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Olof Palme International Center
PO Box (3221)
S-10364 Stockholm, Sweden.
ISBN 918-883616-9
Singapore University Press (Pte) Ltd
Yusof Ishak House, 31 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119078
Fax: (65) 774 0652; E-mail: supbooks@nus.edu.sg
http://www.nus.edu.sg/SUP
'kwd,t}udrfxkwfa0jcif;? jrefrmbmomjzifh (2007) ckESpf/ rwfv?
tkyfa&?
000000
yHkESdyfjzef@csD?
Vahu Institute
P.O Box (32)
Chinag Mai University P.O
Chiang Mai 50202 Thailand.
ISBN 000-000000-0
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(The Olof Palme International Center)
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4

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5

10. tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;uom qufvufa&;qGJaqmif &Guf=u&rnfjzpfygonf? od@k aomf rdrdwdk@.óu;yrf;aqmif
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6

11. Tpmtkyfudk b,fvdkpkaygif;a&;om;-uygoenf;?
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ta=umif;rsm;udk wifjyzdk@vdygonf? pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;ta=umif; t&mwd@k udk u¾toD;oD;wGif/ jyefvnf
k
a&;om;&rnf jzpfojzifh tyfa=umif;xyfaeygonf? ,if;udk a'gufwmqGef'&rf.rl=urf;zwf&mwGif awG@&yg
onf? xdk@tjyif a'gufwmqGef'&rfu zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufa&;udk usrf;wpfapmifwpfzGJ@
8

13. a&;om;cJhol jzpfjcif;a=umifh/ bmom&yfwdif;udk a&;om;&mwGif/ wcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif tus,f0dwW& csJ@vGef;onf
k
[k xifygonf? xd@k a=umifh ,if;wd@k udkcsK@Hypf&efESifh ay:vpDa&;&mwGif vdtyfonfrsm;om wduspGm jyefvnf
k
jyifqifa&;om;zdk@ jzpfvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh a'gufwm (Findlay) u/ jrefrmjynf pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;a=umif;udk
tusOf;csKH;wifjy&ef tydkif;wpfydkif;ud/k ed'gef; taejzifh a&;om;ay;&ef pDpOfcJhygonf?
xd@k a=umifh yxrtcef;wGif jrefrmjynf. pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;twdcsKyfud/k rD;armif;xd;jy&ef pDpOfcJh&mwGif/
k
k
jrefrmjynf. t"dujy emrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhygonf? od@k &mwGif EdkifiHa&;tpdk;&ESifh tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&
wd@k . tul;tajymif;umv ta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjy&mwGif/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tay: tjypfwifcsufrsm;
ae+yD;/ ppfwyftm%modrf;onfrSm jrefrmjynf . wd;wufa&;twGuf vrf;pyGifhvmovdk jzpfvmonfqdkaom/
k
tawG;ay:apojzifh ,if;udkvnf; jyifqifa&;om;=u&jyefygonf?
yxrrl=urf;+yD;pD;aomtcg/ ynm&Siftm;vH;udk zwfapcJh+yD;/ yxrt}udrfaqG;aEG;yGJudk 0g&Sifwefòr@wGif
k
urBmhvGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ynmAdrRmef (Free Enterprises Institute) wGif usif;ycJhygonf?
,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif a'gufwmqGef'&rfu/ u|efawmfwdk@ (2) a,mufud/k “udk,fvlESpfa,muf jyifa&;wmu/
h
t&ifrlv ud,fa&;xm;wmESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeygyaum” [k ajymygonf? odk@aomftm;vHk;udk oifhjrwfpGm oH;
k
k
oyfxm;ojzifh/ aumif;ygonf/ vufcHEdkifygonf[lI ajymygonf? u|efawmfuvnf; rnfonfhtwGua=umifh
f
rlvpm=urf;udk jyifqif&a=umif;/ &Sif;jyygonf? a'gufwmjrarmif. rlvpmrl=urf;xJrSvnf; tESpftajccHwdk@
udk qGJoGif;pOf;pm;xm;a=umif; awG@&ojzifh/ a'gufwmjrarmifuvnf;/ yxrrl=urf;tay: auseyfr_&&SdcJhyg
onf?
od@k &mwGif u|efawmfwdk@ (2) OD;wm0ef,lxm;aom/ pufr_xGef;um;a&;/ pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ESifh
aiGa&;a=u;a&;jyemrsm;rSm u|ef awmfwd@k ygarmuQ (2) OD; oabmrwlEdkif jzpfaeojzifh/ pmydk'fwdif;vdvdkyif
k k
tjiif;yGm;aqG;aEG;cJh&ygonf? aemufqHk;Y aps;uGuf udrlwnfI tpdk;&uvnf;/ nifompGm wduf&dkuf
k
k
0ifa&mufxdef;odrf; jr‡ifhwifay;aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk vufcH=uygonf? EdkbJ qk&ygarmuQ (Stiglitz) wifjy
aom “aps;uGuu aumif;ygonf? ,if;udk tajccHaomfvnf; tpdk;&u OD;aqmifxdef;odrf;ay;&rnfh ae&m
f
rsm; &Sdaeygonf? aps;uGufcsn;jzifh rvHavmufyg” qdkaom rludk vufcHygonf? xdkenf;twlyif/ tpdk;&onf
f
k
ol@ae&mESifhol jynfol@tusKd;udk xdcdufEdkifaom/ aps;uGufpepf. pnf;urf;vGefr_rsm;udk xdef;odrf;ay;Edkifaomf
k
vnf;/ tpdk;&uvnf; vHk;0 wm0ef,lEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/ [laomrludk vufcHvdkuf=uygonf?
&v'fwGif u|efawmf. t,ltqrsm;rSm aps;uGufbufukd ydkrdkeD;pyfvmouJhod@k / a'gufwm (Findlay)
wd@k vd/k (neoclassical economist) awGuvnf;/ tpdk;&. wd;wufwm0ef,lr_udk vufcHoifhonfae&mwGif/
k
h
vufcHEdkif&ef a&;om;cJhygonf? &v'frSm jrefrmjynftwGuf taumif;qHk;aq;enf;azmfjrLvm[lI xifjrif=u
ygonf?
,if;onfvnf; EdkbJqk&ygarmuQ (Stiglitz) wifjyaom/ “aps;uGuonf aumif;ygonf? ,if;udk
f
tajccHaomfvnf; txdef; tuGyfESifh tpdk;&u OD;aqmifay;&rnfae&mrsm;vnf;/ &Sdygonf? tpdk;&.
h
u¾onfvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@aomf ,if;ESifh rvHkavmufyg? tpdk;&u OD;aqmifay;&rnfae&mrsm;
h
wGif/ vlwpfOD;/ yk*~dKvfwpfpktm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tcGifhta&;ay;aom tajctae ra&muf&ef a&Smif&Sm;&
rnf?” qdkaom tcsufrsm;udk vufcH+yD;/ ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&u OD;aqmif wdk;wufapr_rsm;udk
vnf;/ tajctaet& vufcHoifhonfae&mwGif vufcH&efudk pOf;pm;=uygonf?
h
u|efawmf wm0efusaom pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ud/k a&;om;&mwGif a'gufwmrsKd;!$ef@u u|efawmhudk
txl;ulnay;cJhygonf? useftcef;rsm;uda&;&mwGif/ okawoevufaxmuf udkaZmfOD;u tultnDtxl;
D
k
ay;cJhygonf? yg&*l bGJ@usrf;twGuf avhvmae aomausmif;om;wpfOD;tzdk@/ u|efawmfwdk@ESifh yl;wGJ aqmif&Guf
cGifh&onfrSm ol@twGuf taumif;qHk;oif=um;r_tawG@tñuH wpf&yf[lI ajym&rnf jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwd@k
ESpfOD;. pOf;pm;yHkrsm;/ uGJvGcsufrsm;/ jiif;csufrsm;onf ol@twGuf txl; toHk;0ifrnfh tawG@tñuHyif jzpfyg
J
rnf?
9

14. aemufqHk;wGif pmrludk (copy editing) vkyf&mwGif/ pmrlpma&;[ef (styles) ESifh rSefuefr_rsm;udk
aemufqHk;wnf;jzwf&rnfh tydkif;a&mufvmygonf? ,if;u¾udk okwoifwnf;jzwfay;&mwGif t*Fvdyf
f
pum;udk arG;uwnf;uajymaom/ wnf;jzwf jcif;/ tacsmudkifjcif;udk A[kokw&Sdaom t,f'DwmwpfOD;udk
tcay;iSm;I jyifap&ef qHk;jzwfcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; u|efawmfwdk@pdwfóuufoifhavsmfaom yk*~dKvf r&&Sd
ojzifh/ u|efawmfwd@k (2) OD;/ q&m (Findlay) ESifh u|efawmf tjyeftvSefðyjyif vduf=uygonf? aemufqHk;wGif
k
xkwa0olu u|efawmfwdk@ (2) OD;pvHk;u aocsmvGef;ojzifh “uJ æq&m}uD;wdk@/ r+yD;Edkif=u awmhbl;vm;?
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xkwa0&rnftcsdefvnf; awmfaeyg+yD? ”qdkawmhrSyJ &yfvdkuf+yD;/ tqHk;owfay;vdufygonf?
f
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k
&v'fum; pmayynm&Sifrsm;u oH;oyfonftwdif;/ yk*~dKvf (6) OD;u yg0ifa&;om;aomfvnf;/
k
h k
wifjycsufrsm;rSm wajy;wnf; wom;wnf;nD!wfpGm &Sdae=uonf[laom csD;usL;jcif;udk cH&ygonf?
G
Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&mwGif/ trnfrazmfvkaom jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;. wifjycsufrsm;udkvnf;
d
qDavsmonfae&mrsm;wGif toH;cscJhygonf? ynm&Siftm;vHk; pkaygif;óu;yrf;r_rS ay:xGufvmaom toD;
f h
k
tyGifh[lI owfrSwf&ygrnf?
10

15. bmomjyefqdkxm;aom jrefrmjyefpmtkyf. ed'gef;
Tpmtkyfonf/ jrefrmjynftwGuf ta&;}uD;aom pD;yGm;a&;vrf;!$efpmwrf; jzpfvmrnf[k &nf
&G,f awG;qcJhygonf? u|efawmfwd@k onf pD;yGm;a&;ynma0g[m&awG/ oabmw&m;awGudk tus,0dwWm&
f
rcsJ@/ t&Sif;EdkifqHk;/ em;vnf tEdkifqHk;jzpfatmif a&;om;cJhygonf? od@k aomf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;xm;
aom usrf;wapmifud/k jrefrmjynfol oef; (50) xJu rnfr# zwf=urnfenf;? tusKd;&SdpGm zwfEdkif=uygrnf
vm;[k ar;p&mjzpfvmygonf? tpdk;&ydkif;wGif tkyfcsKyfolrsm;uvnf;/ ta&;}uD;aom tcsufrsm;udk jrefrmpm
jzifh a&;om;ay;&ef pDpOfr_rsm; ðyvkyfonf[k =um;od&ygonf?
xdtajctaewGif jrefrmjynfpD;yGm;a&;acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;ozG,f vkyfaqmif&efvdonfh tcg
k
k
wGif/ pdwf0ifpm;ol/ =oZm wduUr&Sdolrsm; em;vnfEdkifzdk@ vdkvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh Tpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmom
jzifh jyefqdka&;om;&ef vdonfudk u|efawmf wdk@ em;vnf=uygonf? vltrsm;u u|efawmfwd@k a&;om;onfrsm;
k
ud/k em;vnfygu wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxaxmifa&;twGu/f tusKd;rsm;pGm &SdEdkifonfudk odygonf?
l
xd@k a=umifh jrefrmjyefqdk&ef/ &efyHkaiG&&Sda&;ESifh bmomjyefqdka&;wd@k udk apmpD;pGmuyif/ pwifcJhygonf?
od@k aomf jrefrmvdjk yefaomtcg/ &Sif;vif;csufawG trsm;}uD;xnf+h yD;/ oabmw&m;rsm;udvnf; trsm;em;
k
vnfatmifa&;Edkifzdk@rSm/ rvG,fonfudk awG@& ygonf? u|efawmf. wynfhrsm;xJrS jrefrmESifh t*FvdyfpmESpfck
vH;udk ydkifEdkifaom bmomjyefolukd &SmazGwm0efay;cJhaomf vnf;/ ZGJESifh vkyfEdkifol r&cJhyg? ,if;od@k jzpfaepOf
k
wGif/ udaZmfOD;ESifh 0g&Sifwef&Sd jrefrm&efyHkaiGtzGJ@&Sd yk*~dKvfrsm;. óu;yrf;csuft& t+yD;qHk;wdif bmomjyefEdkifol
k
k
udatmifol+idrf;udk &&SdcJhygonf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrSm aq;ynmudk oif=um;cJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmpmudvnf;u|rf;usif
k
k
onfudk awG@&ygonf? tcef;wdif;vdvdk u|efawmfzwf&_ jyifqifI&&Sdaompmrlrsm;rSm/ ,ckyHkESdyfxm;aomjrefrm
k k
jyefyif jzpfygonf? udatmifol+idrf;rSm (1988) ckESpf/ awmfvSefa&;0ifausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ tar&duef
k
axmufyHhr_t& [m;AwfwuUodkvf/ jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;ynmoifwef;ausmif;wGif wpfESpfoifwef;wufa&muf
atmifjrifpGm bGJ@&cJhojzifh/ ,ck acwfpD;yGm;a&; tac:ta0:/ toH;tE_ef;rsm;udk em;vnf+yD; u|rf;usifpGmoH;
k
k
EdkifcJhygonf?
Tjrefrmbmomjyefpmrludk u|efawmfESifh udaZmfOD;/ a':ar+idrf;wdk@u jyefvnfwnf;jzwfay;+yD;/
k
jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuwifjy cJhygonf? csKd@,Gif;csufrsm; &Sdaomfvnf;/ trsm;. t=uHay;csufrsm;udk cH,lI/
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aemifxkwa0onft}udrfrsm;wGif jyefvnfðyjyifay;rnf jzpfygonf?
f
h
tm;vH;aom pmzwfy&dowfESifh jrefrmjynfrS pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;u jyifqifjznfhpGuf&ef vdtyfonf
k
k
rsm;&Sdygu t=uHðyay;&ef/ zdwfac:ygonf?
11

