Tall buildings case studies

CONTENTS Definition of High Rise
 Need for Building Tall
 Case Studies
1) Arihant Aura,Mumbai
2) The Burj Khalifa,Dubai
3) The Shard Tower,London
4) The Lloyd’s Building, London
5) Palais Royale, Mumbai
 The Core
 Elevators
 Dampers
 Services
 Landscape

A tall building is not defined by its height or number of stories.
It is the building in which
“tallness” strongly influences Planning, Designing and use.
It is a building whose height creates different conditions in design, construction and operation
from those that exist in “common” buildings of a certain region and period.
DEFINITION HIGH RISE
A high-rise structure is considered to be one extends higher than the maximum reach of
available fire fighting equipment in absolute numbers,
This has been set variously between 75-100 ft.

INDIA
Mumbai : High-rise building is one with 7 floors or more, or one with 24 M or more in building height
Hyderabad : High-rise building is one with 18 M or more in height
Bhopal : High-rise building is one with 18 M or more in building height
Bangalore : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus 4 or more floors above the ground floors.
Chennai : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus 4 or more floors above the ground floors.
Kolkata : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus 4 or more floors above the ground floors.
Ref. :
Bhopal Building Bye laws
Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMMC)
Bangalore mahnagarapalika Building Bye Laws (2003)
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)
Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA)
DEFINITION HIGH RISE

ARIHANT AURA
LOCATION
Mumbai
Navi
MumbaiTHANECREEK
NORTH
Turbhe, Navi Mumbai

ARIHANT AURA
TurbheRailwayStation Hotel Block
G + 13
Offices Block
G + 26
Offices Block
G + 24
NORTH

ARIHANT AURAHotel Block
G + 13
Offices Block
G + 26
Offices Block
G + 24
NORTH

ARIHANT AURA
CONCEPTUAL
Hotel Block
G + 13
Offices Block
G + 26
Offices Block
G + 24

ARIHANT AURA
Fire Escape Staircase Fire Escape Staircase pressurization Fan Unit
AIR BLOWN
FIRE STAIRS SIDE

ARIHANT AURA
Lift Hoist way pressurization Fan Unit
Floor Above Lift Last Landing
Lift Hoist way
Wall
Lift Machine Room

ARIHANT AURA
Lift Machine Room Level
Inside Lift
Machine Room

ARIHANT AURAVanity Height
Lift Machine Room & OHT Top Slab
Vanity Height

ARIHANT AURA
Façade Cleaning
Unsafe Practice
Highly NOT RECOMMENDED

ARIHANT AURA
Toilet Shaft opening at Terrace

ARIHANT AURA
Water Supply Lines Distribution

ARIHANT AURA
NORTH
Typical
Floor
Plan

ARIHANT AURATypical RCP
Layout
600x600 LED Dn Light
Smoke Detector
Sprinkler
600x600 LED Dn Light
Announcement System
Mobile Network Booster
CCTV Camera
Typical Flr. A/C. Outdoor Units

ARIHANT AURATypical Office View
600mm Gap Between Work space and External Skin

ARIHANT AURA
STP
(15 x 9 M Space)
DG SET (12 x 9 M Space)

ARIHANT AURAFIRE FIGHTING PUMP ROOM DETAILS
 Pump 1 – Main Hydrant Pump – for Hydrant & Riser
 Pump 2 – Standby Hydrant Pump – for Hydrant & DG backup Wet Riser
 Pump 3 – Standby Pump – to cater adequate flow – in case of simultaneous Fire in 2 Different Blocks
 Pump 4 – Jockey Pump – to maintain pressure & to compensate for leaks in courtyard hydrants, wet risers
 Pump 5 – Main Sprinkler Pump – for Sprinkler System
 Pump 6 – Standby Sprinkler Pump – for Sprinkler System with DG Backup
 Pump 7 – Jockey Pump – to maintain pressure & to compensate for leaks in auto sprinkler system
 Pump 8 – Booster Pump – One per Block installed at Terrace Levels – 3 Blocks
OPERATION
 The System is completely put under Auto mode of Operation, Any drop in system pressure due to leak or opening of valve will be taken care
by Jockey Pumps
 For drop in pressure below the ratings will lead the main Hydrant & Sprinkler pump to start; Once started these pumps has to be stopped
manually
 In case of enhanced floe requirement – standby pump (electrically operated) will be automatically operated to meet excess flow requirement
 In case of Power Failure the DG operated standby pump will get started automatically. Once started, this pump has to be stopped Manually.

ARIHANT AURA
FIRE FIGHTING
PUMP ROOM
(21 x 9 M Space)

ARIHANT AURA
Booster Pump to maintain pressure in
Fire Sprinkler System Pipes

ARIHANT AURA
Fire Fighting Shaft at all Levels Refuge Floor Fire Escape Staircase

ARIHANT AURA
PT Flat Slab with Column Capital

ARIHANT AURA
CORE
FIRE EXIT STAIRS
FIRE EXIT STAIRS

ARIHANT AURA
Hotel Block
Lobby

Chiller Unit
at Service Floor Level

ARIHANT AURA
Fresh Air & Return Air Ducts
Air Handling Unit (AHU) End

BURJ KHALIFA
BURJ KHALIFADubai, UAE

• Type: Skyscraper
• Total Stories: 206
• Inhabited Stories :106
• Maximum Height: 2,717 Feet / 828 Meters
• Location: No. 1, Burj Dubai Boulevard, Dubai,
United Arab
• Total area: 4,000,000 sq.m
INTRODUCTION
BURJKHALIFA
• Official Name: Burj Khalifa Bin Zayed (Burj Dubai )
• Built: 2004-2010
• Cost: $4,100,000,000
• Designed By: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
• Structural engineer : William F. Baker
• Main contractor: Samsung C&T
• Developer: Emaar Properties

• The architecture features a triple-lobed
footprint, an abstraction of a desert flower
named Hymenocallis.
• The tower is composed of three elements
arranged around a central core.
• Twenty-six helical levels decrease the cross
section of the tower incrementally as it
spirals skyward.
ANALYSIS
• A Y-shaped floor plan maximizes views of
the Arabian Gulf. Viewed from the base or
the air.
DESIGN INSPIRATION
Flower shape
BURJKHALIFA

DIMETRIC PROJECTIONS
BURJKHALIFA

ANALYSIS
• Foundation : The modular, Y-shaped structure, with setbacks along each of its three wings provides an
inherently stable configuration for the structure and provides good floor plates for residential.
• Usage : The Y-shaped plan is ideal for residential and hotel usage, with the wings allowing maximum
outward views and inward natural light.
• Nature : Gradient spiral design hinders the swirling wind .
TOWER SHAPE DESIGN
Top level
Middle level
Lower level
Tower levels
BURJKHALIFA

TOWER USES
Burj Khalifa project is a multi use
development tower with a floor area of
460000sq.m that includes residential
tower, hotel, commercial office,
entertainment, shopping, leisure and
parking facilities.
BURJKHALIFA

BURJKHALIFA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

• An assessment of the foundations for the structure
was carried out and it was clear that piled
foundations would be appropriate for both the Tower
and Podium construction.
• Tower piles were 1.5m diameter and 47.45m long
with the tower raft founded at -7.55mDMD.
• The podium piles were 0.9m diameter and 30m long
with the podium raft being founded at -4.85mDMD.
• The thickness of the raft was 3.7m.
• The minimum centre-to-centre spacing of the piles for
the tower is 2.5 times the pile diameter.
FOUNDATION
BURJKHALIFA

