Final people and environment
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Final people and environment
- 2. ENVIRONMENT AND ITS TYPES Environment – Sum total of conditions surrounding man at a given place Types of environment Physical (basic suitability / habitability of an area for human occupancy) Ecumen areas - area sustainable to human life eg. Plain areas, utilization of natural resources Non-ecumen areas - area that are not sustainable to human life eg. Hot and cold deserts Biotic (areas with congenial physical conditions that displays the maximum variety of plants and animals) Physical + Biotic environment = Natural environment Cultural (interactions of humans with natural environment) anthropogenic / human environment – environment affected or modified by human activities
- 3. COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT Abiotic or physical component (Non-living) Eg. Land, temperature, water, air and solar energy Lithosphere – solid crust of earth Hydrosphere – large bodies of water (Oceans and seas) Atmosphere – envelope of air surrounding the earth upto several kilometers Biotic or organic component (living) Plant kingdom Animal kingdom Energy (capacity to work) Solar – perennial source of energy Geothermal Kinetic (water and winds)
- 108. Biomes
- 109. Terrestrial biomes Defined by the physiognomy of the predominant vegetation
- 110. Boundaries? No sharp boundaries between biomes Intergrades
- 111. Importance of climate Prevailing climate is most important factor in determining what kind of biome will develop Precipitation, temperature are most important
- 112. Desert biomes <10 inches (<25.4 cm) of rain per year Cool Temperate Tropical
- 113. Grassland biomes 10-30 inches (25.4-76.2 cm) of rain per year Tundra Temperate grassland Tropical savanna
- 114. Forest biomes >30 inches (>76.2 cm) of rain per year Taiga or coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest Tropical rain forest
- 115. Climatograph
- 116. Climatograph Temperature, precipitation not sole determiners Overlap among different biomes on plot suggests that other factors also are important Seasonality of precipitation Temperature fluctuations around mean Soil composition (based on geology)
- 117. Deserts Lands where evaporation exceeds rainfall High evaporation rate 7-50X precipitation
- 118. Deserts Occur in 2 distinct belts between 15-35° N & S latitude Result primarily from worldwide circulation of air masses (dry over deserts) ~25% of world’s land mass
- 120. True deserts <10 inches of rain per year Semi-deserts may have 2-3X that, but have high evaporation rates Low humidity results in very hot days, but cool or cold nights Life is keyed to rainfall events Infrequent, but usually heavy when they occur
- 121. Desert life Plants are either drought evaders or drought resistors
- 122. Evaders Plants survive dry periods as seeds, but germinate, grow, and reproduce after rainfall
- 123. Resistors Plants develop deep roots to become independent of rainfall events (woody shrubs) or are succulents to store water in stems (cactus)
- 124. Grasslands Tropical savannas - grasslands with scattered individuals trees Central S. Amer., Central & S. Africa
- 125. Savannas 3 distinct seasons Cool-dry, hot-dry, warm-wet Frequent fires suppress trees, maintain grasses and forbs Herbaceous, low-growing annuals & perennials (dicots) Regrow from roots or seeds every year
- 126. Temperate grasslands Similar to tropical savanna, but occur in cooler regions N. Amer. prairie (French for plains) Russian steppe Hungarian pusztas S. Amer. pampas African veldt
- 127. Temperate grasslands At one time covered 42% of world land surface Much under cultivation today Excellent soils Rich topsoil layer
- 128. Temperate grassland climate High rates of evaporation Periodic severe drought Rainfall ~25-75 cm/year Too light to support forest, but too heavy to encourage desert
- 129. Temperate grassland grasses Sod-forming Kentucky bluegrass Bunch grasses Big, little bluestem
- 130. Temperate grasslands Most require periodic fires for maintenance, renewal, elimination of incoming/invading woody growth
- 131. Tundra Northernmost limits for plant growth, and at high altitudes Plants generally low-growing Mat or shrubby
- 132. Arctic tundra Encircles north pole Brief warm summers with nearly 24 hrs of sun/day Presence of permafrost Water-logged soils - low evaporation Shrubs, sedges grasses, mosses, lichens
- 133. Alpine tundra At high elevations at all latitudes Variable daylength, many of the same restrictions, plant species
- 134. Tropical forests Equatorial, mean temp. ~25°C, 12 hrs sunlight per day Rainfall highly variable-determines type of tropical forest present
- 135. Types of tropical forests Thorn forests - furthest from equator, prolonged dry season
- 136. Tropical deciduous forest More rainfall nearer equator, distinct wet, dry seasons Lose leaves during dry seasons Types of tropical forests
- 137. Tropical rain forest >250 cm of rain per year Perpetual midsummer conditions Uninterrupted plant growth Types of tropical forests
- 138. Tropical rain forests Contain as many species of plants and animals as all other types of ecosystems combined 4 mi2 area - 750 species of trees, 1500 species of flowering plants
- 139. Tropical rain forests Typically stratified into 5 layers Each layer has characteristic plants, animals May reach height of 80 m
- 140. Tropical rain forest soil Very poor - little or no topsoil Easily weathered Subsoil with iron-based clay - laterite Major problems with slash-and-burn agriculture
- 141. Tropical rain forests today Deforestation
- 142. Deforestation Loss of forests at present rate will mean disappearance within next 15-25 years Major problems will result from climate change, loss of species of medicinal, economic importance
- 143. Temperate deciduous forest Eastern N. Amer, N. Europe and east Moderate temps., moderate moisture levels 5-6-month growing season
- 144. Temperate deciduous forest Dominated by broad-leaved deciduous trees Relatively nutrient-rich soil provides for good growth Typically have 4 layers present Ground, shrub, sapling, canopy Rich diversity of plant, animal life
- 145. Taiga Boreal forest, coniferous forest Harsh winters with lots of snow
- 146. Taiga Dominated by conifers - spruce, pine, fir, hemlock Best suited for short growing season because they are not deciduous Can carry out photosynthesis whenever temps. rise above freezing Needle shape, waxy cuticle conserve moisture
- 147. Thin, acidic, develop slowly Pine needles break down slowly in cool climate Taiga soils
- 148. Taiga animals Primarily seed, insect eaters, or those that feed on plants in or near water Squirrels, birds, elk, moose, deer, beaver, porcupine, grizzlies, wolves
- 151. TYPES OF NATURAL HAZARDS GEOLOGICAL Earthquake Landslide Tsunami Dam burst Volcanic eruption Mine fire WATER AND CLIMATIC Tropical Cyclone Flood Tomado and HurricaneDrought Hail storm Cloudburst Heat and Cold wave Landslide Snow Avalanche Sea erosion ENVIRONMENTAL Pollution Deforestation Desertification Pest infection BIOLOGICAL Human / Animal epidemics Pest attack Weapons of mass destruction Food poisoning CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS Chemical disaster Industrial disaster Nuclear Oil spills / Fires ACCIDENT REALATED Boat /Road / Train accidents, Air crashes, Rural / urban fires, Bomb / Serial bomb blasts Forest fires Building collapses Electrical accidents Festival related disasters Mine flooding
- 152. CAUSES OF NATURAL HAZARD GEOPROCESS POPULATION EXPLOSION