16. tcef; (1)
ed'gef;
12

17. tcef; (1)
ed'gef;
vGefcJhaom 'kwd,axmifpkESpfumv tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf/ ta¶S‹awmiftm&S&Sd EkdifiH
trsm;teuf/ tpkpnf;tnD!GwfqHk;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;t& =oZmv$rf;rdk;tiftm;}uD;cJhaom/ vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;tm;aumif;aom EdkifiHwckjzpfcJhonf? Oa&mywGif aemfrefvlrsKd;wkd@jAdwdefEkdifiHukd odrf;ykduftkyfpkd;aeqJ
umvESifhacwfòyifumvwGifyif/ taemf&xmrif; (ouU&mZfESpf 1044-77 ckESpf) u wkif;jynfwckvkH;ukd/
d
pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;cJh+yD; jzpfayonf? oD&dvuFmrSwqifh pD;qif;0ifa&mufvmcJhaom ax&0g'Ak'<bmomrSonf
,Ofaus;r_ESifh,k=H unfukd;uG,fr_qkdif&m "avhxkH;pHrsm;/ pepfrsm;zGH@òz;wnfwHvmonfrSm/ ,ae@wdkif ckdfifckdifrmrm
h
wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? tdrfeD;csif;xdif;EdkifiH/ vmtdkESifhurfabm'D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;
k
wrf;t& rsm;pGmeD;pyfr_&Sd aom EdkifiHwckjzpfonf? tpOftqufrif;aejynfawmfrsm; jzpfaom yk*H/ awmifil/
tif;0/ ukef;abmif tp&Sd onfh rif;qufrsm;wGif jrefrmwkd@. ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;=oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;onf
a'otdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;odk@ jyef‹ESH@cJh+yD;/ taemufwkdif;ukefonfrsm;ESifh a=u;pm;ppfwyfrsm;uyif cef@nm;av;
pm;cJh=u&onf? (19) &mpkESpf twGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd t*Fvdyfwkd@u tqifhqifhe,fcsJ@odrf;ykdufcJh+yD;onfh
aemufykdif;wGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;onf tdrfeD;csif;wkdif;jynfrsm;ESifh,SOfv#if omvGefwdk;wufaumif;rGefcJhonf?
qefpyg;wifydk@r_/ u|ef;opfESifh tjcm; ukef=urf;wifykd@ukefrsm;a&mif;csEkdifr_wGif jrefrmEkdifiHu omvGefcJhonf? vl@
t&if;tESD;u¾zufwGifvnf;/ jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;wGif xdyfqkH;wGif&SdcJh+yD;/ udvdeDacwfwif
k k
G
&&Sdonfh acwfynmoif=um;Edkifr_wGifvnf;/ vlenf;pktv$mtcsKd@om qnf;yl;avhvmEdkifcJhonf qdkaomfvnf;/
urBmESifh &ifaygifwef;EkdfifcJhonfhtqifhwGif&SdcJhonf?
atmufazmfjyyg Z,m; (1? 1) wGif jrefrmEdkifiH.EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@r_wefzdk;udk vlwOD;csif;jzifh Ed_if;,SOf
wGucsufazmjfyxm;&mwGif/ (1936-39) ckESpfrsm;wGif&SdchJaom jrefrmEkdifiH.vlwOD;csif; EdkifiHjcm;ykd@ukefESifhoGif;
f
ukefwefzdk;rsm;udk tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uonfh qkdif,rf (xkif;)/ e,fomvef tif'D;pf (tif'kdeD;&Sm;)/
d
tif'kdcsKdif;em; (AD,uferf)/ jAdwdo# rmvm,k (rav;&Sm;)/ tdENd,/ w&kwfEkdifiHwkd@ESifh E_dif;,SOfazmfjyxm;ygonf?
jrefrmwkd@. wefzkd;onf cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh tif'kdeD;&Sm;ESifh xkif;EkdifiHrsm;xuf ESpfq/ tif'kdcsKdif;em;xuf ok;q/
d
H
tdENd,xuf ajcmufq/ w&kwfEdkifiHxuf (25) qcef@ rsm;aeonfukd avhvmawG‹&SdEkdifayonf?
owWKESifh &mbm ponfh obm0 o,HZmwrsm;jzihf aygºu,f0aom/ vlOD;a&tm;jzifhvnf;enf;aom
jAdwdo#rmvm,kjynfe,fonf Tudef;*%ef;rsm;t&=unfhygu/ jrefrmEkdifiHxufpD;yGm;a&;u ydkwk;wufonf?
d
urBmpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh csdwfqufr_twkif;twmwGifvnf; omonf[k qdkEdkifonf? odk@aomfynma&;wd;wufr_
d
k
wGifum;/ jrefrmEdkifiHu tqrsm;pGmomcJhygonf? uvwWm;wuUodvf. tcGJ/ aumvdyfwcktjzpf &efukefaum
k
vdyfonf (20) &mpk rprDuyif/ pwifzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhygonf? (1920) ckESpfwGif/ &efukefwuUodvfay:xGef;cJh+yD; xdk
k
wuUodvfY tr_xrf;cJhaomynm&Sifrsm;rSm/ aemiftcgwGif urBmausmynm&Sifrsm; jzpfcJh=uygonf?
k
f
jrefrmEkdifiHonf 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;.'%fudk wkuf¶kdufcHpm;cJh&onfh jymykHb0rSyif/ ppf+yD;onfESifh&kef;
d
xGuEkdifcJh,Hkru/ (1950) ckESpfumvwGif ppf'%fukd rcHcJh&onfh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaom xkif;EkdifiH. pD;yGm;
f
d
a&;ESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mudef;*%ef;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGmruGmjcm;onfudk awG@&Sd&onf? okd@&mwGif ,if;aemufykdif;
(1950) rS (1995) ckESpfumvrsm;twGif; ,if;EkdifiHrsm;&Sd vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiGwefzkd;csif; E_dif;,SOfvkufonfh
d
tcg jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vsuf aemufususefcJhonfudk awG‹jrifEkdifavonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm;
udk yHk (1? 1) wGifjyxm;ygonf? xkumvtwGif;wGif vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiGonf xkif;EkdifiHwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.
d
d
(5) q/ tif'kdeD;¶Sm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. (2) q ponfhjzifh wk;wufcJaomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl rqkdpavmuf
d
h
om wk;wufcJhonfudk awG‹jrifEkdifavonf? yHk (1? 1) wGif tjcm;xif¶Sm;onftcsufrSm vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiG
d
h
13

18. wk;wufr_E_ef;onf (1950-65) umvrsm;twGif; rsm;pGmuGmjcm;r_ r&Sdaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif rsm;pGmuGm
d
jcm;cJhonfukd awG‹jrifEkdifavonf?
Z,m; (1? 1) ta¶S‹awmiftm&SESifh tdENd,/ w&kwfEdkifiHrsm;. EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_wGif vlwOD;csif;pD.ysrf;r#
wefzkd; (1936-39 ESpfrsm;twGif;ESpfpOfysrf;r#wefzdk;udk tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifhwGucsufxm;jcif; jzpfonf?)
f
jynfyydk@ukef
(tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifh)
12 ²65
5 ²10
6 ²70
4 ²05
75 ²55
2 ²00
0 ²40
jrefrmEdkifiH
qdif,rf
k
e,fomvef tif'D;pf
tif'dkcsKdif;em;
+Adwdo#rmvm,k
tdENd,
w&kwf
jynfwGif;wifoGif;ukef
(tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifh)
5 ²60
3 ²55
4 ²00
2 ²60
63 ²00
1 ²60
1 ²70
rl&if;? J.R. Andrus, Burmese Economic life, Stanford University Press, 1947.
yHk (1? 1) vlwOD;csif;0ifaiGajymif;vJwk;wufvmr_jyyHk
d
Figure 1.1. Changes in Per Capita Income
4000
3500
3000
Burma
Indonesia
2500
Philippines
Thailand
2000
Malaysia
1500
1000
500
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
rl&if;? Various issues of World Tables, World Bank and authors' estimate.
aemufa=umif;jyef=unf&aomf/ (1950) ckESpfrS (1962) ckESpfumvrsm;onf ppf+yD;acwfjrefrmEdkifiH
h
twGuf ‘a¶$acwf’ [k wifpm;Ekdifavonf? uk&D;,m;ppfyGJ+yD;qkH;oGm;I ppfa=umifhaps;jrifhwufaeaom qef
d
aps; usqif;oGm;ojzifh/ &SpfESpf=umaqmif&GufcJaom ‘jynfawmfompDrHudef;’. jrifhrm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;
h
udrjynfhrDEdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;/ v,f,mu¾ESifh pufr_u¾udk rsm;pGm zGH@òz;wd;wufap
k
k
cJhygonf?
14

19. (1962) ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrSwdif;jynftm%mudkodrf;ydkufcJ+h yD;aemufydkif;wGif ygvDreftpdk;&ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&
k
onf? aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHudk uyfysuftwGif; usqif;apcJhaom ‘jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qdk&S,fvpfpepf’
udk pwifusifhoHk;cJhonf? trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk tpGef;a&mufonftaetxm;txd a&S@wef;wifcJh+yD;/ yk*~vdu
h
aps;qdkifi,frsm;txdukdyg jynfolydkifodrf;cJhonf? jynfwGif;&Sdxkwfvyfa&;u¾rsm;udk odrf;usKH; aygif;pnf;cJh+yD;/
k
Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;udkwif;usyfpGm csKyfudkifaqmif&GufcJonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;ESifh
h
ukefoG,fa&;rSmusqif;cJh&onf? wenf;azmfjy&v#if ajratmufpD;yGm;a&;tjzpfikwfv#Kd;oGm;cJh&onf? jynfol
trsm;. rauseyfr_rsm;aemufqHk;pk&Hk;vmum (1988) ckESpfwGif jynfvkH;u|wfqENjyyGJrsm;ay:aygufcJhonf? xdk
qENjyyGJrsm;udk ppftpdk;&opfu jyif;jyif;xefxefòzcGJacsr_ef;cJh+yD;/ rdrdbmomzGJ@pnf;aom EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_
wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) tpdk;&jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf? qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk pGef@v$wcJh+yD;/ aps;uGupD;yGm;a&;
f
f
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumod@k wHcg;zGifhvGwvyfcGifhay;aom rl0g'rsm;udk usifoHk;rnf[k xkwfjyefa=ujimcJh
f
h
onf? aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;acwfopf wckpwifvmcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tae&mwGifowdðy&eftcsufrSm
tpdk;&taejzifh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf. u¾tawmfrsm;rsm;udk csKyfudifxm;qJjzpfonf? vGwf
k
vyfpGm wHcg;zGifh aqmif&GufcGifhðyonf qdkonfrSmvnf; tcsKd@oD;oef@u¾rsm;wGifomjzpfonf? ppftpdk;&
taejzifh wdkuf&dkuf odk@r[kwfoG,f0dkufI wenf;wzHkqufpyfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;onf
om TtusKd;ouf a&mufr_udk cHpm;=u&onf? ‘vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGGg;a&;pepf’[lI trsm;u jrifxm;
aom t"dy`g,fESifh rsm;pGm uGmjcm;onf? jrefrmppftpdk;&taejzifh oabmaygufxm;onfrSm rdrdwd@k vdtyf
k
ovdk wpdwfwydkif;vGwfvyfcGifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ ‚if;wdk@tzGJ@tpnf;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf ydkrdktusKd;&SdapEdkif+yD;/
,cifusifoHk;cJhaom wif;usyfonfh qdk&S,fvpfpepfxuf EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh/ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;ESifh
h
yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&Sdaom yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;u ydkI tusKd;jzpfapEdkifonf [lIjzpfonf?
qdk&S,fvpf0g'usifhoH;r_udkpGef@v$wfcJjh cif;ESifh EdkifiHwumaps;uGufESifhwpdwfwydkif;wHcg;zGifhcJhjcif;twGuf
k
csufcsif;yif &vmaomtusKd;tjrwfukdwc% cHpm;cJh=u&onf? EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefrsm;wdk;wufvmapcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH&yf
jcm;rS &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vnf; pwif 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? ,ckumvwGifawmh tajctaerSefudodvmaom
k
a=umifh vGifhys,foGm;=u+yD jzpfonf? Todk@&&Sdvmaom0ifaiGrsm;udk ppfwyftwGuom trsm;qHk;toH;ðycJh
f
k
onf? EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrsm;ESifh ay;qyf&ef&Sdaeaom twd;rsm;u ydkIjrifhrm;vmaecJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;rSc&D;oGm;
k
rsm;udk qGJaqmif&ef t"du&nf&G,fcsujf zifh ‘jrefrmhc&D;oGm;ESpf’udk aysmfyGJ&$ifyGJrsm;jzifh tpðycJhaomfvnf;/
aemufydkif;wGif ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&onf? rkwWryifv,fauG@rS xdif;EdkifiHod@k wifydk@aeaom obm0"gwfaiG@
k
a&mif;csr_rS&aeaom EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGom&Sdawmh+yD;/ T0ifaiGa=umifh ppftpdk;&. tajccHpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk
atmifjrifapaom tajctaetxd ray;Edkifyg? xdk@tjyif Tod@k obm0"gwfaiGydk@aeaom ydkufvkif;rSmvnf;/
d
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ obm00ef;usifysufoOf;&r_rsm;a=umifh jiif;ckefzG,f&m jzpfae&onf? xdk@tjyif
k
tpdk;&taejzifh jynfoltrsm;. &efykHaiGrsm;udvnf; ðyef;wD;apcJhonf? aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;rSm w[kefxdk;
k
jrifhwufae+yD;/ jyify aygufaps;wGifusyfaiGaps;E_ef;on/f (1994) wGif&Sdaeaom jyifyaygufaps;ESifh,SOfv#if (300)
&mcdkifE_ef;txd usqif;cJh&onf? rdrdwd@k . vHðk cHr_udkom &nfoefI/ ppfwyfudvnf; wyfom;tiftm; (5) odef;
k
txdwk;jr‡ifhjcif;jzifh/ ppfwyfudxlaxmif&onfh p&dwf/ tukeftuscH&onfoHk;aiGrSmvnf; txl;jrifhrm;vmcJhyg
d
k
h
onf?
aemufydkif;pmrsufESmrsm;wGif twdwumvuºuif;usefcJh&aom ordkif;qdkif&mtajccHtcsufrsm;ESifh
f
xdumvrsm;twGif; jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;tajctaerS oifcef;pmxkwfE_wf,lzG,fudpPrsm;udk wifjyoGm;rnfjzpf
k
ygonf?
15