• Structural material : concrete , steel
• Structural System: Buttressed Core
• The tower superstructure of Burj Khalifa is designed as an all
reinforced concrete building with high performance concrete
from the foundation level to level 156, and is topped with a
structural steel braced frame from level 156 to the highest point
of the tower.
• In addition to its aesthetic and functional advantages, the
spiraling ‘Y’ shaped plan was utilized to shape the structural
core of Burj Khalifa.
• The structural system for the Burj Dubai can be described as a
“buttressed-core” and consists of high-performance concrete
wall construction.
• The structure is modular in nature with a central hexagonal
shaft or core and three branches that spread out at 120 degrees
from each other.
• Attached to these branches are wall like columns at 9m spacing
that simply drop off as each leg sets back, avoiding complex and
costly structural transfer.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM & MATERIAL
BURJKHALIFA

• Each of the wings buttresses the others via a six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub.
• Perimeter columns and flat plate floor construction complete the system.
• Corridor walls extend from the central core to near the end of each wing, terminating in thickened
hammer head walls.
• These corridor walls and hammerhead walls behave similar to the webs and flanges of a beam to resist
the wind shears and moments.
• At mechanical floors, outrigger walls are provided to link the perimeter columns to the interior wall
system.
BURJKHALIFA

ANALYSIS
• This central core provides the torsional resistance of the structure, similar to a closed pipe or axle.
• This design helps to reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and faster constructability.
• The outrigger walls at mechanical floor allow the perimeter columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of
the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff laterally and torsion-ally.
BURJKHALIFA

ELEVATORS
• The building is expected to hold up to 35,000 people at
any one time.
• Otis Elevators has installed 57 elevators, and 8 escalators.
• 33 high-rise elevators including 2 double-decks.
• 138 floors served by main service elevator.
• 504 meters – main service elevator rise, the world’s
highest.
• 10 meters per second – speed of elevators.
• 60 seconds – approximate time from ground to level 124.
• 10.000 kilograms – weight of hoist ropes.
Armani hotel : 0-8 level
Residences : 17-37 level
Armani hotel : 38-39 level
Residences : 44-72 leveL
Private Residences : 77-108 level
Corporate suites
Service elevator
BURJKHALIFA

Lateral load Resisting System :
• The tower’s lateral load resisting system consists of high performance, reinforced concrete core walls linked to the exterior reinforced concrete
columns through a series of reinforced concrete shear wall panels at the mechanical levels.
• The core walls vary in thickness from 1300mm to 500mm. The core walls are typically linked through a series of 800mm to 1100mm deep reinforced
concrete link beams at every level.
• These composite link beams typically consist of steel shear plates, or structural steel built-up I-shaped beams, with shear studs embedded in the
concrete section.
• The link beam width typically matches the adjacent core wall thickness .
• At the top of the center reinforced concrete core wall, a very tall spire tops the building, making it the tallest tower in the world in all categories. The
lateral load resisting system of the spire consists of a diagonal structural steel bracing system from level 156 to the top of the spire at approximately
750 meter above the ground.
• The pinnacle consists of structural steel pipe section varying from 2100mm diameter x 60mm thick at the base to 1200mm diameter x 30mm thick at
the top (828m).
LOAD CONSIDERATIONS ON TOWER
BURJ KHALIFA

TYPICAL HOTEL LEVEL
BURJKHALIFA

TYPICAL MECHANICAL LEVEL
BURJKHALIFA

Gravity Load Management :
• Gravity load management is also critical as it has direct
impact on the overall efficiency and performance of the
tower and it should be addressed at the early design stage,
during the development and integration of the
architectural and structural design concept.
• The limitations on the wall thicknesses (500-600mm) of the
center core and the wing walls thickness (600mm) allowed,
art of working with concrete, the gravity load to flow freely
into the center corridor Spine web walls (650mm) to the
hammer head walls and nose columns for maximum
resistance to lateral loads.
Lateral load resisting system in the tower
BURJKHALIFA

Wind load
• Several wind engineering techniques were employed into the design of the tower to
control the dynamic response of the tower under wind loading.
• The wind engineering management of Burj Khalifa was achieved by :
 Varying the building shape along the height while continuing, without interruption,
the building gravity and lateral load resisting system.
 Reducing the floor plan along the height, thus effectively tapering the building
profile.
 Using the building shapes to introduce spoiler type of effects along the entire height
of the tower, including the pinnacle, to reduce the dynamic wind excitations.
 Change the orientation of the tower in response to wind directionality, thus
stiffening the structure normal to the worst wind direction.
BURJKHALIFA

Cladding system : curtain wall
Cladding material : Stainless Steel
• The exterior cladding is comprised of reflective glazing with
aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels and
stainless steel vertical tubular fins.
• Close to 26,000 glass panels, each individually hand-cut, were
used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa.
• Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in for the
cladding work on the tower.
CLADDING SYSTEM
• To wash the 24,348 windows, totaling 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 sq. ft.)
of glass, a horizontal track has been installed on the exterior of Burj
Khalifa at levels40, 73, and 109.
• Each track holds a 1,500 kg (3,300 lbs.) bucket machine which moves
horizontally and then vertically using heavy cables.
• Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units will be
operational, it will take 36 workers three to four months to clean the
entire exterior façade.
BURJKHALIFA

CLADDING SYSTEM
1. Aluminum vertical mullion
2. Clear reflective insulating vision glass
3. Stainless steel vertical fin
4. Horizontal spandrel panel
5. Concrete slab
Cladding system plan
Cladding system detail
ANALYSIS
• The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's
extreme summer heat, and to further ensure its
integrity.
BURJKHALIFA

Cladding system at mechanical levelCladding system at observation deck
Cladding system construction
CLADDING SYSTEM
BURJKHALIFA

• Burj Khalifa uses 249,908 gallons of water per day.
• The average daily supply of water throughout Burj
Khalifa’s water system, through 62 miles of pipes.
An additional 132 miles of piping supplies the fire
emergency system and 21 miles supplies chilled
water for the air conditioning system.
How water is distributed
• Having one giant water pump at the base of the
Burj Khalifa would be dangerous due to the
amount of pressure needed to force the water up
the height of the skyscraper. Therefore, the tower
is designed to pump water upwards to a series of
tanks.
(The average family uses 400 gallons per day, so the Burj Khalifa uses more than 600x that amount.)
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
• The pumps have the pressures of 30 bar
(unit of pressure).
(1 bar = 14.5 pound-force per square inch)
• Dubai’s hot and humid climate combined with the building’s cooling system create a significant amount
of condensation. This water is collected and drained in a separate piping system to a holding tank in the
basement parking garage. About 15 million gallons of water is produced yearly from condensation.
• The incoming water can reach as high as 104 degrees F in the summer and 68 F in the winter.
• Pre-cooling of the water is required in the summer.
BURJKHALIFA

