Arches, vaults, and domes are ancient construction techniques used to span spaces without columns. They work by distributing structural forces outward via curving or arched masonry structures. Common types include barrel vaults, groin vaults, and domes built on pendentives. While traditionally used for roofs and ceilings, they can cover large spaces. Advantages include using local materials without wood, providing thermal mass for temperature regulation. Specialized training is needed for proper design and construction to ensure benefits. Limitations may include rejection by local culture, high labor costs, lack of building standards in earthquake areas.