20. ºuif;usef&pfaom twdwf.tarG
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
udvdeDacwfumv
k k
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& vufxuf (1958-62)
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (1962-88)
(e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxuf
xd@k aemufydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckvH;tay: taxGaxGokH;oyfcsufESifh tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmuf
k
xm;yHkudk qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfonf? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf rdrdwdk@.&_jrifoHk;oyfcsufESifh r[m
AsL[mrsm;udk u¾tvduf aemufydkif;wGif/ qufvufazmfjyaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf?
k
tem*wftwGuf &_jrifoHk;oyfcsufESifh r[mAsL[m
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾
pufr_u¾
obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh obm00ef;usif
EdkifiHwum ukefoG,fa&;
b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;
qif;&JrGJawr_ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_
ynma&;u¾
tajccHtaqmuftOD
tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m pepfrsm; wdk@jzpfygonf?
t"duOD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;/ jyemrsm;ESifh vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&mwGif ñuH
awG@&rnfjh yemrsm;udk rdrdwdk@t=uHðycsufrsm;wGif vufawG@tajctaeESifhtnD tav;ay;wifjyxm;yg
onf? aemufqHk;u¾wGif Tr[mAsL[mESifh tjriftqdkðycsuftay: tjiif;yGm;Edkifaomtcsufrsm;ESifh tjcm;
qufvufaqG;aEG;ap&ef wdkufwGef;csufrsm;udkyg aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
ºuif;usef&pfaom twdwf.tarG
udkvdeDacwfumv
k
(1998) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhonfrSm ESpfig;q,fjynf+h yDjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf;
0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;aomtcsufrSm pD;yGm;a&;pepf.tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;onf udkvdkeDpepfumv
twGif;u c|if;csefxm;&pfaom tarGrsm;twdif; obm0tm;jzifh rajymif;rvJ/ rwdk;wufbJ usef&Sdaeao;
k
aom tcsufyif jzpfygonf? tajccHukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_tay:wGif rSDcdkae&aomtajctaerSm
vnf; rajymif;rvJ wnf&Sdae+yD;/ vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;pkrSmvnf; v,f,mvkyfief;u¾tay:wGif tajcðy
ae&aomtcsKd;rSm ododomomajymif;vJvmjcif; r&Sdao;yg? trSefpifppfwGif wdkif;jynfwck.pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;
pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_udk azmfjy&mwGif/ tajccHukef=urf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkifaomyrm%jzifh wdif;wmazmfjy&rnf
k
qdkonfrSm tvGefqdk;&Gm;aom udpP jzpfygonf? tjcm;aomEdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&SdEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;vnf;
&Sm=uHzefwD;EdkifcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? ukef=urf;udk ukefacsmtjzpf ajymif;vJxwfvkyfEdkifjcif; r&SdbJ/ ukef=urf;a&mif;ol
k
b0ESifh tjrJwrf;wnf&SdaeonfrSm vufcHEdkifp&m r&Sdyg? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHwcktwGuf r#waom/
a&&SnfwnfwHhaomzGH@òz;r_udk jzpfay:wdk;wufvmap&ef twGu/f tajccHukef=urf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@jcif;
udk ,m,D ckwkef;tjzpftoHk;ðyonfqdkv#if c%wmjzpfEdkif ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; ,ckjzpfaeaom tae
16

21. txm;onf udvdkeDtpdk;&vufxufuusifhoH;cJhaom pepfqdk;. tarGºuif;usef&pfaeqJjzpf+yD;/ eufeuf&d_if;
k
k
&d_if;tjrpfwG,aeygao;onf? xd@k tjyifa&&Snfudkr=unfhaom tjrifwdr_ESifh wm0efcHr_r&Sdaom rl0g'rsm;
f
k
a=umifh TuJhod@k jzpfae&jcif;jzpfygonf? aemuftcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfudk qufvufaqG;aEG; azmfjyoGm;yg
rnf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +Adwdo#udkvdeDtpdk;&taejzifhusifhoH;cJhaom rl0g'rSm EdkifiHudk urBmpD;yGm;a&;aps;uGuf
k
k
ESifh wHcg;zGifhawG@qHkapcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ ndEd_if;aqG;aEG;jcif; ðyEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ/ w&GwfwkufqGJac: wHcg;zGifhapcJhjcif; jzpfyg
‡
d
onf? Tae&mwGif ,ckumvtif'dkeD;&Sm;/ AD,uferfEdkifiHa'orsm;wGif 'wfrsm;/ jyifopfrsm;.udvdeDðy aqmif
k k
&GufyHk rl0g'rsm;ESifhvnf; jcm;em;&Hkr#ru/ +Adwdo#uyif udvdkeDðycJhaom ,ckrav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif aqmif&GufcJyHkESifh
k
h
vnf; jcm;em;aeygao;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh +Adwdo#rmvm,ku|ef;qG,fwif udvdkeDtpdk;&u a'ocHrsm;.
G
k
tm%mydkifr_udk *&kwpdkufqufvuftodrSwfðyxm;cJh+yD;/ rav;&Sm;apmfbGm;rsm;vufod@k ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk
tyfESHcJhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh O,smOfjcHpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;ESifh owWKwGif;wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiH
wumaps;uGuf tiftm;pkrsm;. zdtm;udk=um;cHxm;ay;EdkifcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a*stufpf-zmeDA,f (J.S. Furnivall) axmufjycJhovd/k vH;0aps;uGufvufokd@yHktyfaom vpfZDzJ,m; (laissezk
faire) rl0g'rsm;twdif; taumiftxnf azmfcJh=uygonf?
k
xif&Sm;I rSwfom;p&maumif;aomtcsufrSm +Adwdo#wdk@tkyfcsKyfaomudkvdeD atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk
k
EdkifiHwumaps;uGuodk@ (1852) ckESpfwGif/ wHcg;zGifhay;cJh+yD;aemuf/ yGifhvef;vmcJhaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk
f
txufjrefrmjynf&Sd jrefrmrsm;wk@H jyefaqmif&Guf=uyHkyif jzpfygonf? xdtcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwckvH;onf
k
k
+Adwdo#vufatmuf rusa&mufao;bJ/ (1885) ckESpfa&mufrSom wEdkifiHvHk;udk odrf;ydkufcJjh cif;jzpfygonf?
(1869) ckESpfwGif pl;tufw;ajrmif;zGifhvSpf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tdENd,/ ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'orsm;ESifh Oa&my
l
ul;vl;qufqHr_ydkIvG,fuvm+yD;/ ydkrdkeD;pyfvmapcJhygonf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oudk udkvdeDodrf;ydkufcJh+yD;
l
k
aemufydkif;wGif urBmhpD;yGGg;a&;aps;uGufokd@ qefa&mif;csaompD;yGm;a&;aphaqmfr_a=umifh txufjrefrmjynfrS
v,form;trsm;tjym; {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:od@k ajymif;a&$@tajccsvm=uygonf? olwkd@.vufrsm;jzifhyif
EGHawmrsm;/ opfawmrsm;udk ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;um v,fwDxGifcJh=uygonf? q,fpkESpfwcktwGif;rSmyif qefpyg;
wifydk@r_odoomom wd;wufvm+yD;/ wESpfv#if yHkrSef qefwefcsdef (3) oef;wifydk@Edkifaom taetxm;a&muf
d
k
cJhygonf? (1930) ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;a&mufaomtcg pyg;a&mif;&aiGonf a':vm oef; (80) cef@&&Sdae+yD jzpf
onf? xdtcsdefu xdif;EdkifiH.qefwifydk@r_rSm Tyrm%.w0ufcef@om&Sdygonf? 1
k
k
u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwvkyfaom opfawmu¾onfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sdap
f
aomvkyfief;wck jzpfygonf? +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;uom opfxkwfvyf=uaomfvnf;/ udvdkeDtpdk;&taejzifh
k
k
“a&&Snftrsm;qHk;xkwvkyfEdkifrnfE_ef;”2 twdif;&&Sdap&ef opfawmxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;pnf;urf;rsm;udk
f
h
k
wif;wif;usyfusyf csrSwfaqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm opfawmrsm;ckwfvSJaeaomyrm%tvduf/
k
opfyifrsm;jyefvnfpdkufysKd;jcif;/ opfawmysKd;cif;rsm;pdkufjcif;udk jyefjznfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjrJwrf;xkwfvyfoGm;Edkif
k
&ef &nf&G,f&if;jzpfygonf? rnfonftyifudk ckwfvSJcGifh&Sdonf? oufwrf;rnfr#wGif xkwfvJ&rnf? ponfwdk@
h
S
udk pepfwusOya'jyXmef;+yD;/ u|rf;usifI tawG@tñuH&Sdaomynm&Sifrsm;udk opfawmXmersm;wGif cef@tyf
wm0efay;apcdkif;cJhygonf? (1940) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@aomopfyrm%onf wefcsdef (225000) &Sd+yD;/
wefzdk;tm;jzifh a':vm (10) oef;cef@&Sdygonf? tjcm;opfrmrsm;a&mif;cs&aomaiGrSm aemufxyfa':vm (2)
oef;cef@&Sdygonf?
xd@k tjyifa&eHudvnf; &SmazGazmfxkwcJh+yD;/ (1939-40) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;aiG a':vm (55) oef;&&Sd
k
f
ap&ef wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifcJhygonf? cJ/ 0lz&ef/ oHjzLponfhwGif;xGufrsm; a&mif;cs&aiGrS a':vm (18) oef;&&SdcJhyg
onf? xdtcsdefu EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefrsm;rS&&Sdaom0ifaiGrSm (1939-40) wGif pkpkaygif; a':vm (173) oef;
k
1
2
J. C. Ingram, Economic Changes in Thailand 1850-1970. Oxford University Press, 1971.
maximum sustained yield
17

22. &SdcJh+yD;/ trsm;pkrSm tajccHydk@ukefrsm;rS jzpfygonf? Tyrm%rSm tHh=oav;pm;zG,faumif;vSygonf? (Z,m; 1?
2 udk=unfhyg? )
Z,m; (1? 2) EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukefrsm;rS&aiG yrm%wefzdk; (1939-40) (tar&duefa':vm axmifaygif;)
pkpkaygif; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;
qefESifh qefxGufypPnf;
u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrm
cJ/ 0lz&efESifh oHjzL
a&eHxGufypPnf;
rl&if;? Andrus, 1947.
172937
81149
11919
18081
55492
xdtcsdefwGifyif jrefrmEdkifiH&SdrD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udkazmufvkyfcJhonf? jrefrmhrD;&xm;.wm0efrSm Tod@k
k
yrm%}uD;rm;aom tajccHxkwfuefrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkif&eftwGuf qdyfurf;rsm;od@k ta&mufydk@Edkifa&;yif
k
jzpfonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;taejzifh ajrmuf-awmifudkoG,wef;xm;=u+yD;/ ta&S@-taemufqufpyfxm;r_ r&Sd
f
oavmufyifjzpfonf? &xm;vrf;pepfrsm;rSmvnf; vspfvsLðyxm;cH&onf[k ajymv#if&Edkifonf? òr@aygif;
(100) ausmfwif v#yfppf"gwftm;&&SdoH;pGJEdkifcJhonf?
G
k
qef}udwcGJjcif;/ a&eHoef@pifcsufvkyfjcif;ESifh tajccHukef=urf;rsm;udxkwvkyfðyjyifay;aompuf&HktcsKd@
f
k f
rSvGv#if/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftjcm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rxGef;um;oavmuf&SdcJhonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_rwdifrDu &SdcJh
J
k
aom rd&dk;zvmvufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief;rSmvnf; vHk;0okwoif z,f&Sm;cHvduf&onf? aus;vufaerdom;pk
f
k
rsm;taejzifhv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udkom t"duxm;vkyfudifvmcJh+yD;/ rdrdpm;oH;r_twGufvnf;aumif;/
k
k
òr#jyrsm;ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sdaps;uGufrsm;od@k wifydk@a&mif;cs&eftwGuf xkwfvkyfpdkufysKd;=uonf?
acwfopfynma&;pepfudk pwifcJhaomfvnf;/ vltenf;pk oD;oef@vlwpktwGuomoif=um;EdkifcGifh&Sd
f
cJhonf? (1920) ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodvfudkwnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mav;pm;avmufaomXme
k
wcktjzpf zGH@òz;vmcJhonf? xdktcsdefu &efukefwuUodkvfonfta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif taumif;qHk;
wuUodvfwcktjzpf wnf&SdcJhonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSpmvmoif=uaomygarmuQrsm;wGif ynm&yfydkifqdkif&mt&
k
xif&Sm;ausm=f um;oltrsm;tjym; &efukefwuUodkvfwif vma&mufvkyfudkifcJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@.ausmif;om;
G
rsm;taejzifh òr@jytkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Oya'a&;&mpDrHcef@cGJa&;Xmersm;wGifvnf;aumif;
tvkyf0if=uonf? ‚if;ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;umv&efukefwuUodvfwif q&mrsm;/
k G
0efxrf;rsm;jyefjzpfvm=uonf?
Tod@k atmifjrifr_rsm;&&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;onf rw&m;rr#wr_rsm;/
wef;wl&nfwlr&Sdaom vlr_qufqHa&;rsm; w&m;ud,fuyifygvmaoma=umifh/ aemufqufwJqdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh
k
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qHk;&_H;epfem&r_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:apcJhonf? rdrdwd@k avhvmawG@&Sdcsuft& jynfwGif;odk@jyefvnfwifydk@vmaom
ukefrsm;rSm/ EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukefwefzdk;. w0ufr#om&SdcJhonf? Tonfud=k unfjh cif;tm;jzifh t&if;tESD;rsm;
twGuay;&aomtwdk;aiGrsm;/ tjrwftpGef;rsm; rdcifEdkifiHod@k om jyefoGm;=u+yD;/ tajccHxkwukefvkyfief;rsm;
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udk wd;wufap&efvdtyfaomt&if;tESD;rsm;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;twGuf vdtyfoavmuf vkyfaqmif
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cJhjcif;udk tav;ray;cJha=umif; awG@&onf? a'ocHjrefrmjynfoltrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif v,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾Yom yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif=uonf? u|rf;usifr_rvdtyfaomtvkyfrsm;jzpfonfh qef}udwfpuf
k
vkyfom;rsm;/ qdyfurf;ukefwifukefcsvkyfom;rsm;wGifyif tdENd,rSwifoGif;vmaom vkyfom;rsm;udk toHk;ðycJh
=uonf? u|rf;usifr_vdtyfaomvkyfom;rsm;ae&mwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rSm tpdk;&Xme
k
rsm;. ti,fwef;t&m&Sdae&mrsm;ESifh u|rf;usifolae&mrsm;avmufom &SdcJhonf? v,f,mvkyfief;twGuf
vdtyfaom aiGa=u;yHhydk;ay;jcif;udk tdENd,EdkifiHawmifydkif;rSvma&muftajccsaom cspfwD;aiGwd;acs;pm;olrsm;
k
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uom t"duaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? aiGacs;&mwGifvnf; ajraygifcHIomaiGacs;onf? urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;
qdkufI jrefrmEdkifiHodk@&dkufcwfvmaomaomtcg/ tusKd;qufrSmqdk;&Gm;vSonf? aºu; rqyfEdkifaomawmifol
18