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
BURJKHALIFA

Burj Khalifa has 163 floors that qualify as habitable floors. It has been designed so
that it is capable of catering to 35,000 persons at any given time.
• Considering that all these persons, the human waste (solid waste) they produce
amounts up to 7 tons per day. Considering the fact that water is used to drive the
solid waste through miles of piping system, we have a total of 15 tones of sewage
per day.
• The Burj Khalifa uses a single-stack drainage system.
• The drainage pipes are nearly 2 feet in diameter
• The building do not have access to municipal system, it actually use trucks to
take the sewage out of building and then they wait on a queue to put it into a
waste water treatment plant. So it’s a fairly primitive system.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
BURJKHALIFA

Mechanical Floors
Seven double-story height mechanical floors house the equipment that bring Burj Khalifa to
life. Distributed around every 30 stories, the mechanical floors house the electrical sub-
stations, water tanks and pumps, air-handling units etc, that are essential for the operation of
the tower and the comfort of its occupants.
Seven double-story mechanical floors house the equipment that bring the Burj Khalifa to life.
The mechanical floors house:
Electrical sub-stations
Water tanks
 Pumps
 Air handling units
BURJKHALIFA

FIRE SUPPLY SYSTEM
BURJKHALIFA

• Active suppression and smoke management system
• Fire rated building structure
• Refuge area coordinated with MEP floors
• Refuge area sized for partial occupant load.
• Stairs are interrupted at refuge floors.
REFUGE FLOOR
BURJKHALIFA

POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
BURJKHALIFA

Monitoring Program Structural Health Monitoring Program and Network
• The survey monitoring program (SMP) is used in Burj Khalifa to measure the sustainability of the tower, during construction process,
and also after tower occupation.
• The monitoring program consists of sensors , which fixed at several positions at the tower to measure the resistance load system
behavior , thus sensors is connected with net work computers to get the output data details.
• Since completion of the installation of the program at Burj Khalifa, most of the structural system characteristics have been identified
and included measuring the following:
 Building acceleration at all levels
 Building displacements at level 160M3
 Wind profile along the building height at most balcony areas, including wind speed & direction, which still needs calibration to
relate to the basic wind speed.
 Building dynamic frequencies, including higher modes
 Expected building damping at low amplitude due to both wind and seismic events.
 Time history records at the base of the tower.
MONITORING PROGRAM
BURJKHALIFA

THE SHARD
• World’s 2nd Tallest Freestanding Structure in UK – 309.60 M
• Construction Period - March 2009 – November 2012 (38 Months – Fully Furnished 8.15M / Month)
• RENZO PIANO’s – Vision to create a VERTICAL CITY
• MIXED USE BLDG: - RETAIL, OFFICES, RESTAURANTS, HOTEL & RESIDENTIAL
• SHARD TOWER - expands to the Re-Development of LONDON BRIDGE STATION
• The first ever use of TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION & JUMP LIFT CONSTRUCTION
• The first ever CRANE supported on top of SLIPFORM
• MAXIMUM use of PREFABRICATION & OFFSITE ASSEMBLY
• Including 80% of MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SERVICES

SPIRE
VIEWING
GALLERY
APARTMENTS
HOTEL
RESTAURANTS
OFFICES
PUBLIC
PLANT & CAR
PARKING
CONSTRUCTION – INNOVATIVE IDEAS
 Top Down Construction Strategy
 Jump Lift
 Slip – forming / Continuous Pour Concrete
 Tallest Crane
 Off- Site Works
THE SHARD

 Jump Lift
 Tallest Crane
 Off- Site Works
TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION-allows substructure & superstructure to go
underway simultaneously.
Top-down construction is a construction method, which builds the permanent structure
members of the basement along with the excavation from the top to the bottom.
In this case the basement floors are constructed as the excavation progresses. Top-down
construction method which provides the significant saving of the overall construction
time

 Jump Lift
 Tallest Crane
 Off- Site Works
KONE’s self-elevating lift utilizes Shard’s lift shaft during construction.
Developed by KONE, the self-climbing elevator system provides an alternative to exterior
hoists and should improve the efficiency and safety of the building’s construction.
The lift uses the building’s permanent lift shaft during the construction phase and moves
higher or “jumps” in the shaft as the building gets taller.
It allows shaft construction and lift installations to continue at the higher levels while the lift is
operating in the same shaft at the lower levels.
THE SHARD

 Jump Lift
 Tallest Crane
 Off- Site Works
An innovative approach was taken to enhance the construction programme and reduce programme risk.
This involved ‘jump-starting’ the concrete core & steel structure to allow construction above & below ground to start
simultaneously.
The 250M high core was slip-formed and started at basement level B2.
This was achieved by sinking large steel box columns into support piles directly beneath the core.
Carried out over 36 hours, the 5,500m3 single concrete pour is one of the largest ever undertaken in the UK.
At the peak of the pour, trucks arrived on site every two minutes. The concrete was poured in layers 750mm deep.
THE SHARD

 Jump Lift
 Tallest Crane
 Off- Site Works
The crane 317 meters tall when it is fully extended and will allow builders to
construct the top 23 floors of the Shard, which stands at 244 meters.
The machine is expected to perform approximately 100 lifts and raise 500 tonnes of
steel in the process from its platform outside the building at floor 55.
Due to the limited space on site, MACE had the steel sections manufactured off site
and the crane used to lift complete sections rather than separately lift the 800 pieces
of steel.
THE SHARD

 Jump Lift
 Tallest Crane
 Off- Site Works
At the top of The Shard sits the steel and glass spire weighing at 530 tones.
It had to be assembled 300 m up in the air, over the top of the highest point of the
concrete core, where winds can reach speeds of 100mph.
There were concerns about how to construct it safely and without delays.
The solution was to minimise work at height by pre-assembling the spire in modules,
in a two-stage process.
First a dry-run, assembling the whole spire in three-storey sections.
This enabled any risks or difficulties to be identified before final assembly.
THE SHARD

OFFICES
 L 07 2900 SMT
 L 28 1350 SMT
RESTAURANTS
 L 31 1200 SMT
BAR
MEETINGRMS.
HOTEL LOBBY
RETAIL
THE SHARD

HOTEL
 L 37 1000 SMT
 L 50 0670 SMT
APARTMENTS
 L 53 0600 SMT
 L 65 0270 SMT
THE SHARD

TOP DOWN 1: PILED WALL
THE SHARD

TOP DOWN 2: BEARING PILES & PLUNGE COLUMNS
THE SHARD

TOP DOWN 3: L 00 SLAB & BASEMENT 2 EXCAVATION
THE SHARD

TOP DOWN 4: CORE SLIPFORM SETUP AT BASEMENT 2
THE SHARD

TOP DOWN 5: CORE SLIPFORM STARTED & EXCAVATION FOR BASEMENT 3 BEGINS
THE SHARD

TOP DOWN 6: L 00 & BASEMENT 2 SLABS CONNECTED
THE SHARD

TOP DOWN 7: FULL DEPTH EXCAVATION BEGINS
THE SHARD

SURROUNDING WORKS
While the Shard receives much of the attention; it is part of a
wider project
It also includes the new London Bridge Place office building,
a redeveloped station concourse and new bus station around
a central plaza. C
The project enhanced the
transport interchange at the
station,
providing a new bus station that
services new routes.
Pedestrian access to the rail and
tube platforms was improved, and
there were an extended taxi
facilities and an enhanced cycle
network
THE SHARD

LLOYD’S BUILDINGLondon, England

LLOYDS BUILDING
One of the finest examples of British High-Tech
Architecture and has been described as a “Mechanical
Cathedral”
Location : 1, Lime Street London
User Category : Office Building
Client : Lloyd’s of London
Architect : Richard Rogers
Services Consl. : Arup & Partners
Structural Consl.: Arup & Partners
Internal Area : 55000 SMT
Ht of Bldg. : 88 M – 14 Flrs.

