDreovde u c t iv e n t a lt h s e r v ic e s .
*An n s t r u c t n o a r d lo pm h e
*T h e in t r o P r o g io a m m e .h il d s u p p o r t g r a n t s (1 9 9 8 )t o a l l e v iat e
d uct r n of c
c h il d p o v e r t y.
*T h e c o n n e c t io n o f 3 m il l io n p e o p l e t o t e l e p h o n e l in e s .
*T h e b r in g in g o f 1 .5 m il l io n c h il d r e n in t o t h e e d u c at io n s y s t e m .
*T h e u p g r a d in g o r c o n s t r u c t io n o f 5 0 0 c l in ic s .

9. *T h e c o n n e c t io n o f 2 m il l io n
p e o p l e t o t h e e l e c t r ic it y
g r id .
*T h e c o n s t r u c t io n o f
7 5 0 ,0 0 0 h o u s e s , h o u s in g
n e a r ly 3 m il l io n p e o p l e in
the process.
*T h e e x t e n s io n o f wat e r
a c c e s s t o 3 m il l io n p e o p l e .
*T h e in t r o d u c t io n o f
c o m p u l s o r y s c h o o l in g f o r
Af r ic a n c h il d r e n b e t w e e n
s ix a n d f o u r t e e n y e a r s .
*T h e p r o v is io n o f f r e e
m e a l s f o r b e t w e e n 3 .5 t o 5
m il l io n s c h o o l c h il d r e n .
*T h e p r o v is io n o f f r e e m e a l s f o r b e t w e e n 3 .5 t o 5 m il l io n s c h o o l
c h il d r e n .
*T h e l a u n c h in g o f t h e N at io n a l D r u g P o l ic y in 1 9 9 6 t o im p r o v e a c c e s s
t o e s s e n t ia l m e d ic in e s .

10. * Marriage and family.
M a n d e l a h a s b e e n m a r r ie d
t h r e e t im e s , h a s fat h e r e d s ix
c h il d r e n , h a s t w e n t y
g r a n d c h il d r e n , a n d a g r o w in g
n u m b e r o f g r e at-
g r a n d c h il d r e n . H e is
g r a n d fat h e r t o C h ie f M a n d l a
Ma n d e l a .
M a n d e l a 's f ir s t m a r r ia g e wa s
t o E v e ly n N t o k o
M a s e .M a n d e l a 's s e c o n d w if e ,
M a nn diee M a d ik s r e m -M a n dd e, l a . h is 8 0 t h b ir t h d ay in 1 9 9 8 , t o G r a ç a
W in l a wa iz e l a a r r ie o n
Ma c h e l .

11. * Tributes to Nelson Mandela.
The statue of Mandela in Parliament
Square, London.

12. Nelson Mandela Square,
Sandton,Johannesburg.

13. Nelson Mandela Gardens in Leeds.

14. Nelson Mandela Bridge in Johannesburg.