23. v,form;rsm;. ajrtrsm;tjym; cspfwD;rsm;.vufwGif;odk@ usa&mufqHk;&_H;cJh=u&onf? q&mpHOD;aqmifaom
v,form;olykefxr_}uD; (1930-32) umvrsm;wGif jzpfvmcJh&+yD;/ udvdkeDtpdk;&u &ufpufpGmacsr_ef;cJhonf?
k
udvdeDpepf. t}uD;rm;qHk;aom raumif;onfhaemufqufwJGtusKd;quf[k qdkEdkifaomudpPrSm
k k
(jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdynm&Sifrsm;omru/ omrefjynfolrsm;tm;vHk;) EdkifiHwumukefoG,a&;tay: r,H=k unfjcif;ESifh
f
oHo,0ifcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufa=umifhyif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vGwvyfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpwifI
f
tqufqufaomtpdk;&rsm;onf jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;udkuef@owfxm;&efESifh urBmhaps;uGua=umifhjzpfay:vm
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rnf&dkufcwfr_rsm;udk Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh vHðk cHr_/ umuG,fay;Edkif&ef pOf;pm;r_rsKd;jzifhaqmif&GufapcJh=uyHk&
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onf? xdodk@aqmif&GufcJaom rl0g'rsm;.tusKd;qufa=umifh wdif;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk rsm;pGm wkH@
k
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aES;ap&Hkomru/ jynfolrsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef;vnf; edrfhuscJh&onf? txl;ojzifh wdif;jynf.vlrsm;pk}uD;
k
jzpfaom qefpdkufoawmifol v,form;rsm;taejzifh ydkIepfemcJh&onf?
l
vGwfvyfa&;umvESifh ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk&tkyfcsKyfa&; (1948-62)
'kwd,urBmppfa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;tjym; ysufpD;qHk;&_H;cJh&onf? jrefrmEdkifiH
taejzifh ppfyGJudk (2) }udrfñuHcJh&onf? (1942) *syef0ifvm+yD; +Adwdo#rsm;udtdENd,odk@ armif;xkwfpOfu
k
w}udrf/ (1944-45) r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;0ifvmpOfu w}udrfjzpfonf? jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;
taejzifh ppfyGJ (2) }udrfvH;wGif yg0ifwdufcdkufqifE$JcJh=uonf? yxrydkif;wGif *syefwd@k ESifhtwlwdkufcJ+h yD;/ aemuf
k
k
ydkif;wGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifhtwl&yfwnfcJh=uonf? ydkIqdk;&Gm;apaomta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvGwvyfa&;
f
&+yD; rsm;r=umrDrSmyif/ t,l0g'a&;twGuaomfvnf;aumif;/ wdif;&if;om;ta&;twGuaomfvnf;aumif;
f
k
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&nf&G,faom a&mifpHkolykefxr_rsm;ESifh ñuHcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? TtusKd;qufrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;u¾wGifrnfod@k
rnfyHk&dkufcwfcJhonfudk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;jzifh Z,m; (1? 3) wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf? TZ,m;rSm (1938-39)
tajctaeudk (100) tjzpf tajcðyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
Z,m; (1? 3) jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;tajctae (1947-52)
1947-48
1949-50
1951-52
jynfwGif; pkpkaygif;
72
61
74
xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD)
vlwOD;csif;tvdkuf jynfwGif;
66
55
64
pkpkaygif; xGufukefwefzdk; 3
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS xkwfvkyfr_
77
65
75
rl&if;? Walinsky, Economic Development of Burma 1951-1960. New York: The Twentieth Century
Fund, 1962.
xdtwGua=umifh xkwfvkyfEdkifr_rSm ppfóuacwfumv. (av;yHkoHk;yHk) om&Sdawmh+yD;/ vlwOD;csif;
k
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tvdufxwfvkyfEdkifr_E_ef;rSm (oH;yHkESpfyHk) r#om&Sdygawmhonf? ta=umif;rSm vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmaoma=umifhjzpf
k k
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ygonf? wdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wGif t"duxkwfukef (3) rsKd;jzpfaom qefpyg;/ u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwf
k
vkyfEdkifr_tajctaerSm pkpkaygif;!$ef;udef;rsm; (Aggregated Indeces) jzifhaygif;I jyoygu ydkIqdk;&Gm;pGmedrfh
uscJygonf?
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vGwvyfcgp jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ wdkif;jynfwnfaxmifolzcif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if tjcm;aom
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vkyfazmfukifzufacgif;aqmifrsm;vkyf=uHcH&I/ usqHk;cJh&aoma=umifh rsm;pGmqHk;&_H;epfemcJh&ygonf? xdvkyf=uHcH&
d
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aomtcsdefonf wdif;jynfvwfvyfa&;r&rD (6) vtvdk tcsdefjzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;Ek.OD;aqmifr_
k
G
3
GDP per Capita
19

24. atmufwGif tpdk;&opfudkzGJ@I &J&ifhpGmvSrf;EdkifcJh=uygonf? vufiif;ta&;ay:aeaom a&mifpHkolykefxr_
jyemudkxdef;odrf;Edkifonftcg wdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;zufodk@jyefI OD;vSnhvmEdkifygonf?
h
k
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wdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pepf. zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;umvaemufydkif;wGif
k
tajccHususajymif;vJcJhygonf? pdkufysKd;Edkifaomv,fajrrsm;udk jynfoydkifodrf;ydkufcJ+h yD;aemuf/ v,form;rsm;
l
xHok@d jyefvnfcGJa0ay;cJhygonf? vlwOD;v#if trsm;qHk; (10) {utxdowfrSwfI cGJa0ay;cJhygonf? jynfy
ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rl0g'rsm;/ vpmxkway;aomE_ef;xm;rsm;udkvnf; jyifqifowfrSwfcJhygonf?
f
,cifudvdkeDtpdk;&vufxufupI usifoHk;vmcJhaomvGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;tay:wGif tpdk;&topfu
k
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tcGefE_ef;xm;rsm; tenf;i,fwdk;I aumufcHcJhygonf? (1937) ckESpfwdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifoH;pGJaeaom
k
aiGa=u;rSm tdENd,&lyD;udk tajccHIoHk;pGJygonf? aemufydkif;wGif ppfrjzpfrDumvtxd jrefrmaiGa=u;jzifh tpm;
xd;cJh+yD;/ w&lyD;ESifh nDr#aomaiGa=u;udk jyefvnf&dkufESdyfoH;pGJcJhygonf? xdk@twGua=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &SdaecJh
k
k
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aomaiGa=u;pepfrSm (100) &mcdkifE_ef;tjynfh EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;ESifhvJv,fokH;pGJEdkifaomaiGjzpfcJhygonf? vGwvyf
S
f
a&;&+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&u EdkifiHawmfA[dkb%fudxlaxmifcJh+yD;/ tpdk;&.vdaiGjyr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef
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aiGa=u;rsm; &dkufESdyfoH;pGJcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; vdtyfonfhtaetxm;t& +Adwdo# aygifpwmvifaiGESifh
k
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csdwfqufxm;aomaiGvJE_ef;udk toH;ðycJhygonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJv,fr_udk wif;usyfpGmxdef;csKyfxm;cJh+yD;/
k
S
jynfwif;od@k wifoGif; aomukefrsm;twGuvnf; oGif;ukefvdkifpifpepfjzifh uef@owfxm;cJhygonf? Tenf;tm;
G
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jzifh jynfwif;odk@wif oGif;vmaomukefrsm;. EdkifiHwumaygufaps;ESifh jynfwGif;aygufaps;udk tqufjzwfxm;
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+yD;/ uGmjcm;aeapcJhygonf?
jynfyod@k wifydk@r_wGif/ qefwifydk@r_ESifh u|ef;opfwifydk@r_udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uvuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;cJhyg
onf? EdkifiHawmf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJ@ (SAMB) udzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ v,form;rsm;xHrSpyg;udk jyify
k
aygufaps;xufedrfhaom/ owfrSwfxm;aomaps;E_ef;jzifh 0,f,lcJhygonf? xdk@tjyifjynfwif;odk@ukefwifoGif;cGifh
G
udk cGifhðycsufvdifpifcsay;aompepfjzifh csKyfudifxm;aoma=umifh/ jynfwif;odk@wifoGif;vmaomvloH;ukefypPnf;
k
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rsm;rSm EdkifiHwumaygufaps;xufydkI jrifhaeygonf? xdtwGufa=umifh jynfwif;wGifpdkufysKd;xkwfvyfaeolrsm;
k
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.0ifaiGrSm Ed_if;,SOfcsuftm;jzifh tvsiftjrefyif usqif;vmcJh+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfoDESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@odk@
a&mif;cs=u&rnfh tydkoD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyf&ef/ rufvkH;aphaqmfr_rsm;vnf; usqif;vmygonf? xdk@tjyif
qefaygufaps;rSm EdkifiHwumaygufaps;xufavsmhenf;aeaoma=umifh jynfwif;wGif0,f,lpm;oHk;r_ ydkIrsm;vm
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onfESifhtr#/ EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@Edkifaomqefyrm%rSm ydkIydkIavsmhenf;vm&ygonf? EdkifiHwumaps;uGufayguf
aps;ESifh jynfwGif;aygufaps;t=um;uGm[aeaom aps;E_ef;u/ jynfyodk@wifydk@aomqefwwef. tjrwftpGef;udk
qHk;jzwfay;ygonf? Todk@qefwqefv#if&&SdaomtjrwfaiGESifh EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@aomqefwefcsdefudk ajr‡mufygu
&&Sdrnfyrm%onf/ EdkifiHawmfoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@. 0ifaiGyifjzpfygonf? qef}udwcGJp&dwf/ xdef;odrf;
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ydk@aqmifp&dwf/ odavSmif&Hkp&dwfrsm;E_wfvkufygu usefaeaomtjrwfaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&b¾maiGxJok@d v$J
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ajymif;ay;=uygonf? TaiGonfom tpdk;&.t"du0ifaiGjzpfygonf?
ygvDreftpdk;&vufxuf pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_a,bk,stajctaeudk Z,m; (1? 4) wGifazmfjy
xm;aom (1951-52) aumfvHESifh (1959-60) aumfvHwdk@t=um; Ed_if;,SOf=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh odomEdkifygonf?
xd@k tjyif (1959-60) tajctaeESifh (1938-39) tajctaeudvnf; Ed_if;,SOf=unfapvdkygonf? yxrEd_if;,SOf
k
h
csufwif=unfhrnfqdkv#if pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpGrf;aqmifr_rSm tm;&txif}uD;p&myifjzpfygonf? wdif;jynf.pkpk
G
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aygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) taejzifh (40) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfjrifhwufvmcJh+yD;/ vlwOD;csif;twdkif;twmESifh *sD'DyD/
pdkufysKd;a&;xkwukef xkwvkyfr_ESifh pyg;txGufrSm (oH;yHkwyHk) wdk;wufvmcJhygonf? u|ef;opfESifhtjcm;opfrm
f
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xkwvkyfr_wGifvnf; ododomomwd;wufcJhygonf? u|ef;opfxkwfvyfr_wGif ESpfqausmfwd;wufvmcJhygonf?
f
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qefpyg;EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wGifvnf; ta&twGuyrm%t&=unfrnfqdkv#if/ ESpfq&SdvmcJhygonf?
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od@k aomfvnf; (1938-39) tajctaeESifh Ed_if;,SOf=unfhrnfqdkygu/ pD;yGm;a&;t&pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rSm
pdwfysufzG,f&myif jzpfygonf? pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) onf (7) &mcdkifE_ef;omjrifhwufvmcJh
f
+yD;/ pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS xkwvkyfr_rSmvnf; jyefvnfemvHxlvmaom tajctaejzpfygonf? vlwOD;csif;pDtae
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20