LLOYDS BUILDINGBUILDING CHARACTER
SERVANT & SERVED CONCEPT
Servant Zones such as Stairs, Lifts, Bathrooms & Mechanical Services stand freely in concentrated towers outside
the mass of the Building, creating a highly expressive structure
This allowed the necessary maintenance to be addressed without disturbing the business in Offices
It also made optimum use of the irregular site & offered a system in which the building could be changed to
respond to needs over time
STRUCTURE & CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Structure
Steel Cladding & Tripple Glazing
Modular Construction

LLOYDS BUILDING
THE CENTRAL ATRIUM
84 M High Internal Atrium
GALLERIES
Open Plan Offices overlooking the
Central Atrium
THE ROOM
On the Lower 4 Lvls all vertical
movement is by Central Escalator,
providing easy & open access to
the first 4 Lvls.
LOWER GROUND LEVEL
A semi-public area housing
Restaurant & Coffeeshop, Wine
Bar, Library, Meeting Rooms &
Reception
BASEMENT LEVEL
Space for Storage, Services &
Facilities
THE SERVED ZONE
The Building is comprised of a
series of Concentric Galleries
overlooking a Central Atrium with
each Gallery capable of being used
as part of office space

Main Service Tower
for Vertical Circulation
Service Tower
for Fire fighting &
Escape
PLANT ROOM: On top of 4 of the 6 towers,
expressed as massive steel boxes. All the towers are
finally capped by blue- painted service cranes to allow
maintenance & easy replacement of building parts
Largest Service
Ducts
Contained the Airconditioning running
vertically down to the Towers &
connected into each level of the building
through ceiling voids
Service Risers
With ducts for Water, Drains,
Power & Electronics running down
the towers & connected into each
level of the building
Prefabricated Lavatory Pods
All the 33 Lavatory pods were
brought to the site & then
fitted in to position prior to
linking up to the Service Riser
THE SERVANT ZONE
To maximise the usable space in the building,
the services were placed at the perimeter

LLOYDS BUILDING
THE STRUCTURE STRATEGY
A Large Atrium, surmounted by Steel & Glass arched roof, surrounded by 12 Level Galleries.
COLUMNS, BEAMS & FLOORS
1. Floors are a grid of Concrete beams, not coffered slab, & are
supported by RC Columns on a 10.80 x 18M Grid.
2. The Load is transferred between the Columns & the floor
beams by means of a pre-casted bracket.
3. Pre-cast ‘Yokes’ cast into inverted U-Beam transmit the loads
of the floor grid to the perimeter columns via the brackets.
4. External cross-braces are made of steel tube concrete grid open
to view
5. Modular in pan, each floor can rapidly be altered with the
addition or removal of partitions & walls
PRE-CAST CONCRETE BRACKET & ‘YOKE’ASSEMBLIES

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
LUMINARIES
Lighting, Air Extractor &
Sprinkler
TRIPLE GLAZING with
VENTILATED CAVITY
Enabling it to refract back
artificial light into Interior, which
helps to decrease the need for
light after sunset
TRIPLE LAYERED SOLAR
CONTROL GLASS
Allowing natural light into the
building without gaining
excessive solar radiation.
NATURAL LIGHTING
Stepping Form
The Building is 12 Flrs in North stepping down to 6 Flr to South, Sunlight penetration
thus utilized.
The Incorporation of the Atrium
1. The Atrium increases in Volume & Surface area as it progresses towards the
South. The Office Lvls. Increase as the progress northwards allowing a large
surface area for diffused light coming from the North
2. Every location in Bldg. is located within 7M from Natural light source
THE LIGHTING STRATEGY
A Large Atrium, surmounted by Steel & Glass arched roof, surrounded by 12 Level Galleries.

AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
LLOYDS BUILDING
Supply Air duct
Return Air duct
The operable Windows allow individuals
to acquire ‘fresh air’ if they feel
necessary.
The return air is passed to the perimeter
of the building & forced through the
triple layered exterior glazing – ensuring
zero heat loss from offices during winter
& reducing heat gain in summer
ALUZINC Duct extracting air through
light fittings
Stale air is extracted from above
through the multi-function luminaries
Conditioned air is distributed through
a sub-floor plenum into the offices
Air Handling
Unit is located
at the Basement
& in 4 service
tower plant
rooms

POWER & ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
LLOYDS BUILDINGService risers with
ducts for water,
drains, power &
electronics running
vertically down the
towers & connected
into each level
350mm deep raise
floor services
plenum housed the
power & electronic
conduit
FIRE PROTECTION
Anodized Aluminium
sandwich panel, 2 HR
Fire Rating
SPRINKLER HEAD
Sprinkler system are
held in the ceiling
voids & sprinkler
heads are incorporated
into the multi-
functional luminaries
Access & escape
routes were
provided by means
of staircases

PALAIS ROYALE – surrounding urban fabric

• Official Name Palais Royale
• Structure Type Building
• Status Structurally Topped Out
• Country India
• City Mumbai
• Street Address & Map Ganapatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel
• Building Function residential
• Structural Material concrete
• Energy Label LEED Platinum
• Proposed 2005
• Construction Start 2008
PALAIS ROYALE – FACTS

• Height: Architectural
320 m
• Height: To Tip
320 m
• Floors Above Ground
88
• # of Elevators
10
• Top Elevator Speed
7 m/s
PALAIS ROYALE – FIGURES

 Developer Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure
 Architect Talati & Panthaky Associated Pvt. Ltd.
 Structural Engineer
o Design Sterling Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd.
o Peer Review CBM Engineers
 Project Manager Dongre Associates
 Main Contractor Raghuveer Urban Constructions Co. Pvt. Ltd.
 Wind Consultant RWDI
PALAIS ROYALE – COMPANIES INVOLVED

 Cladding DuPont
 Elevator KONE
 Formwork Meva Formwork Systems
 Engineer Lehr Consultants International (US)
Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc. (Canada)
 Contractor Sew Constructions Ltd.
 Services Pankaj Dharkar & Associates
 Services Review Lehr Consultants International (USA)
 Earthquake Consultant Taylor Devices (India)
PALAIS ROYALE – COMPANIES INVOLVED

 Luxury Features
 Power Back-up
 Centrally Air Conditioned
 Room AC
 Lifts
 RO System
 Water Softener
 High Speed Internet
 Wi-Fi
 Security Features
 Electronic Security
 Intercom Facility
 Fire Alarm
 Interior Features
 Woodwork
 Modular Kitchen
 Feng Shui / Vaastu Compliant
 Recreation
 Swimming Pool
 Park
 Fitness Centre / GYM
 Club / Community Centre
PALAIS ROYALE – FEATURES

 Maintenance
 Maintenance Staff
 Water Supply / Storage
 Boring / Tube-well
 Rain Water Harvesting
 Waste Disposal
 Commercial Features
 Cafeteria / Food Court
 Conference room
 ATM
 Service / Goods Lift
 High Speed Internet / Wi-Fi
 Land Features
 Society Boundary Wall
 Feng Shui / Vaastu Compliant
 Club / Community Centre
 Park/Green Belt Facing
 Water Connection
 Electric Connection
 Close to Hospital
 Close to School
 Close to Shopping Centre/Mall
PALAIS ROYALE – FEATURES

