Transcript: #StandardsGoals for 2024: What’s new for BISAC - Tech Forum 2024
4 Type conversion functions
1. 1. Converting by assignment
operator
2. Using cast operator
Syntax:
(cast_type) expression;
or
cast_type (expression);
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Type Conversion
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char ch='A';
int x;
x=(int)ch;
cout<<x;
getch();
}
2. Enum Types
The enum keyword automatically enumerates a list of words
by assigning them values 0,1,2,3,4, and so on.
The general form of enum is:
enum variable_name{ list of constants separated by commas };
e.g:
enum day{sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat};
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4. Functions
A function groups a number of program statements into a
unit and gives it a name.
This unit can then be invoked from other parts of the
program.
It is used to reduce program size.
The main advantages of using a function are:
1. Easy to write a correct small function
2. Easy to read, write and debug a function
3. Easier to maintain or modify such a function
4. It can be called any number of times in any place with
different parameters
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The Function Declaration
The Function Definition
Function Calling
6. Return statement
The keyword return is used to terminate function and return
a value to its caller.
The return statement may also be used to exit a function
without returning a value.
The general form of the return statement is.
return;
return ( expression);
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7. //using multiple return
statements in a function
# include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
float maximum( float, float, float);
float x,y,z,max;
cout<<"Enter three numbers";
cin>>x>>y>>z;
max = maximum(x,y,z);
cout<<"maximum"<<max;
}
float maximum(float a,float b,float c)
{
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if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
return (a);
else
return (c);
}
else
{
if(b>c)
return (b);
else
return (c);
}
}
8. Types of functions
A function is invoked without passing any formal
argument does not return any value to the calling
portion.
A function is invoked with formal argument and
does not return any value to the calling portion.
A function is invoked with formal argument and
returns back a value to the calling environment.
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9. Function Arguments
The arguments can be classified into two groups:
1. Actual argument
2. Formal argument
Local and Global variable
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10. A function which calls itself directly or indirectly again and again is
known as the recursive function.
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Recursive function
int sum(int n)
{
int value=0;
if(n= = 0)
return(value);
else
value = n+sum(n-1);
return(value);
}
# include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int sum(int);
int n,temp;
cout<<"Enter any integer
number"<<endl;
cin>>n;
temp = sum(n);
cout<<"value = "<<n<<"and its
sum ="<< temp;
}
11. E.x: void sum(int a,int b,int c=6,int d=10);
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Default arguments
void sum(int a1,int
a2,int a3,int a4)
{
int temp;
temp = a1+a2+a3+a4;
cout<<"sum="<<temp;
}
// default argument declaration
# include<iostream.h>
void sum(int a,int b,int c=6,int d=10);
//default argument
initialization
void main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
cout<<"enter any two
numbers"<<endl;
cin>>a>>b;
sum(a,b); //sum of default values
}
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Function Overloading
cout<<add(5,10);
cout<<add(15,10.0);
cout<<add(12.5,7.5);
cout<<add(5.10,15);
cout<<add(0.75,5);
int add(int a,int b);
int add(int a,int b,int c);
double add(double x,double y);
double add(int p,double q);
double add(double p,int q);
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Function Overloading
double volume(double r,int h)
{
return(3.14519*r*r*h);
}
long volume(long l,int b,int h)
{
return (1*b*h);
}
#include<iostream.h>
int volume(int);
double volume(double,int);
long volume(long,int,int);
main()
{
cout<<volume(10)<< endl;
cout<<volume(2.5,8)<<endl;
cout<<volume(100L,75,15);
getch();
return 0;
}
int volume(int s)
{
return (s*s*s);
}