25. jzifh (*sD'DyD) rSmvnf; ppfóuacwfumvtajctae. atmufwGif&Sdaeygonf? tjcm;opfrmxkwfvkyfr_wGifom
ppfóuacwfumvxuf (20) &mcdkifE_ef;ausm&Hk/ ydkrsm;ygonf? pkpkaygif;tom;wift&if;tESD;pkaqmif;vmr_rSm
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ta&;}uD;onfESifhtr#/ pkpkaygif;t&if;pkaqmif;rdvmr_rSm jynfwGif;xGuukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . (20) &mcdkifE_ef;r#
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om&Sdaoma=umifh/ vsmxm;csuftwdif;rpGrf;aqmifEdkifaom taetxm;udk ydkIcHpm;rdapygonf? xdk@tjyif
k
xdumvwGif tawmftwefrsm;aom EdkifiHwumaxmufyHhulnDr_rsm;ESifh *syefEdkifiHxHrS&&Sdaom ppfavsmfa=u;
k
aiGrsm;vnf; wdif;jynf.b¾mtwGif;od@k pD;0ifvmcJhygonf?
k
TumvtwGif; ratmifjrifcJh&aomta=umif;. t"dutajccHtcsufrSm pdkufysKd;a&;u¾twGuf
rufvkH;aphaqmfr_ r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifhqefpyg;pdkufysKd;a&;wGifjzpf+yD;/ jynfywifydk@r_udk EdkifiHawmf
oD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@rS xdef;csKyfxm;ygonf? jynfwif;ukefwifydk@r_udvnf; vdifpifpepfjzifhxdef;csKyfxm;
G
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cJha=umif; a&S@ydkif;wGifazmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? tjcm;Ed_if;,SOfavhvmzG,faumif;aomtcsufrSm u|ef;opfESifh
u|ef;opfr[kwfaom tjcm;opfrmxkwfvkyfr_yif jzpfygonf? u|ef;opfxkwfvkyfa&;udk EdkifiHawmfopfvkyfief;
bkwftzGJ@u vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/ tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwfvyfr_udk yk*~vduu¾od@k vrf;zGifhay;xm;
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cJhygonf? Z,m; (1? 4) wGifazmfjyxm;onftwkif;/ u|ef;opfxkwfvyfr_rSm ppfóuacwfxkwfvkyfr_xuf avsmh
h d
k
enf;aomfvnf;/ tjcm;opfrmxkwfvyfr_rSm (20) &mcdkifE_ef;ydkI wd;wufcJhygonf?
k
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Z,m; (1? 4) t"duvloH;ukefypPnf;rsm;. pkpkaygif;!$ef;udef;rsm; (1938-60)
k
(Main Commodities Aggregate Indices, 1938-60)
1938-39
100
1951-52
74
1959-60
107
11
64
85
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ xkwfvkyfr_!$ef;udef;
108
75
100
pyg;xkwfvkyfr_ (wef&Snf oef;aygif;)
8² 05
5² 25
6² 92
453
141
333
u|ef;opfr[kwfaom opfxkwfvkyfr_ (ukAwef axmifaygif;)
502
349
611
qefEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ (wef&Snf oef;aygif;)
3² 3
1² 16
2² 1
*sD'DyD !$ef;udef;
(GDP Index)
vlwOD;csif;twGuf wGufaom*sD'DyD!$ef;udef;
(Per Capita GDP Index)
(Agricultural production Index)
(Paddy Production- million long tons)
u|ef;opfxkwfvkyfr_ (ukAwef axmifaygif;)
(Teak Production--thousand cubic tons)
(Non-Teak Production--thousand cubic tons)
(Rice Export --million long tons)
rl&if;? Walinsky.
xd@k tjyifpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfolrsm;taejzifh aps;E_ef;aumif;&r_tay:wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf=uyHkudk axmufcH
azmfjy&eftajctaew&yfrSm/ xdumvtwGif; pdkufysKd;xGufukefoD;ESHrsm; trsKd;tpm;csJ@xGifvmcJhjcif; jzpfyg
k
onf? tpdk;&.qnfa&ay;pDrHudef;rsm;u ulnDyHhydk;ay;cJhaoma=umifh (1959-60) wGif ajryJxkwvkyfr_onf
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ppfóuacwftajctaexuf (52) &mcdkifE_ef;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJh+yD;/ ESrf;xkwfvkyfr_rSm (47) &mcdkifE_ef;rsm;jym;
vmcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif=uHxufrSm (10) &mcdkifE_ef; wdk;wufcJhygonf?
G
od@k aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;rSpGrf;aqmifr_onf rsm;pGmnHhzsif;aom taetxm;rSom yg0ifcJh
ygonf? EdkifiHawmfaq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;puf&HkqdkonfrSmvnf; jynfyrSwifoGif;vmaomaq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk
ykvif;oGw&Hk/ xkwfydk;&Hktqifhom&SdcJhygonf? wefzdk;jr‡ifhwifap&efaqmif&Gufay;aom vkyfief;tenf;i,fr#om
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aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? oHr%dpuf&HkrSmvnf; t"dy`g,ftenf;i,fr#om&Sdygonf? csnfr#ifxkwfvyfief;ESifh
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txnfpufrsm;ud=k unfhygu wefzdk;ay;&r_ESifh jyef&aomtjrwftajctaeud=k unfygu Tpuf&Hkrsm;uyifydkI
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tvkyfjzpfonfukd awG@&ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tpuf&Hkrsm;udk nHzsif;pGm pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyfcJh=uygonf? jynfol
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trsm;.0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;. pDrHcef@cGJr_rSmvnf; pdwfysufp&maumif;avmufatmifnHhzsif;I t&_H;ESifhñuHcJh&
21

26. ygonf? Todk@nHhzsif;aompDrHcef@cGJr_,EW,m;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;omrubJ/ EdkifiHawmf aumufyJ
oD;ESH a&mif; 0,fa&;tzGJ@/ EdkifiHawmfopfxkwvkyfa&;bkwftzGJ@ ponfrsm;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? 4
f
ud&D;,m;ppfyGJumvqefrsm;wifydk@ae&+yD;/ aps;aumif;&r_a=umifh (1950) ckESpfqefydkif;umvrsm;wGif
k
EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;azmazmoDoD &SdaecJhygonf?Todk@0ifvmaomEdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;/ EdkifiHwumtaxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh
ppfavsmfa=u;aiGrsm;udk v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwvkyfa&;/ &xm;vrf;wdk;csJ@azmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
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tajccHtaqmuftODudpPrsm;twGuf tusKd;&SdpGmtoH;ðyEdkifcJhygonf? tpdk;&.pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif t}uD;pm;
k
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkItom;ay;cJh=uyg+yD;/ epfemqHk;&_H;&r_ jzpfapcJhygonf? tu,fITpGrf;tm;rsm;udk
yk*~vduu¾ vloH;ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSom &,ltoHk;ðycGifhðycJhrnfqdkygu/ ydkItjrwftpGef;rsm;rsm;
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&&SdapEdkifaom tajctaeudjk zpfapEdkifygonf?
xdumv'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&. tapmydkif;umvpD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm/ tjcm;aom vGwvyfvm=uonfh
k
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tm&SEdkifiHrsm;&Sd tajctaeESifhwyHkpHwnf; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tdENd,EdkifiHwGif uGef*&ufygwDacgif;aqmif
ae&l;.vufatmuf&Sdtajctae/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;&Sd qlumEdk.tajctae pojzifh twlwjl zpfygonf? xdtcsdefu
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xdacgif;aqmifrsm;pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uonfrSm +Adwdo#avbmygwD. tawG;tac:ynm&Sifacgif;aqmif [m&dk;vf'f
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vufpuD (Harold Laski) a&;om;onfh “ta&mtaESmpD;yGGg;a&;pepf”5 yHkpHrsKd; jzpfygonf? ‚if;.t,ltq
t&yk*~vduu¾rsm;udk vkyfydkifcGifhwpHkw&may;xm;aomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf. t"duarmif;ESiftm;udk EdkifiH
awmftpdk;&u¾rSom aqmif&Gufom;&efjzpfonf? Tt,ltqudvufcH=uaomynm&Siftrsm;pku v,fo
G
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rm;ESifh jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: odyfrpGrf;aqmifEdkif/ xdef;ausmif;ay;&rnf[k jrif=uonf? yxr
tcsufrSm wdif;jynf.zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_vdtyfcsuftwGuf twif;t=uyfpkaqmif;apcdkif;&rnf[k jrif+yD;/ aemuf
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wcsufrSm cGifhðyEdkifor#aomtwdif;twmtwGif; cGifhðyay;&rnf[kjrifonf? qdkvdonfrSm TtjrifwGif T
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v,form;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;&SdpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: oHo,tjrifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH&SdydkIvGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom/ aps;uGuftajccHusaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkusifoHk;&ef arS;rSdef
h
tm;enf;apaom tjcm;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? ‚if;rSm (1930) ckESpfu jzpfyGm;cJh&aom urBmh
pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;.&dkufcwfcH&r_/ udvdkeDpepf. cg;oD;aomqdk;arGudkrarhEdkif=uao;bJ &Sdaeonfhtjyif/ wdif;
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jynf.vufvvufum;a&mif;0,fa&; ukefonf}uD;rsm;Y tdENd,ESifh ygupPwefrSqif;oif;vmaomvlrsKd;EG,f
D
0ifrsm;uom ae&m,lxm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Tukefonf}uD;rsm;trsm;pkrSm jrefrmEdkifiHom;tjzpfcH,l
xm;=uaomfvnf;/ olwdk@udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;[kom trsm;ujrif=uonf? xdtwGua=umifh oGif;ukefvdifpif
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f
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csay;jcif;wdk@uJhod@k aom pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;odk@om csay;cJhonf? Tod@k oGif;
ukevdifpif&olrsm;teufrS trsm;pkrSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh eD;pyfaomrdwfaqGrsm;/ aqGrsKd;rsm;jzpf
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=uonf? ToGif;ukefvdifpifrsm;udk tajcus+yD;om;/ ,ciftawG@tñuH&Sd+yD;om; pD;yGm;a&;ukefonf}uD;rsm;xH
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4
acgif;aqmifpma&;ol. xyfwdk;wifjycsuf?
,if;acwf. wdk;wufr_tvm;tvmudk oHk;oyf&mwGif/ qENapmr_/ umvausmf rjrifEdkifr_ u|efawmfwdk@wGif &SdaecJhygonf? u|efawmfudk,fwdkifyif
tmabmiftm&if; oefoefjzif/h (zqyv) acwf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. rSm;,Gif;aer_rsm;udk/ wuUodkvfpmoifcef;udk EdkifiHa&;pifjrifhozG,f oabm
xm;+yD; wbufowfajymcJh=uygonf? v#yfppfjzifh wnfaqmufaom tao;pm;oH&nfóudpufonf tvm;tvmr&Sdaom pdwful;,Ofr_jzpf
onf/ rnfonfhenf;ynmoabmt& jzpfap ratmifjrifEdkif/ oHr%dpuf&Hkudk aygif;zdkpepfjzifh a':vmbDv#HESifcsDIoHk;rS xkwftm;aumif;aom
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puf&Hkudk wnfaqmufEdkifrnf? aq;0g;pug&HkrSmvnf; enf;ynmtwGuf tqrwefay;&onf/ a&&SnftusKd;r&SdEdkif/ tvm;tvmr&Sd[lI a0zef
cJygonf?
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u|efawmfwdk@qENapm+yD;/ a0zefcJonfrsm; tm;vHk;rSm;cJygonf? v#yfppfudk toHk;cs+yD; oHusKd; oHyJhawGudk oH&nfóudcsufaompuf&Hkrsm;u/ aemif
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tcgwGif bDv#Ha':vm t&if;ðyxm;aom puf&Hk}uD;awGudk tjywftowftEdkif&cJygonf? aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;rSmvnf; tvGef}uD;rSm;,Gif;ae
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aom y&dk*sufr[kwfyg? ,if;uJhodk@ tqifhtwef;jrifaom xkwfvkyfenf;rsm;udk &,lvdkv#if/ tbdk;tcay;&rnf jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@puf&Hkrsm;
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aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tdENd,EdkifiH&Sd aq;0g;xkwfvkyfief;rsm; t&Sdef&,l pwifcJygonf? xdkpOfu u|efawmfwdk@. aq;0g;puf&Hku tqifjh rifI ypPnf;
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xGuf trsKd;rSefojzif/h puf&Hkxkwfaq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiHESifh w&kwfEdkifiHodk@ wifydk@a&mif;cscJh&ygonf? ,ckawmh xdkjzpfpOf. ajymif;jyefjzpf
aeyg+yD? w&kwfEdkifiHxkwf t&nftaoG;rjynfhrDaom aq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk 0,f,loHk;pGJae&ygonf? xdkif;EdkifiHxkwf ypPnf;rsm;rSmvnf;trsKd;tpm;
rrSefuef/ pHcsdef rudkufonfrsm;udk oHk;ae=u&ygonf? xdkpOfu pwifI pufr_wnfaxmif&ef óud;yrf;cJolrsm;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@rSm;cJaom t,l
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tqrsm;twGuf awmif;yefvdkygonf? odk@aomf xdkyk*~dKvfrsm; TavmuwGif r&Sd=uawmh+yD jzpfygonf? (ygarmuQ a'gufwmcifarmif=unf)
5
Mixed Economy
22