• When construction began in 2008, Palais Royale was expected to be the
India’s first super tall building.
• The location in the Worli area of Mumbai was traditionally a low-rise
neighbourhood, but like much of the city at large, has been experiencing a
high-rise building boom and a rapidly emerging skyline.
• The luxury building was the first residential tower to be designed around a
LEED pre-certification and from the onset of the project, the development
team sought to achieve a platinum rating.
• In order increase the comfort level of the occupants, the tower was
designed to have as little movement as possible through the use of very
robust reinforced concrete frame and a low aspect ratio of 1:4.
• Because the tower design did not have a podium or any adjoining
structures, parking and amenity levels were included within the tower
footprint.
PALAIS ROYALE – INTRODUCTION

• The design specifies the façade cladding to be entirely made of DuPont’s
Corian, the first time it has been used on a residential high-rise and was
chosen for the material’s resistance to the local humid tropical climate.
• With the rapid growth of Mumbai, the development team included many
green features working to reduce the building’s impact on the city’s often
overburdened infrastructure.
• This includes an on-site sewage treatment plant, organic waste composting,
rainwater harvesting as well as wind turbines and solar panels, all of which
contribute to the ambitious design’s approach towards sustainability.
• With an octagonal shaped floor plate of 50,000 sq. ft., the tower would
house amenities like auditorium, spa, cricket pitch, tennis court, squash
court and three swimming pools.
PALAIS ROYALE – INTRODUCTION

• 300 m tall residential building.
• Tallest LEED Platinum rated green residential building in the world.
• 100% on-site sewage treatment, stopping 30 mill. Gallons of waste per year.
• Most waste used as manure, remaining recycled.
• Use of high grade construction materials to minimize consumptions and
reduce energy consumptions in construction
• Green public spaces at all levels as well as green areas for individual
apartments
• Utilize such ventilation and power utilization techniques that reduce the
power consumption throughout the life of the building
• Harnessing solar energy through BIPV cells and wind energy to provide
power to all public areas in building
PALAIS ROYALE – INITIAL OBJECTIVES IN PLANNING

 Two basements
 Landscaped terraces/ balconies at apartment levels
 Transfer girder level
 Large span floors and wide column free spaces at lower levels
 Heavy landscaping loads at ground & amenity levels
 Heavy equipments at terrace levels
PALAIS ROYALE – IMPORTANT PLANNING FEATURES

 The Brahmsthan – column free space at centre of bulling
 Entrance canopy – pyramid shaped
 The moat – light & ventilation to basement the atrium – 220
meters High
 Skylight – covers the atrium spanning 35 meters.
 Roof cap – houses solar & wind energy equipment
 Amenities – swimming pool, mini golf course, tennis court,
mini cricket ground, health club, squash court, basketball etc.
 Corian cladding
PALAIS ROYALE – IMPORTANT ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

 Foundation – combined footings forming a ring raft
 Basement –
o Watertight stitched raft anchored to ground with pre-stressed rock anchors
o Rcc propped retaining walls
 Columns – m:80 self-compacting concrete
 Post-tensioning beams below girder levels
 Girders : strut tie / deep beam model
 Brahmsthan – voided slabs
 Podium – post – tensioned flat slabs
 Amenity levels – post- tensioned voided slabs
 Girder performance enhancement
o Horizontal post-tensioning – bottom chord
o Profiled post-tensioning – web
o Vertical post-tensioning – girder layers
PALAIS ROYALE – DESIGN CONCEPTS

THREE CLOSED RINGS CONCEPTUALIZED TO FORM A UNIFORM LOAD BEARING SYSTEM
SYMMETRY ADDS TO STABILITY
STIFFNESS CENTRE MOVED AWAY FROM CENTRE
PALAIS ROYALE – RING STRUCTURE

• LARGE COLUMN FREE SPACES
• POST TENSIONED BEAMS
• BRAHMASTHAN SLABS
24 M SPANNING
• QUADRANT SLABS
• CAR LIFTS
• RAMP
• CORE
• FIRE STAIRS
PALAIS ROYALE –
PODIUM LEVEL

PALAIS ROYALE –
GIRDER LEVEL
 Nominally post tensioned R.C.C.
9 M. deep transfer girders
 M:60 self-compacting concrete
 Vertical post tensioning for
monolithic behaviour
 Brahmsthan slab as tennis court
 Openings in girders
 Water tanks
 Extreme engineering detailing
and execution

PALAIS ROYALE –
APARTMENT LEVEL PLAN
 Concentric Rings of columns
 Mass positioned away from
centre
 Symmetrical Plan
 Large cantilevers
 Void slab
 Perfect column beam frames
 High headroom facilitated
deeper beams
 Stiffness distributed evenly
in columns and walls
 Floor sinking

1. Extensive reference to international guidelines:
a) CTBUH guidelines for seismic design of tall buildings (2008)
b) Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council guidelines for tall buildings (2008)
c) Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre – seismic performance objectives for tall buildings
(2008)
2. Generation of site specific response spectra and time-histories (undertaken for the first time for a civil
application in India).
3. Palais Royale being treated as a Special Structure as defined by IS-1893 (2002).
4. Minimum design base shear scaled to 1 % of the seismic weight.
5. Intrinsic damping for seismic & wind design = 1%
6. Structural elements modelled using cracked section properties.
7. Importance factor of 1.5 used.
8. Seismic deflections controlled to H/750.
9. Wind accelerations under 10 year return period wind pegged at 10 mille-g
PALAIS ROYALE – SALIENT ASPECTS OF SEISMIC AND WIND DESIGN

PERFORMANCE LEVEL MAXIMUM SWAY ACCELERATION
COLLAPSE PREVENTION /
LIFE SAFETY
CODE PROVISIONS
H/500 = 600 mm 15 milli – g *
Immediate occupancy H/750 = 400 mm 10 milli – g
OPERATIONAL LEVEL H/1000 = 300 mm 5 milli – g
PALAIS ROYALE – BRIEF FOR PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN

 Wind pressures
on facades
 Neg. Pressures = 2
– 3 kPa,
4.5 kPa max.
 Pos. Pressures
= 2.5 - 3 kPa, 4
kPa max.
PALAIS ROYALE –
CLADDING TESTING

• Also the effects of microwave radiation, originating from a nearby antenna, were
assessed.
• The building will be cladded with Corian, which is a liquid marble produced by
DuPont.
• It’s a lightweight material which is tested not be affected by acid rain, heat or
sunlight.
PALAIS ROYALE – SALIENT ASPECTS OF SEISMIC AND WIND DESIGN

PALAIS ROYALE –
SUSTAINABILITY

• The US$ 500 million project also has an ambitious sustainability program.
• the project presents itself as the first LEED Platinum-rated skyscraper of
Mumbai, as confirmed by the Indian Green Building Council, with the help
of technics such as
• the harvesting of rain water
• 100% on-site sewage treatment
• converting wet garbage into organic manure
• recycling of remaining waste
• heating of water through solar panels
• The building aims to save thirty to forty per cent on energy and twenty to
thirty percent on water.
PALAIS ROYALE – SUSTAINABILITY

PARKING AND
AMENITIES LEVELS
APARTMENT LEVELS
PALAIS ROYALE – 3D ANALYSIS MODEL IN ETABS

PALAIS ROYALE – GIRDER 3D ANALYSIS MODEL IN STAAD

PALAIS ROYALE – GIRDER 3D STRESS DIAGRAMS

PALAIS ROYALE – STRESS DIAGRAMS FOR GIRDER WITH OPENING

SOME CHALLENGES
DIAGONAL BARS
PEDESTALS
OPENINGS
PRECISION REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT REQUIREMENTS
CO-ORDINATION WITH PT STRANDS
PALAIS ROYALE – GIRDER DETAILS

SOME FEATURES
BUNDLED
BARS
CO-ORDINATED
DETAILING
VERTICAL
POST TENSIONINGHORIZONTAL
POST TENSIONING
LAYERED
CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENTIAL STRESSING TO
CONTROL PROGRESSIVE
DEFLECTION
STAGING-LESS WEB AND
TOP CHORD CONSTRUCTION
VIBRATIONLESS
CONCRETING
PALAIS ROYALE – GIRDER DETAILS

CLAIM WAITING TO BE CONFIRMED BY GUINESS BOOK OF WORLD RECORDS
THE ORIGINAL 7.5 M DEPTH REQUIREMENT LED TO ADJUSTMENT IN FLOOR
HEIGHTS, FURTHER ALLOWING INCREASE IN THE GIRDER DEPTH TO 8.5 M AND
THEN 9 M.
STRUCTURAL BENEFIT – MOST OF THE GIRDERS BECAME DEEP BEAMS –
COULD BE DESIGNED WITH STRUT-TIE MODEL
9M
PALAIS ROYALE – DEEPEST TRANSFER GIRDERS

PARTICULARS
DEFN HEIGHT/DEF
TIME
PERIOD
ACCN REMARKS
mm ratio sec m/sec2
STATIC 374 775 9.893 8.82 LIFE SAFETY
ZONE III 160 1811 10.06 6.5
IMMEDIATE
OCCUPANCY
ZONE IV 241 1205 10.06 9.75
IMMEDIATE
OCCUPANCY
SITE SPECTRA 113 2565 10.06 4.61 OPERATIONAL
WIND CODE 221 1311 10.06 8.82
IMMEDIATE
OCCUPANCY
WIND TUNNEL 248 1169 10.06 10.05 LIFE SAFETY
E – VALUE 214 1354 9.893 8.82
IMMEDIATE
OCCUPANCY
PALAIS ROYALE – STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE COMPARISION

Normal / vibrated concrete
Retarded Concrete
Surface retarders to avoid cold joints
Surface retarders to facilitate green cutting
Foam concrete for filling in sunken areas
Temperature controlled concrete
Containing heat of hydration for 72 hours to avoid
shrinkage cracks
Use of curing compounds
Online NDT
Core testing for segregation
Fibers for water repelling properties for underground
elements
Fibers for shrinkage control
Pre construction mock up test
CONCRETE USAGE AREAS DESIRED PERFORMANCE
M:15 FOR LEVELING PCC PUMPABLE
M:40 SCC COLUMNS, FLOOR SLABS FOR EARLY STRENGTH
AND BEAMS GAIN, REDUCTION IN
SIZES AND REBARS
M:50 & 60 SCC COLUMNS, BEAMS, TRANSFER OF LOAD
PT FLAT SLAB THROUGH FLOOR, EARLY
STRENGTH GAIN, REDN
IN SIZES AND REBARS
M:80 SCC COLUMNS, WALLS TO ADDRESS
COMPACTION PROBLEMS
PALAIS ROYALE – HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

• Safe bearing pressure of 250 T/sq.m, with allowable
increase of 25% for lateral loads.
• Settlement less than 25 mm.
• Modulus of subgrade reaction of 10800 T/m3
• Poisson’s Ratio of Rock Strata 0.32
• Young's Modulus 5200MPa
• Shear Modulus and 200 MPa
• Due to presence of weak soil for the upper 8 to 9 m, soil
retention system was erected in the form of contiguous
concrete infilled tubular steel piles, held to the bedrock
with inclined pre-stressed rock anchors.
PALAIS ROYALE – GEO-TECHNICAL DATA & RECOMMENDATIONS

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FOUNDATION TEST
Foundation size 4 m x 4 m
Load applied 4500 M.Tons
with 12 Nos. 400 M.Tons
capacity Pre-stressedRock
Anchors
Maximum Settlement
observed 14 mm
For SBC of 250 M.Tons /
Sq.m against static loads,
factor of safety is
extrapolated as 2.01
PALAIS ROYALE – DEFLECTION PATTERN
UNDER REACTION ENVELOPE

• DEFLECTION CONTOURS
• MAX DEFN = 30 MM
• PRESSURE CONTOURS
• Pmax = 250 T/SQ.MTS
• MOMENT CONTOURS
• Mmax = 16600 KN-m
PALAIS ROYALE – CONTOURS FOR SBC 250 T/SQ.MTS.

CABLE LAYOUTCONCRETE DIMENSION PLAN
PALAIS ROYALE – POST TENSIONING PODIUM (PARKING) LEVEL

CONCRETE DIMENSION PLAN CABLE LAYOUT
PALAIS ROYALE – POST TENSIONING AMENITY LEVEL

CABLE LAYOUTCONCRETE DIMENSION PLAN
PALAIS ROYALE – POST TENSIONING GIRDER BOTTOM LEVEL

 GIRDER DEPTH: 8m / 8.5m / 9m.
 STRUT AND TIE ACTION
 HORIZONTAL CABLE AT BOTTOM TIE LEVEL:
 TO REDUCE TENSION REBAR AT BOTTOM TIE LEVEL BY APPLYING
PRE-COMPRESSION
 TO REDUCE HORIZONTAL THRUST AT SUPPORTING COLUMN DUE
TO STRUT-TIE ACTION TO ACCEPTABLE LIMIT
 HORIZONTAL CABLE AT WEB REGION:
 TO REDUCE DIAGONAL TENSION NEAR SUPPORT BY APPLYING
PRE-COMPRESSION
 TO REDUCE BEARING STRESS AT BOTTOM NODAL ZONE AT
SUPPORT BY APPLYING LOAD BALANCING TECHNIQUE, THUS TO
REDUCE DIAGONAL REBAR.
 VERTICAL CABLE
 TO INDUCE VERTICAL PRE-COMPRESSION TO MAKE THE GIRDER
ACT MONOLITHICALLY AS THE SAME BEING CAST IN THREE
LAYERS
PALAIS ROYALE – DESIGN PHILOSOPHY OF GIRDER PT DESIGN

PALAIS ROYALE – ELEVATION OF GIRDER WITH PT CABLES

LINK MAKING MACHINE FOR COLUMNS & BEAMS
COUPLERS FOR REBAR SPLICING
READYMADE CAGES FOR COLUMNS & BEAMS
HIGH CAPACITY TOWER CRANES
SPECIAL PRE-ENGINEERED FORMWORK FOR COLUMNS
SELF CLIMBING FORMWORK FOR WALLS
DROP HEAD SHUTTERING SYSTEM FOR SLABS
HIGH CAPACITY CONCRETE PUMPS & PLACER BOOMS
HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
USE OF DAMPERS
FOGGING SPRAY
PALAIS ROYALE – MODERN TECHNOLOGIES