27. od@k om jyefa&mif;pm;=uonf? xdod@k vdifpif&olrsm;u jynfwif;aps;E_ef;ESifh urBmhaps;uGuaps;E_ef;uGmjcm;r_rS
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tjrwf&onftjyif/ tpdk;&uoGif;ukefcGefoufomcGifh&aoma=umifhvnf; ydkI tusKd;tjrwfcHpm;=u&onf?
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tjcm;wenf;tm;jzifhazmfjy&rnfqdkv#if TOyrmonf/ usrf;&dk;pmtkyfrsm;wGifazmfjyaeonfhtwdif; “eD;pyfol
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rsm;udk rsufESmomay;/ tcGifhta&;ay;r_”om jzpfonf? xdkodk@wifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;udk urBmhaps;uGu&Sd
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aps;E_ef;xufwifI a&mif;csjcif;/ wifoGif;vmaomukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;uvnf; aps;}uD;pGm0,f,lae&jcif;rsm;
udk xdtcsdefuvlxktrsm;u a0zefaxmufjyaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? oGif;ukefvdifpifxkwfay;jcif;. &nf&G,fcsuudk
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ar;cGef;xkwfvm=uonf? oGif;ukefvdifpifxkway;jcif;. &nf&G,fcsuu ckwf&mwjcm;/ &S&mwvGJjzpfapcJh
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onf? xdkodk@xkway;xm;aom oGif;ukefvdifpifrsm;wefzdk;&Sdae&aomta=umif;rSm tjcm;r[kwf? jynfwif;&Sd
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aps;E_ef;onf urBmhaps;uGufaygufaps;xufjrifhrm;aejcif;ESifh cGifhðycsuf&&Sd&ef cufcJ&Sm;yg;jcif;wd@k a=umifhomjzpf
onf? tu,fI ukefoG,fr_udkta&twGufyrm%t& ruef@owfxm;ygu/ jynfwif;aps;uGufaygufaps;onf
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urBmhaygufaps;ESifh jynfwGif;YowfrSwfxm;aomoGif;ukeftcGefr#om jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
Trl0g'. r&nf&G,fbJ&&Sdvmaom tjcm;&v'fwckrSm jynfwGif;Ypufr_vkyfr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmap
&ef pGef@pm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm; ay:vmjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdtcsdefYjynfwif;&Sdukr`%Dtrsm;pkrSm oGif;ukefvdifpif&
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&eftwGuf ol@xufig/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tqifajyap&efcsOf;uyfae=uaomtcsdefY/ trSefwu,fpD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;ta=umif; em;vnfolrsm;rSm TjzpfpOftwGif;rScGJcGgxGuukef=uonf? tjcm;wbufwGifwifoGif;
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vmaomukefypPnf;rsm;&Sm;yg;jcif;ESifh pufr_ukef=urf;rsm;ESifh pufypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;r_udk tavsmay;rsufESmom
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ay;xm;aom tajctaeudtcGifhaumif;,lonf? xdpufrsm;jzifhjynfwif;vdtyfaeaom vlok;ukefypPnf;xkwf
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aompufr_vufr_ tvkyf&Hkrsm;trsm;tjym; ay:aygufvmawmhonf? oHowWKypPnf;rsm;/ yvyfpwpfypPnf;
rsm;/ csnfxnfESifh qifoufwpfta&mtaESmxnfrsm;/ tpm;taomuf/ tazsmf&nf/ pD;u&uf paomukef
ypPnf;xkwfvkyfolrsm; wd;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? &efukeftif;pdwfa'ow0dkufwGif ti,fpm;vloH;ukefypPnf;
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xkwaompuf&Hkrsm; (1955) ckESpfY rd_vdkrsm;jym;ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
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+Adwdo#ESifh tdENd,ukefoG,fa&;ukr`%Drsm; wdif;jynftwGif; usef&Sdvnfywfaeao;aomtajctae
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wGif/ jrefrmukr`%Drsm;taejzifh xdukr`%D}uD;rsm;ESifh jynfywifydk@&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ jynfwif;wifoGif;&mwGif
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vnf;aumif;/ jzef@jzL;a&mif;cs&mwGifvnf;aumif; t}udwte,fòyifqdkif=u&onf? xdtcsdefu jrefrmukr`%D
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rsm;vnf; ta&twGut&rsm;jym;vm+yD;/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm; tcsdefwdtwGif; jrifhvm=uonf? 'Drdkua&pD
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tpdk;&umvtwGif;u jynfwif;&Sdyk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tcef;u¾.aqmif&GufEdkifr_rSm txif}uD;
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zG,f aumif;vSonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdtcsdefutpdk;&u OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifaeaomtcsufrSm tjcm;wbuf
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jzpfaom t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk tm&Hkxm;OD;pm;ay;aecJhonf?
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; EdkifiHawmfuOD;aqmifI t"duaqmif&Gufotjzpf pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;
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zGH@òz;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf[laomtcsufukd vkyf&if;udif&if;/ tuef@towfrsm;awG@vm&aom
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a=umifh oifcef;pm&vm=uonf? (1956) ckESpfwGif t}uD;tus,f0g'jzef@csdcJhaom jynfawmfompDrHudef;onf
&efykHaiGtcuftcJa=umifh &yfqdkif;vduf&onf? ta=umif;rSm xdtcsdefuEdkifiHwumaps;uGufwGif qefaps;E_ef;
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usqif;vmae+yD;/ xdkpDrHcsuf.t"du0ifaiGjzpfrSm qefa&mif;&aiGudtajcðyxm;aoma=umifh qufvufrvnf
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ywfEdkif jzpfvm&onf? xdk@tjyiftjcm;wcsufrSm tpdk;&zufwGifwwfodynm&Sifrsm;ESifh u|rf;usifr_csKd@,Gif;
aoma=umifhjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;oabmaygufvm=uonfrSm/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;u¾. yg0if
yHhydk;r_r&SdbJESifh zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; raqmif&GufEdkif[k oabmaygufvm=uonf? (1957) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mOya' yxrrl=urf;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;bkwftzGJ@rStwnfðycJh+yD;/ (1962) ckESpfwGif Oya'
tjzpf jyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? (1960) ckESpfqef;ydkif;umvrsm;u tpdk;&taejzifh wdif;jynf.zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
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yk*~vdutcef;u¾udk yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifay;&ef/ OD;wnfajymif;vJaecJh+yD jzpfonf?
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wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif tpdk;&taejzifhoabmaygufem;vnfaecJhaomtcsufrSm/ tpdk;&Xmersm;udk
jyefvnfjyifqif pkzGJ@&efvdtyfae+yD[laom tcsufjzpfonf? ,cifudvdkeDtpdk;&vufxufu oHr%dausm&dk;[k
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trnfaumif;cJhaom tpdk;&0efxrf;Xmersm;udk opPm&Sdaom/ xda&mufxufjrufaom/ zufrvdufaomtpdk;&
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23

28. 0efxrf;rsm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wck. vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;usifhpOftwGif; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;jzpfonf? xdodk@jyef
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vnfzGJ@pnf;&mY EdkifiHa&;t&rsufESmomay;r_/ qufEG,fr_rsm;udvnf; a&Smif&Sm;&rnfjzpfonf? xd&nf&G,f
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csufjzifh jynfol@0efxrf;Xmersm;qdkif&mOya'udk jyXmef;cJh+yD;/ 0efxrf;Xmersm;udk 'Drdkua&pDpepftajccHtwGif;Y
oHr%dausm&dk;ozG,fjzpfapa&;twGuf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&ef jyifqifcJhonf? xdtcsdefrSmyif wdkif;&if;om;tif
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tm;pkrsm;uvnf; (1947) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& jyXmef;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkrScGJxGu&ef tcGifh
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ta&;udk olwk@d u pGef@v$wonfh cH0efcsufuwduday;rnf? tjyeftvSeftaejzifhjynfe,frsm;wGif tm%mcGJa0
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ay;a&;ESifh ydkrdktkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sda&;/ ud,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&;udk awmif;qdkvmcJh=uonf?
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Tod@k tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:aepOfrSmyif/ tm%mcGJa0r_rSmvnf; A[dkrSpkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;aom
taetxm;rS ydkIjyef@ESH@um A[kqefvm+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;zufwifvnf; ydkIyGifhvif;aom tajccHzufod@k ajymif;vJ
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vmaecsdef jzpfonf? xdtcsdefwGifyif u|rf;usifolynm&Siftoif;rsm;/ apwemh0efxrf;toif;rsm;/ pdwfwol
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rsm; pkzGJ@aomtoif;rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ bmoma&;toif;tzGJ@rsm; ponfwkd@vnf; trsm;tjym;
ay:ayguf vmae+yD;/ vlxktajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pwnfwnfaqmuftm;aumif;vmcsdef jzpfonf? xdkod@k
jynfwif;r+idrfroufr_rsm;ESifh olykefxr_rsm;twGif; tiftm;rsm;pkpnf;rdvmaom tajctaeonf wdif;jynf
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tm%m. yifrtcef;u¾wGif ae&may;cHxm;&onfh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGuf owday;aeaom pdk;&drfzG,f&m
tajctae jzpfvmonf? wdif;jynftwGif; olykefxr_rsm;vnf;ajy+idrf;t&SdefusoGm;onfESifhtr#/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
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oHr%dausm&dk;uvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmtm;aumif;vmonfESifhtr#/ tm%m. A[dkcsufronf A[dkrSaeI tpGef
tzsm;t&yfrsm;jzpf aomvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;qDodk@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;onfESifhtr#/ ppf
wyftaejzifh ydkIpdwfrcs jzpfvmonf? rvHkrðcHcHpm;vm&onf? aemufqHk; tm%mjyefvnfcsKyfudifEdkifa&;
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twGuf óu;yrf;vmjyefonf?
trSefpifppfwGif ppfwyfutm%modrf;ydkufcJjh cif;twGuf azmfjy&mwGifta=umif;jycsuf (2) rsKd;&SdcJh
onf? wckrSmwdkif;jynf. trsKd;om;zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csrSwfcJaom qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHawmfxaxmifa&;
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vrf;a=umif;rS aoGzDae+yD;/ t&if;&Sifvrf;a=umif;odk@csDwufaeonf[k ta=umif;jyonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm
wdif;&if;om;rsm;udk ud,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;vdufygu wdkif;jynfòyuGapvdrfhrnf[k ta=umif;jyonf? aemuf
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qHk;&v'frSm wdif;jynf.tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;wpHkvH;udk EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckwnf;ucs,fvS,aom tajctaeudk
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qdkufa&mufapcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;rygbJ uGefjrLepf0g'udusifhoH;aom/ vDeif0g'pGJudkifaomygwDwck r&SdbJ
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vDeif0g'udusifhoH;aomtajctae jzpfonf? wyfrawmfuom EdkifiH.t"dutm%mydkifjzpfvm+yD;/ wdif;jynf
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. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;jzpfpOfrsm;udcsKyfudif cs,fvS,fcJhonf?
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jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (1962-1988)
TumvrSm jrefrmEdkifiH.acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;ordkif;wGif oHo,&Sdp&mrvdavmufatmif t}uD;
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tus,uyf'kuQqdkuf&aomumv jzpfcJhonf? tkyfcsKyfcJhaom ppftpdk;&.tm%mudkrv$wfwrf;udkifxm;vdk
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aomqENESifh xdef;csKyfr_trsKd;rsKd;udwif;wif;usyf=uyfðyxm;&efvdktyfonf[k ,k=H unfaer_a=umifh/ jyifyurBm
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ESifh tquftoG,jf zwfawmufcJhonf? r&Sdrjzpfvdtyfaom taetxm;avmufom EdkifiHwumESifhqufoG,f
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a&; xm;&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ydkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru/ jynfwif;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
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udvnf; jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJhonf? jynfwif;&SdvufvDvuUm;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,r_rsm;udk
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vkyfudifaqmif&Gufaeonfh atmifjrifaeaom pufr_vufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;udkvnf;jynfolydkif
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odrf;ydkufcJhonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾udk jynfolydkifrodrf;ydkufcJaomfvnf;/ v,form;rsm;rSm Oya'pnf;
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rsOf;rsm;t& ydkIcsKyfcs,fr_/ aps;E_ef;t&csKyfcs,fr_udk cH=u&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifhoH;cJhaomqdk&S,fvpfpepf
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yHkpHudk tvnfvma&muf=uaomtpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh qdkAD,uf/ ta&S@Oa&myqdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;
rSoHwrmefrsm;yifv#if =ocs=u&onf? xdolrsm;taejzifh oabmayguf=uonfrSm Tr#wif;usyfpGmzdESdyftkyf
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csKyfxm;aompepfudk qdk&S,fvpf0g'trnfwyfygu xdk0g'taejzifhemrnfysuf&&Hkyif&Sdawmhrnf[lI jzpfonf?
24

29. wdif;oljynfom;rsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k pdwfwdkif;usvkyfudifaqmif&GufcGifhr&=uaoma=umifh
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omru/ tjcm;vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;qHk;&_H;=u&aoma=umifh ydkIxdcdkufepfem=u&onf? t&yfom;tpdk;&
t&m&Sdrsm;/ refae*smrsm;/ u|rf;usifolrsm;tm;vHk;udk ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;.wdkuf&dkuf}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif
xnfoGif;zGJ@pnf;aponf? txl;ojzifh vufawG@vkyfief;vkyfaqmif=u&mrsm;wGifyif em;rvnforsm;.}uD;
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=uyfr_udk cH=u&onf? usOf;ajrmif;aomtrsKd;om;a&;tjrifzufrS csOf;uyfr_a=umifh/ wdkif;jynftwGif;usef&Sdae
aom EdkifiHjcm;om;aoG;EG,folvlrsKd;pkrsm; wdif;jynfrStpktðyHvdufxufcGmoGm;apjcif;jzpfcJh&onf? ta=umif;
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rSm xdolrsm;tzdk@ wdif;jynftwGif; qufvufaexdkifyguvnf;/ b0&SifoefcGifh&&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sd=uaom
k
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a=umifh jzpfonf?
(1963) ckESpfwGifjyXmef;cJhaom v,f,majroD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya't&/ v,f,majrvkyfydkifcGifhrSm
aus;vufa'orsm;wGifzGJ@pnf;xm;cJhaom ajr,maumfrwDYom t"duvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf? TaumfrwDrSaeI
cGJa0ay;Edkifaomajrrsm;udk tqif;&JqHk;aomv,form;rsm;odk@ cGJa0ay;onf? Tod@k cGJa0ay;&mY TajruGu&
f
&Sdrnfol. xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;tm;/ vuf&Sd&Sdaeaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsujf cif; rðyay? xd@k tjyif
h
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGif vufawG@rusaomvdkufem&ef pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef
ysufuGufolrsm;/ wm0efausoD;ESHray;oGif;olrsm;xHrS v,fajrudjk yefvnfodrf;,ljcif;txd jypf'%fay;EdkifcGifh&Sd
onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- rEWav;ESifh ppfudkif;wdkif;rsm;&Sd qnfa&oGif;pdkufysKd;aoma'orsm;wGif/ v,form;rsm;udk
olwk@d .rd&dk;zvmpdkufysKd;ae=u oD;ESHrsm;jzpfaom pyg;/ ajryJ/ ESrf;/ i&kwfESifh =uufoGefrsm;pdkufysKd;cGifhrðybJ/ tpdk;&
ydkifpuf&Hkodk@oGif;&ef 0gpdkufapcJhonf? trSefwu,f jzpfoifhonfrSm EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@a&mif;&aiG ydkrdk&&SdapEdkif
aom rd&dk;zvm pdkufoD;ESHrsm;xkwvkyfa&;udk ydkrdkwd;wufatmif/ enf;ynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm;jynfhpHkatmif
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ðyI/ ydkrdkxGuf&Sdvmaom ypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@a&mif;cs+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS csnfr#if&Snf0gjyefvnf wifoGif;
jcif;rsKd; jzpfoihfayonf?
xd@k tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh v,form;rsm;tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; Oya'udk jyXmef;cJh
ao;onf? xdkOya't& aiGwd;acs;olu aiGjyefrqyfEdkifygu/ v,fajrodrf;,ljcif;/ u|JEGm;rsm;odrf;,ljcif;ESifh
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O,smOfjcHrsm;odrf;,ljcif;wdk@udk wm;jrpfxm;onf? Tod@k v,form;rsm;udk ‘umuG,f’ay;xm;aom tajc
taeonf/ v,form;rsm;udk tjrJEdkifiHawmftpdk;&. taxmuftyHhrsm;udkom rSDcdkI b0&yfwnf&Sifoefae&
aomtaetxm;udk a&mufaponf? oD;ESHrsm;ysufpD;qHk;&_H;&jcif;onf v,form;rsm;wGifom vH;vH;wm0ef&Sd
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+yD;/ rnfonftajctaejzpfap EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHod@k owfrSwfxm;aom wm0efauscGJwrf;oD;ESHudk owfrSwf
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xm;aomaps;E_ef;jzifh ay;oGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdaeonf?
Tod@k v,f,mu¾ESifhywfoufI aqmif&GufcJaomOya'rsm;/ rl0g'rsm;udowWKcs=unfhygu/ aemuf
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qHk;&v'frSm vlwOD;csif;taejzifh v,f,mxGufukefxkwfvkyfr_usqif;vmapjcif;jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@Edkif
aomqefyrm% usqif;vmapcJhonf? qefpyg;uJodk@ wif;usyfpGmcsKyfudkifxm;jcif;r&Sdaom rwfyJESifh yJtrsKd;
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rsKd;pdkufysKd;a&;rSmrl xkwfvkyfr_wd;wufvm+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_yg wd;wufcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; qefpyg;wifydk@
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r_rS&&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGqHk;&_H;&r_udk jyefvnfaxrdapaom taetxm;r&Sdyg?
xd@k tjyif pufr_xkwfukefrsm;wGifvnf;/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&.}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif ,cif'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;&vufxufuwnf;u tpysKd;xm;cJhaom/ oGif;ukeftpm;xd; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk csJ@xGif&efóu;yrf;cJh
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onf? xGefpufxkwvkyfa&;ESifh armfawmfum;wyfqifa&;puf&Hkrsm;/ aºuxnfpuf&Hk/ rSefpuf&HkESifh tjcm;ypPnf;
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rsm;xkwfvkyfaom puf&Hkrsm; wdk;csJ@vkyfudkifcJhonf? Tpuf&Hkopfrsm;onf rlv&Sdxm;cJhaomEdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hk
rsm;uJhodk@yif/ jynfyrSwifoGif;vmaom pufr_ukef=urf;ESifh pufrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdkae=u&onf? tajccHxkwukef
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wifydk@Edkifr_ usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGusqif;vm+yD;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif ukef=urf;ESifh enf;
ynm jznfqnf;toH;csEdkifr_rsm; usqif;vm&onf? xd@k tjyif 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufu tm;ay;cJhaom
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yk*~vduydkif pufr_vufr_vkyf ief;rsm;rSmvnf;/ jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufjcif;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_nHhzsif;jcif;wdk@a=umifh zGH@òz;r_
&yfqdkif;cJh&onf? wckwnf;aom taumif;&v'frSm ti,fpm;tdrfwGif;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmcJhjcif; jzpf+yD;/
yvyfpwpfypPnf;rsm;/ vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;/ tpm;taomufxkwvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ pufjyifvkyfief;rsm;
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25

30. aqmif&Gufvm=uonf? Tu¾rSm tpdk;&utowdrrlrdbJ/ xdef;csKyfjcif;r&Sd v$wfxm;ay;cJhaoma=umifh jzpf
onf? EdkifiHudk txD;wnf;wHcg;ydwfxm;r_a=umifh/ pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;&&SdEdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf;
qHk;&_H;cJh&onf?
Tumv. jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;umv=um&Snf usqif;vmaer_ESifh ,d,Gif;ysufpD;vmr_udk EdkifiHjcm;ESifh
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ukeoG,fr_vkyfief;rS pdwfysufzG,f&mudef;*%ef;rsm;=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh odomEdkifonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm;udk
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Z,m; (1? 5) wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf? (1962) ckESpfrS (1988) txd/ EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefrsm;rS &&Sdaomwefzdk;
onf/ tar&duefa':vm (260) oef;rS/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfaemufydkif;ESpfrsm;jzpfaom (1985) rS (1988) umv
wGif ESpfpOf a':vm (217) txd usqif;cJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@Edkifr_wefzdk;onf wufvdkufusvduf rwnf
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+idrfbJ &SdaecJhonf? tjrifhqHk;tjzpf (1980) ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm (472) oef;&Sd+yD;/ tedrfhqHk;ESpf (1970)
ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm (107) oef;&Sdonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm;u xif[yfazmfjyaeaom tajctaexuf/
vufawG@wGif tajctaeu ydkIqdk;onf? EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefwckcsif;taeESifh (1960) ckESpfrsm;rS (1980)
ckESpfrsm;twGif;/ ukef,lepfwckcsif;.wefzdk; (4) qr#wdk;wufvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; wifydk@Edkifonfhukef
yrm%onf (50) &mcdkifE_ef;r# usqif;cJhonf? jynfwif;odk@wifydk@ukeftaejzifh ppftpdk;&tpumvwGif
G
tar&duefa':vm (220) oef;&Sd&mrS/ ed*Hk;umvrsm;wGif tar&duefa':vm (250) oef;txd wd;wufvmcJh
k
onf? rdrdbmomzlvHa&;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufonf[k azmfjycJhaomfvnf;/ EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrSm rlvu
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tenf;i,frxifr&Sm;r#om &Sd&mrS/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif tar&duefa':vmoef; (4000)
txd wd;wufvmcJhonf?
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w&m;0ifvrf;a=umif;rsm;twdif;ukefoG,f&ef/
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rufvk;aphaqmfr_r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfay:vmcJhaom
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aemufqufwJtajctaerSm/ xdkif;EdkifiH/ w&kwfESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH e,fpyfrsm;udkjzwfausmI w&m;r0ifukef
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oG,r_rsm; jzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf? yifv,fqdyfurf;rsm;rSwqifh/ urBmhaps;uGuaygufaps;twdif; ydkIoufomap
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aomo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepftpm;/ ydkItusKd;tjrwf&&Sdr_enf;aom tjcm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;od@k ajymif;apukef
onf? jynfwGif;xkwfukefrsm;udk jynfwif;Ytpdk;&owfrSwfxm;aom yHkrSefr[kwfbJedrfhaomaps;E_ef;rsm;jzifh
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a&mif;csI wefzdk;r&SdaomjrefrmusyfaiGrsm;&,lrnftpm;/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS ukefrsm;jzifhzvS,vm=uonf? od@k
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aomfvnf; w&kwfEdkifiHESifh xdif;EdkifiHrsm;rSjyefvnfwifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;rSm t&nftaoG;edrfhaom/ aps;}uD;
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aomukefrsm; jzpfae=uonf? xdktwGua=umifh wdif;jynftaejzifh tpdk;&.vufawG@rusaom/ t"rRowfrSwf
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xm;aom ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;=uyfa&;rl0g'rsm;a=umifh (2) cgepfem=u&onf? odk@aomfvnf; emusn;zG,f&m
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aumif;onfrSm Tod@k w&m;r0ifarSmifcdkukeful;oef;a&mif;0,faejcif;rsm;a=umifhyif/ wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;udk
vnfywfaeapcJh+yD;/ vHk;0òyvJysufpD;&rnfh tajctaerS umuG,fay;xm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? TonfrSm ta&S@
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;ESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,Hwkd@wGifñuHcJh&aom arSmifcdkpD;yGm;a&;/ wenf; pifòyifpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsKd;ESifh
yHko¿mefwlonf? bdef;jzLrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@jcif;ESifhtwl &&Sdvmaom0ifaiGjzifh/ wdif;jynftwGif; vdtyfae
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aomukefypPnf;rsKd;pHkudk 0,f,lwifoGif;cJh=uonf?
EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGusqifvmjcif;ESifh tvkyfrjzpfaomEdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
quf vufxdef;odrf;xm;&jcif;a=umifh/ tpdk;&b¾maiGtaejzifh vuf&Sdtpdk;&toH;p&dwfrsm;umrdapavmuf
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atmif/ 0ifaiGr&SdbJ jzpfvmcJh&onf? zGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;qdkif&moHk;pGJaiGqdkv#if aemufydkif;wGifvH;0roH;Edkfifawmh
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aom tajctaeqdkufa&mufcJ&onf? aemufqHk;ajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf;rSm/ aiGpuUL&dkufESdyfxkwa0a&;yifjzpf+yD;/
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aemufydkif;wGif t}udrf}udrfaomaiGpuULzsufodrf;jcif;rsm;vkyfcJhonf? rdrdbmom&dkufESdyfxkwfa0xm;aom
aiGpuULrsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=ujimjcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;vSnhvnfaeaom aiGa=u;rsm;udzsufodrf;cJh
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onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh aiGpuULvSnhvnfpD;qif;r_udk ydkrdkjrefqefaponfrSefaomfvnf;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_udk
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ydkqdk;apcJhonf? aiGpuUL&dkufESdyfxnfoGif;r_ESifhtwl ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;u (1970) ckESpfrsm;wGif w[kefxd;wd;wuf
h
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vmcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;tv,fydkif;a&mufaomtcg xdef;rEdkifawmhavmufatmifwufom;+yD jzpfonf?
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TonfrSm jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf. pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm; òyvJapcJh&jcif;. ta=umif;w&yfjzpfonf? T
tcsufrsm;a=umifh (1988) ckESpfwGuf vlxktHkºuqENjyyGJrsm;jzpfvmapcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfu t=urf;zufESdrfeif;cJh
26

31. onf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfjzifh prf;oyf&mwGif/ vHk;0ysufpD;qHk;&_H;oGm;aponftcsufudk todtrSwfðycJh=u+yD;/ tpdk;&
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a[mif;udk tpm;xdk;cJhonfh/ EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) u qdk&S,fvpfpepf usifhoH;
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aer_udk pGef@v$wcJha=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? vGwvyfaomwHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk usifhoHk;rnf[k a=u
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jimcJhonf? Trl0g'opft& EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh jyifyurBmESifhukefoG,fr_udk zdwfac:cJhonf?
(e0w§etz) ppftpdk;&vufxuf (1988 aemufydkif;umv)
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfjzifh aqmif&GufcJpOfuysufpD;cJh&aom pD;yGm;a&;pepftarGqdk;rsm;udk topf
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wufvmaom ppftpdk;&u qufvuftarGcH&onf? xdtcg jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&; tajctaerSm aoG;opf
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oGif;uko&ef vdtyfaeaom vlrrmuJodk@jzpfonf? Todk@tajctaewGif tajymif;tvJrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&ef
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ESifh ppftkyfpk.tm%mcsKyfudifxm;r_udk xdef;odrf;xm;&efqdkonfrSm/ w&kwfEdkifiHwGifaqmif&GufcJaom acgif;
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aqmif}uD;wdef@ a&Smifyif. pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ rl0g'rsm;uJod@k / vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf xlaxmifrSom
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jzpfEdkifawmhrnf? EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_rsm;udzGifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh vdtyfaeaom t&if;
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tjrpfrsm; &vmap+yD;/ òyvJaeaompD;yGm;a&;pepfudk emvHxlapEdkifrnf jzpfonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif
EdkifiHa&;t& twduftcHðyr_rsm;udvnf; qufvufESdyfuGyfxm;cJhonf? ppfwyfu 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ðyjyif
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ajymif;vJ&efóu;yrf;r_tqifhwpfck taejzifh a&G;aumufyGJ ðyvkyfay;cJhaomfvnf;/ &v'frSm olwd@k twGuf pdwf
ysufzG,fjzpfcJhonf? ppftpdk;& &&Sdvmaom &v'frSm t"dutwduftcHygwD trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu
k
(1990) ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJwGif/ awmifòy urf;òytEdkif&cJhjcif; jzpfonf? TtajctaewGif ppftpdk;&u a&G;
aumufyGJ&v'fudk vspfvsLðycJh+yD;/ EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkIwif;usyfpGmcsKyfcs,fvmcJhonf? a':atmifqef;
pk=unfudkyif tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyfjzifhxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf?
EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_rS &vmaomudef;*%ef;rsm;udk =unfhygu/ wdkif;jynfudkpD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhvdufjcif;
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jzifh atmifjrifr_&onf[k qdkEdkifonf? Z,m; (1? 5) wGif azmfjyxm;onfudk=unfhygu jynfyydk@ukeftaejzifh ESpf
pOfwd;wufaecJhonf? (1988) wGif jynfyydk@ukefwefzdk; tar&duefa':vm (147) oef;&Sd&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif
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tar&duefa':vm (846) oef; jzpfvmonf? (1987) rS (1989) ckESpfrsm;twGif; EdkifiHjcm;odk@qefwifydk@r_rSm
ysrf;r# (180000) wef&Sdaomfvnf;/ (1994) ckESpfwGif qefwefcsdef (1) oef;txd wd;wufvmcJhonf? od@k aomf
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aemufydkif; (1995) ckESpfwGif (353000) wefodk@ jyefvnfusqif;oGm;onf? qefpyg;xkwvkyfr_taejzifh (50)
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&mcdkifE_ef;ausmfwd;wufcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif qeftxGufrSm (13) oef;wef&Sd&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif
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(19² 5) oef;wef&SdcJhonf? pdkufysKd;ajr{uwd;wufvmovdk/ w{utvduftxGufE_ef;vnf; wd;wufvmcJh
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onf?
qefpyg;xkwvkyfr_wGif/ TuJhod@k &v'f&vmjcif;rSm oD;xyfpdkufysKd;jcif;a=umifhjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH
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tv,fydkif; a&oGif;pdkufysKd;&majrrsm;ESifh atmufjrefrmjynfjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orsm;wGifyg oD;xyfpdkufysKd;cJh=u
onf? od@k aomfvnf; TuJhod@k tESHwdkESifhoD;aompyg;rsKd;rsm;pdkufysKd;&jcif;rSm a&v$rf;rdk;jcif;'%fudk ydkIcH&Edkif+yD;/
ydk;ESHaumif'%fudvnf; cHEdkif&nfenf;onf? orm;&dk;uspdkufaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;u ydkIcHEdkif&nf&Sd=uonf?
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Tod@k tajrmuftrsm;xGuf&Sdvmaom oD;ESHrsm;udk odavSmifxdef;odrf;&ef *dka'gifrsm;vnf; vHvHavmuf
k
k k
avmuf r&Sdao;ay? xdkr#ru jynfyod@k wifydk@Edkifa&;udOD;pm;ay;cJhaoma=umifh/ r=umc%qdkovd/k jynfwGif;
k
oH;ESifh tydk@txkwfwd@k udk rcsifhcsdefEdkif jzpfcJhonf? xdtwGufa=umifh òr@jyaeolrsm;qef0,f,lpm;oH;&aom
k
k
k
ukefusp&dwfwdk;jrifhvmcJhonf? jynfwif;qefaps;E_ef; wdk;wufvmapcJhonf? Tta=umif;a=umifhyif EdkifiHjcm;
G
qefwifydk@r_pHcsdefudk wefwoef;wGif rxdef;xm;EdkifawmhbJ/ (1995) ckESpfwGif wefcsdef (353000) od@k jyefvnf
usqif;cJh&onf?
od@k aomfvnf; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& ,cifowfrSwfxm;aomcGJwrf;pyg;udk owfrSwfaps;E_ef;jzifha&mif;cs
ae&r_udk tenf;i,fuif;vGwfcGifhay;cJhaoma=umifh/ ,cifuef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rsm;udk av#mhcsay;cJhaom
a=umifh v,form;rsm;wGif aps;E_ef;t&jzpfvmaomrufvkH;aphaqmfr_ jzpfvmcJh&onf? tpydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;
27