TECHNIQUE BENEFITS
PRE-DESIGN SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES
AND PRE-DEFINING PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA
OPTIMIZATION OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN TO REDUCE
CONSUMPTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, ENSURING
MAXIMUM HUMAN COMFORT – DURING USUAL AND POST-
DISASTER CONDITIONS
HIGH GRADE CONCRETE LESSER CONSUMPTION, ENERGY REQUIREMENT
USE OF MICRO SILICA HIGH PERFORMANCE ACHIEVEMENT, DURABILITY ENHANCEMENT,
LIFE CYCLE COST REDUCES
USE OF WATER REDUCING
ADMIXTURES
REDUCTION IN WATER CONSUMPTION
USE OF COUPLERS, CAGES FOR
REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT
REDUCTION IN REINFORCEMENT QUANTITIES, LESSER ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
PALAIS ROYALE – MODERN TECHNOLOGIES LINKED TO
SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT

TECHNIQUE BENEFITS
USE OF DAMPERS ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING,
REDUCTION IN STRUCTURAL SIZES LEADING TO REDUCED
CONSUMPTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
HEAVY DUTY EQUIPMENT SHORTER CONSTRUCTION TIME, LESS ESTABLISHMENT COST,
CONSUMPTION OF POWER AND WATER
USE OF CURING COMPOUNDS REDUCTION IN WATER CONSUMPTION DURING CONSTRUCTION
USE OF LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS REDUCTION IN MEMBER SIZES, ECONOMY, REDUCED
CONSUMPTION
PALAIS ROYALE – MODERN TECHNOLOGIES LINKED TO
SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT

Couplers and Cages
PALAIS ROYALE – COUPLERS & CAGES

PALAIS ROYALE – Self Climbing Core Formwork

PALAIS ROYALE – PRE-ENGINEERED COLUMN FORMWORK

PALAIS ROYALE – CONCRETE PLACER BOOMS

PALAIS ROYALE – GREEN CUTTING OF CONCRETE & FOGGING

Slabs
Columns
Transfer
GirdersStaging
PALAIS ROYALE – MEVA MODULUR FORMWORK AND STAGING

PALAIS ROYALE – POST TENSIONING OF SLABS

PALAIS ROYALE – POST TENSIONING OF TRANSFER GIRDERS

PALAIS ROYALE – Voided Slab – REBAR WORK IN PROGRESS

• TO TEST THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE BEFORE USING
• FLOWABILITY / SLUMP
• CORE TESTING
• SEGREGATION
• TEMPERATURE CONTROL
• PERFORMANCE IN PRESENCE OF REINFORCEMENT
• PERFORMANCE IN PRESENCE OF FORMWORK
• DESIGN OF FORMWORK
• RETARDATION CHARACTERISTICS
• ADMIXTURE PERFORMANCE
• SETTING TIME
• OTHER PROBLEMS
PALAIS ROYALE – MOCKUP STUDIES

PALAIS ROYALE – SAFETY AND SECURITY
 Palais Royale is NFPA 101 (National Fire Prevention Association) compliant.
 This is the US fire-fighting and prevention standard for high-rise buildings.
 A 100 % sprinkler-protected building, all residences will have smoke & heat detectors
 Mechanical pressurisation of the staircase and entire escape lobby for safe passage in case of
fire.
 The building will have a misting system that helps contain fire through tiny water droplets that
cuts out oxygen supply, douses the fire and does not spoil expensive furnishings, carpets and
artwork.
 Moreover, for the first time in India there will be a smoke extract system for the atrium based
on CFD simulation based on NFPA standards.
 Approximately 300 cameras will be installed in public areas and the common areas inside and
outside the residential apartments.
 There will be fully equipped medical rooms for residents and a separate OPD for the building
and resident's staff.

PALAIS ROYALE – SAFETY AND SECURITY
 Self-climbing shear/lift core formwork system,
 self-guided column formwork and
 lightweight drop-head slab shuttering system
 captive batching plants
 high-power concrete pumps
 fixed concrete pipelines
 placer booms
 tower cranes
 high-speed construction elevators
 In short, efficient vertical transportation of materials and men is the most important aspect
for the construction of a high-rise.
 An elaborate protection screen and safety system is very important to ensure a safe and
efficient working environment.
 All these equipment and systems are being used extensively in Palais Royale.
 In fact, the project has been a pioneer and innovator in these areas.

ELEMENT CONCRETE REINF
Foundation 15350 3500
Retaining Walls 2406 500
Slabs and Beams below Girder
62347 10721Columns below Girder
Parapets, stairs, moats above girder
Girders 12852 5000
Slabs and Beams above Girder 63509 10925
Columns above Girder 34388 10316
Parapets, stairs, moats above girder
(assumed)
6350 635
Structures above terrace (assumed) 1000 100
Total 198200 41697
PALAIS ROYALE – ESTIMATED MATERIAL CONSUMPTION

and while we triumph on the success of indian architects &
engineers upon creating something very special and
spectacular using state of the art modern technology….

THE CORETENENTDISTRIBUTION
Commerzbank Tower,
Frankfurt, Germany
EXAMPLES
Deutsch Post Tower,
Bonn, Germany
Leadenhall
Building
London
Lloyds
Building
London

THE COREM & E SERVICES
The Service Core provides means of accommodation
Vertical M & E Services runs, such as
 DUCT RISERS
 MECHANICAL PIPE RISERS
 HYDRAULIC STACKS
 ELECTRICAL & COMMUNICATION CABLES
 AIR HANDLING UNIT
TOILETS
In the event of single occupancy of the floor
plate entry to the toilets might be organised so
that users are able to access them without going
through the elevator lobby

TALL BUILDING ELEVATORS
 Various factors decide the QUANTITY, SIZE & TYPE of Elevators in T.B.
• Circulation & Vertical Traffic
• Passenger Characteristics – Elderly / Disabled / Family / Obesity / Avg. Walking Speed
• Evacuation of Occupants
• Peak Hour Usage & Service Utility
• Vertical Transport System Data – Energy Usage, Actual Waiting Time, Destination Time
• Sustainable & Energy efficient Vertical Transport Systems
• Modern Technologies & Destination Control System
• Design of Cars – Affordability, Functionality, Standardization, Arch. Features, Materials
• Effect of High Speed Vertical Transport System on Human Ear (Comfort) & Pressure
• Environmental Life cycle Impacts (including embodied & operational emissions)
• Multiple Elevator cars in single hoist way
 There is no
Standard location
– where the Lifts
can be positioned
 Its location is as
per requirement /
Function of T.B.

TALL BUILDING
ELEVATORS
SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPT
In very tall buildings, elevator
efficiency can be increased by a system
that combines express and local
elevators. The express elevators stop
at designated floors called sky
lobbies. There, passengers can
transfer to local elevators that will
take them to their desired floor. By
dividing the building into levels served
by the express elevators, the local
elevators can be stacked to occupy the
same shaft space. That way, each zone
can be served simultaneously by its
own bank of local elevators.
SKY LOBBY

TALL BUILDING
ELEVATORS
The single-deck
units are designed for speeds in excess of 10
meters per second and ultimately will meet
speeds of 15 meters per second, while the
double-deck units are designed for 10 meters
per second.
Double-deck elevators
One car stops at even floors and the other
stops at the odd floors. Depending on their
destination, passengers can mount one car in
the lobby or take an escalator to a landing for
the alternate car.

TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

 EXTERNAL LOADS
WIND LOADS
 Direct Pressure
 Suction
 Drag
SEISMIC LOAD
 Inertial Force
EFFECTS OF LATERAL LOAD
 P – Delta Effect
 Overturning Moment
 Vortex Shedding
Direct Pressure:
Received by Building surface
perpendicular to wind’s path
Suction:
Side & leeward building
surfaces, This results in –ve
pressure resulting in roofing or
cladding failure
Drag:
Generated on surfaces parallel to
windward direction

F I T I
Facade India
Testing Inc,
Murbad, Thane, MH,
INDIA

Taipei 101

TALL BUILDING DAMPERS
DAMPING SYSTEMS IN HIGHRISE
BUILDINGS
Minimizing the effects of wind –induced vibrations
and earthquake shaking on tall buildings as well as
non structural architectural elements and mechanical
components.
ACTIVE DAMPING SYSTEM:
• Requires power for motors sensors and computers control.
• more suitable for tall buildings: where wind induced loading rather than the
unpredictable cyclic loading caused by earthquake.

TUNED MASS DAMPERS:
• Consist of huge mass of concrete or steel suspended from a cable like
pendulum mounted in tracks in upper stones of a building.
• Computer senses the motion and signals motor to move the weight in
an opposing direction and neutralize the motion.
TUNED
MASS
DAMPER
PENDULAM
TUNED
MASS
DAMPER
TUNED
LIQUID
COLUMN
DAMPER
TUNED LIQUID DAMPERS:
• Tank moves back and forth in the opposing direction transferring its
momentum to the building and counteracting the effect of wind
vibration.

TUNED MASS DAMPER
AT
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER
TUNED MASS DAMPER
AT
TAIPEI 101
TUNED MASS DAMPER IN PRATICAL

TALL BUILDING SERVICES
DRAINAGE FLOW CONTROL IN HIGH RISE

TALL BUILDING SERVICESPRESSURE BREAKS
Physical realities
Water in a typical 10 storey building exerts a pressure of 3.3 bar
Water in 30 storey tall building will exerts a pressure of
= 3.3 X (pressure exerted by water in 10 storey building)
= 3.3 X 3
10 bar

What are the different spaces in a tall building where landscape can be integrated?
• A building can be completely overrun with
gardens, water features and green .
• It could house a lush urban oasis featuring
cascading planter terraces and waterfalls,
creating an almost otherworldly botanical
microcosm in the midst of a busy city.
• For example, The Park Royal in Singapore is
a 12-story high tower featuring massive
curvaceous, solar-powered sky-gardens that
appear to be an extension of the adjacent city
park. Among its many energy efficient aspects,
the building features the use of automatic light,
rain and motion sensors, rainwater harvesting
and recycling mechanisms.
• The interior spaces overlook a 300m long
garden strip.
• The building-as-garden concept responds
perfectly to the intricacies of a city. It is a
botanical wonder comprised of intertwining
natural and technological systems.

There are four possible options for
provision of integrate plants in Skyscraper
• Green Roof
• Bio filters
• Green Wall
• Indoor
plantation

Planting trees for the purpose of providing
shade, reduces cooling costs
Planting or building wind breaks to slow
winds near buildings, which reduces heat loss.
Wall sheltering, where shrubbery or vines are
used to create a windbreak directly against a wall
Green roofs cool buildings with extra thermal
mass and evapotranspiration

• It is commonly used all over the world in nurseries, greenhouses,
landscapes, kitchen gardens and variety of industrial applications.
The major amount of fresh water is utilized by the agriculture for
irrigation purpose.
• By using a drip irrigation the water will be maintained at a constant
level that is the water will reach the roots drop by drop. Because of
increasing demand for freshwater, optimal usage of water resources
should be practiced with great extent of automation technology such
as solar power, microcontroller, sensors, remote control, embedded
system etc.

Green Roof
The term "green roof" is generally used to
represent an innovative yet established
approach to urban design that uses living
materials to make the urban environment more
livable, efficient, and sustainable. Other
common terms used to describe this approach
are eco roofs, and vegetated roofs.

LANDSCAPE AS
A GREEN ROOF
• In 2001, the roof gardens were
completed serving as a test for the
impact green roofs would have on
the heat island effect in urban areas,
rainwater runoff, and the effectiveness
of differing types of green roofs and
plant species for Chicago's climate.
• Rooftops are vastly underutilized spaces
in the urban environment, yet it is
possible for any landscape, plaza, or
garden to be installed on a building or
structure.
• In Europe, over the past thirty years,
rooftops have become the focus of a
quiet but steady revolution through the
application of green roof technologies.
Chicago City Hall Green Roof

• It is significant that
properly designed green
roofs can emulate natural
processes. Even the
thinnest green roof can
effectively absorb most
rainfall events, reverse the
urban heat island effect,
and provide wildlife
habitat.
• They also insulate
buildings, extend the life of
the roof membrane,
increase property values,
and vastly improve urban
aesthetics.

Green Wall
The green facade is the outer wall which can be
free-standing or part of a building, partially or
completely covered with vegetation and in some
cases, soil or an inorganic growing medium.

Biofilters in Green Skyscrapers
Biofiltration is
a pollution
control techniqu
e using living
material to
capture and
biologically
degrade process
pollutants

VERTICAL GARDENS WORK ON
THE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM.

Bio-filter
Green Skyscraper7/23/2013 23
3

LANDSCAPE AS
GREEN WALL
• Vegitecture is a massive 21-meter green wall grafted onto the narrow end of
a corner residential block and consists entirely of galvanized steel scaffolding
that visually anchors the complex to the ground and boulevard beyond.
• A stack of platform gardens, has space for planters, built-in benches, and
even fountains.
• The living facade adds a vibrant touch to the neighborhood, while promoting
a sustainable, green sensibility that’s compatible with our present cities. It’s
effectiveness outweighs aesthetics, of course, acting as a vehicle for
environmental change that simultaneously generates oxygen, absorbs CO2,
insulates the neighboring apartments, and dampens street noise.
• Large-scale vertical planting evoking a South East Asian equatorial rainforest
was introduced into the interior of Singapore's Changi Terminal 3 to structure
and soften an otherwise cavernous industrial building.
• A woven tapestry of living plants not only divides the mega-building in plan
into landside/airside sections but also connect the vertical space of the
check-in/arrival areas, which are separated by a glass security screen.

ADVANTAGES
• Benefits and impacts have been studied in terms of energy
savings and indoor environmental qualities.
• For example green roof can reduce 50% of cooling load; green
wall can reduce 10 degree centigrade indoor temperature,
where as biofilter and indoor plants purifies indoor air by 50%
to 60%.
• Results are the noticeable decrease in urban heat island,
rapid reduction of energy consumption and cost, refreshing air
for a healthy environment.

(L-R)
Tejashree Kumawat
Ashish Khemnar
Dhanashree Gugle
Saurabh Choudhary
Soumitra Smart
Raj Lunawat
At Arihant Aura, Turbhe, Navi Mumbai
Second Year M. Arch (Gen)
Department of Architecture
JNEC, Aurangabad
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