32. wifydk@r_ wd;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhao;onf? Todk@wdk;wufvmr_udk aemufydkif;wGifqufvufwnfwhaeatmif
k
H
rxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhay?
(e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkifr_yrm% wd;wufvmcJhonf[kqdkaomfvnf;/
k
tao;pdwftaetxm; jyef=unfv#if/ owdðy&rnftcsufrSm qefpyg;wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifr_onf (1960) ckESpf
h
h
wGif&Sdaeaom tajctaewefcsdef (2) oef;. w0ufr#om&Sdao;onfudk awG@&ayrnf? ppfóuacwfumv
yrm%ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if (oHk;yHkwyHk) r#om &Sdygao;onf? urBmhqefaps;E_ef;onf (1960) ckESpfaygufaps;xuf
tq (6) qwd;wufvmcJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;qefwifydk@r_rS&&Sdaom0ifaiGpkpkaygif;onf (3) qr#
k
om wdk;wufcJhygonf?
(1994-95) ckESpfwdkifatmif (e0w) ppftpdk;&twGuf EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGtrsm;qHk;ay;aeaom a&mif;
ukefrSm u|ef;opfjzpfaecJhygonf? u|ef;opfEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_rS &&SdaomaiGrSm tenf;i,frwnfr+idrf&SdaecJhaomf
vnf;/ ysrf;r#tm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm oef; (120) cef@ESpfpOf &SdaecJhygonf? tjcm;opfrmwifydk@r_u ESpfpOf
aemufxyf a':vm oef; (40) cef@ xyfrH&&Sdapygonf? Tpkpkaygif;opfa&mif;csr_0ifaiG a':vm (160) oef;
onf/ qefESifhqefxGufypPnf;rsm;wifydk@aiGrS&&Sdaom a':vm oef; (40) xuf tqrsm;pGmrsm;ygonf? qefwif
ydk@r_0ifaiGrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rsm;jym;pGm&&SdaomESpfrSm (1994-95) ckESpfjzpf+yD;/ qefwefcsdefwoef;wifydk@r_rS0ifaiG
a':vmoef; (200) &&SdcJhygonf? xdESpfu opfwifydk@r_rS 0ifaiGrSm a':vm oef; (145) om&Sdygonf? odk@aomf
k
vnf; rdrdwdk@avhvmawG@&SdcJhonftwdif;/ qefwefcsdefwoef;wifydk@Edkifr_udk a&&Snfxef;xm;&ef rpGrf;omyg?
h k
d
(1995-96) ckESpfwGif qefwifydk@r_wefcsdef (300000) od@k jyefvnfusqif;cJh+yD;/ (1996-97) ckESpfwGifvnf;
xyfrHusqif;rnf[k cef@rSef;&ygonf? ta=umif;rSm oabFmwifaer_E_ef;rsm; usqif;vmaeaoma=umifh jzpfyg
onf? tpdk;&taejzifh pyg;0,f,lpkaqmif;r_rS&&Sdaom qefwefcsdefrSmvnf;/ vsmxm;r_xufavsmenf;ae+yD;/
h
,cifpHcsdefrsm;xufvnf; avsmhaeygonf?
Z,m; (1? 5) EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_ (1950-95)
rl&if;? World Bank, World Data Series 1995.
rwfyJESifh yJtrsKd;rsKd;onfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiG&apaom xGuukefrsm;jzpfygonf? yJtrsKd;rsKd;wifydk@r_
f
yrm%rSm ododomomwdk;wufvmcJhygonf? (1990-91) ckESpfwGif wefcsdef (200000) wifydk@cJh&mrS/ aemuf
qHk;oH;ESpfumv (1993-95) wGif ESpfpOfysrf;r#wefcsdef (450000) wifydk@cJh+yD;/ 0ifaiGtm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm
k
(120) oef;&&SdcJhygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if aps;E_ef;a=umifhjzpfay:vmaomrufvHk;rSm yJtrsKd;rsKd;u qef
pyg;pdkufysKd;r_xuf ydkomygonf? od@k aomfvnf; vuf&SdpdkufysKd;xkwvkyfaer_xuf ydkIcsJ@xGifpdkufysKd;Edkifaom
f
tvm;tvm enf;yg;ygonf? EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rSvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiGwd;wuf&&SdapcJhygonf? (1990-91)
k
ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rS 0ifaiG tar&duefa':vm (25) oef;om&&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ (1995-96) ckESpf
wGif a':vm (153) oef;txd wd;wufvmcJhygonf? r=umao;rDujzpfvmcJhaom EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_rsm;
k
a=umifh jyefvnfusqif;&ef tvm;tvm&Sdygonf? aemufydkif;jyefIjrifhvmaprnfh tvm;tvmrsm;ESifh ywf
oufIvnf; oHo,&SdzG,f jzpfygonf?
wHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoH;cJhr_twGuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;awG@vm&aom&v'frSm jynfwGif;
k
oGif;ukefzuftydkif;Y ydkIodomxif&Sm;pGm awG@&ygonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif jynfwif;odk@oGif;ukefwefzdk;onf
G
tar&duefa':vm (244) oef;om&Sdaomfvnf;/ (1993) ckESpfESifh (1994) ckESpfwGif a':vmoef; (800) ausmf
jzpfvmygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif txl;jrifhrm;vmonf[kqdkEdkifaom a':vmoef; (1300) txdwd;jrifhvmcJhyg
k
onf? (1988) ckESpfwGif ukefoG,fa&;vdaiGjyaiG a':vm (96) oef;&Sdae&mrS/ aemufydkif; (2) ESpft=umtxd
k
28

33. tenf;i,fydkaiGjycJhygonf? od@k aomfaemufydkif;wav#mufvHk;wGif vdaiGjyr_t}uD;tus,&SdcJh+yD;/ worwfwnf;
k
f
vdaiGjyaecJhygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;rS vdaiGjyaiG a':vm (488) oef;&SdcJhygonf?
k
k
(1988) ckESpfrSpwifI vdkaiGjyr_udk pkpkaygif;vdkufrnfqdkygu a':vmoef;aygif; (1100) ausm&Sdae+yD jzpfygonf?
f
‚if;rSm jynfywdif;jynfrsm;rSacs;aiG,l&aom yrm%ESifh wajy;nDjzpfygonf? (1990) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rD
k
a':vmoef;aygif; (4400) &Sd&mrS/ (1995) ckESpfwGif a':vmoef;aygif; (6100) jzpfvmcJhygonf?
yHk (1? 2) aiGa=u;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmr_ESifh aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;
360
1,200,000
340
1,100,000
Consumer Prices
320
300
1,000,000
Money in circulation (million kyat)
280
900,000
260
240
800,000
220
700,000
200
180
600,000
160
500,000
140
120
400,000
100
300,000
80
60
200,000
40
100,000
20
0
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Money (million kyat)
Consumer price index
(base year=1990)
Figure 1.2. Inflation and Monetary Growth
rl&if;? IMF, International Financial Statistics, Data CD 1995 and Ministry of National Planning and
Economic Development, Review of Financial, Economic and Social Conditions for 1995/ 96, Union of
Myanmar.
(e0w) ppftpdk;&usifoHk;aompD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;. tjcm;ta&;}uD;aomtcsufwckrSm/ wdif;jynf.
h
k
aiGa=u;wnf+idrfr_ESifh b¾ma&;&oH;aiGpm&if;bwf*sufwnf+idrfr_udk vHk;0ypfy,fI tvGeftusL;wm0efrJhpGm
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aqmif&Gufaer_yifjzpfonf? aiGa=u;&dkufESdyfxnfhoGif;r_rSm usyfoef;aygif; (16355) rS usyfoef;aygif;
(1108660) txd/ tq (70) ausmwd;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhygonf? pm;oH;olaps;E_ef;q!$ef;udef;rSm (5) qr#
f k
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wd;wufvmcJh+yD;/ Ttajctaeud=k unfhjcif;tm;jzifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rnfr#wd;wufvmcJh+yD; jynfotrsm;
k
k
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rnfr# 'kuQa&muf=u&onfukd rSef;qEdkifygonf?
b¾ma&;oH;pGJaiGwdk;csJ@ oH;pGJaejcif;a=umifh/ aemufydkif;wGif ppftpdk;&u&&SdEdkifaom b¾maiGxuf
k
k
rsm;pGm ausmvGefrsm;jym;vmygonf? urBmhb%f. (1995) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufae@wGif xkwa0
f
f
cJhaom tpD&ifcHpmwckwGif azmfjycJhonftwdif;/ tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;rS &&Sdaomb¾maiGrSm ESpfpOf wdif;jynf
h k
k
. pkpkaygif;xkwukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) ESifh,SOfv#if avsmusqif;aeygonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif &&Sdaom tcGef
f
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b¾maiGrSm *sD'DyD. (10) &mcdkifE_ef;r#&Sd+yD;/ (1995) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg tcGefaiGrSm *sD'DyD. (7) &mcdkifE_ef;
r#yifr&Sdwwfawmhyg? pkpkaygif;toH;p&dwfrSmvnf; (1991) ckESpfwGif *sD'DyD. (17² 6) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd&mrS avsmh
k
enf;usqif;vmcJh&m/ (1995) ckESpfwGif pkpkaygif;oHk;pGJaiGrSm *sD'DyD. (12² 3) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om&Sdygawmhonf?
od@k aomfvnf;b¾ma&;vdaiGjyr_rSm ESpfpOf*sD'DyD. (6) &mcdkifE_ef;wGif yHkrSef&SdaecJhygonf? Tb¾ma&;vdaiGjyr_
k
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tm;vH;udk aiGa=u;rsm;&dkufESdyfjznfqnf;jcif;jzifhom ajz&Sif;cJhygonf?
k
h
29

34. xdtcsufrsm;a=umifh (e0w) ppftpdk;&. pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmrSm atmifjrifr_&&ef tcGifhtvrf;
k
rsm; arS;rSdefaeygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wduf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS 0ifvmaomaiGrSm yxrydkif;wGiftm;wufp&m
k
aumif;avmufatmif wdk;wufaecJhaomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif tjrifrSm;zG,f&mjzpfvmapygonf? vufawG@
taetxm;wGif wd;wufvmaomtaetxm;ESifh udufnDr_r&Sdyg? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifa&mufaqmif
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&Gufae=uaomvkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf;/ a&wdoabmydkaqmif+yD;/ qlvG,feyfvG,f aiGay:tjrwf&vG,aom
k
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vkyfief;rsm;wGifom vkyfaqmifae=ujcif; jzpfygonf? ppftpdk;&taejzifh tm;xm;ar#mfvifhp&musefaeaom
wckwnf;aomvrf;rSm ,lEdku,f/ wdw,fvfukr`%Drsm;ESifhaqmif&Gufaeaom obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;rS&&Sd
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vmrnfh 0ifaiGrsm;om usef&Sdygawmhonf?
30

35. tcef;(2)
taxGaxGoHk;oyfcsufESifh
tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmufxm;yHk
31